调整 VirtualBox 虚拟机的磁盘大小
使用 VM VirtualBox 创建了一个 CentOS 虚拟机,划分了 40GB 的磁盘空间,使用了动态分配存储的方式,文件系统为 LVM。折腾了一段时间之后,却发现磁盘容量不够了。读了一些资料之后,终于给 VirtualBox 的虚拟机增加了磁盘容量,并让 CentOS 的 LVM 将其利用上。
先看看虚拟机中虚拟磁盘的的分区表:
[root@10 ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0000698e Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 1045 7875584 8e Linux LVM /dev/sda3 1045 5221 33549074+ 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/mapper/vg_yuxuechengcentos6-lv_root: 40.3 GB, 40298872832 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4899 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_yuxuechengcentos6-lv_swap: 2113 MB, 2113929216 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 257 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 [root@10 ~]#
VirtualBox 的磁盘管理
调整虚拟磁盘大小的时候,虚拟机必须关闭!
下面使用 VirtualBox 的命令行将该虚拟机的磁盘分配从 40GB 调整为 50GB。
VirtualBox 的说明文档中明确给出了调整虚拟机磁盘大小的方法。
modifymedium 指令就是用来调整磁盘大小的。对象可以是虚拟机的 uuid,也可以直接指定要调整大小的虚拟机磁盘文件名(全路径)。需要注意的是,如果安装 VirtualBox 的时候没有将其路径添加到系统路径之中,运行命令行的时候需要指定路径或切换到安装路径,如,
上述指令将 F:\VirtualBoxImgs目录下的 CentOS6.3.vdi 这个虚拟机磁盘调整为(参数 –resize)51200,单位是 MB。
如果想查看对应的 uuid,可以使用指令:
以上指令在Win10+VirtualBox 5.0.10版本上验证可行。
2. CentOS 的 LVM 管理
[root@10 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg_yuxuechengcentos6-lv_root 37G 12G 26G 31% / tmpfs 499M 76K 499M 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 477M 51M 397M 12% /boot /dev/sr0 57M 57M 0 100% /media/VBOXADDITIONS_5.0.10_104061 [root@10 ~]#
重新启动该虚拟机。再来看看磁盘情况:
[root@10 ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0000698e Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 1045 7875584 8e Linux LVM /dev/sda3 1045 5221 33549074+ 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/mapper/vg_yuxuechengcentos6-lv_root: 40.3 GB, 40298872832 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4899 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_yuxuechengcentos6-lv_swap: 2113 MB, 2113929216 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 257 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 [root@10 ~]#
现在,磁盘大小为 53680MB。磁盘占用情况为,可以看到总大小还是40G的配置。
[root@10 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg_yuxuechengcentos6-lv_root 37G 12G 26G 31% / tmpfs 499M 76K 499M 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 477M 51M 397M 12% /boot /dev/sr0 57M 57M 0 100% /media/VBOXADDITIONS_5.0.10_104061 [root@10 ~]#
试试看用dd命令创建一个30G大小的块文件:
[root@10 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=1.0G.img bs=1M count=30000 dd: writing `1.0G.img': No space left on device 26223+0 records in 26222+0 records out 27496136704 bytes (27 GB) copied, 104.717 s, 263 MB/s [root@10 ~]#
提示说磁盘空间不足(No space left on device)。虽然我们给了虚拟机足够的空间,但是虚拟机里的系统(这里是 CentOS)并没有将这一部分空间利用上。可以看到,虚拟机里的磁盘空间只有 37G,原始分配的 50G 没有用完。这同时也说明,即使创建虚拟机的时候使用动态分配磁盘大小,虚拟机里的系统也并不会自动修改自己的磁盘。如果是正常使用,即使虚拟机的虚拟磁盘 足够大,还是可能会在虚拟机中遇到磁盘空间不足的警告。
下面调整虚拟机操作系统的文件系统,使之将所有空间利用上。
将空余磁盘创建为 sda4
重新启动虚拟机,登入 CentOS,使用 fdisk 将虚拟磁盘的空闲空间创建为一个新的分区。注意要使用代表 Linux LVM 的分区号 8e 来作为 ID。
[root@10 ~]# fdisk /dev/sda WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only) Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Selected partition 4 First cylinder (5222-6527, default 5222): Using default value 5222 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (5222-6527, default 6527): Using default value 6527 Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-4): 4 Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e Changed system type of partition 4 to 8e (Linux LVM) Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks. [root@10 ~]#
上述命令执行后,可以使用fdisk -l /dev/sda来查看结果,来查看 sda4 是否成功创建并标记为 LVM,如果没有,则需要重新启动。
[root@10 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sda Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0000698e Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 1045 7875584 8e Linux LVM /dev/sda3 1045 5221 33549074+ 8e Linux LVM /dev/sda4 5222 6527 10490445 8e Linux LVM [root@10 ~]#
执行完后重启。
调整 LVM 大小
先看看当前 Volume Group:
[root@10 ~]# vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name vg_yuxuechengcentos6 System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 2 Metadata Sequence No 5 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 2 Open LV 2 Max PV 0 Cur PV 2 Act PV 2 VG Size 39.50 GiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 10112 Alloc PE / Size 10112 / 39.50 GiB Free PE / Size 0 / 0 VG UUID 8oim1v-kbuK-5RjL-MchZ-PLqp-3Uco-OCTXMu [root@10 ~]#
名称为 vg_yuxuechengcentos6,可调整大小(resizable),当前大小为39.50GB。
查看活动的 LVM 卷:
[root@10 ~]# lvscan ACTIVE '/dev/vg_yuxuechengcentos6/lv_root' [37.53 GiB] inherit ACTIVE '/dev/vg_yuxuechengcentos6/lv_swap' [1.97 GiB] inherit [root@10 ~]#
先将分配过来的新磁盘空间创建为一个新的物理卷:
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sda4 Writing physical volume data to disk "/dev/sda4" Physical volume "/dev/sda4" successfully created [root@localhost ~]#
然后使用新的物理卷来扩展 LVM 的 vg_yuxuechengcentos6:
[root@localhost ~]# vgextend vg_yuxuechengcentos6 /dev/sda4 Volume group "vg_yuxuechengcentos6" successfully extended [root@localhost ~]#
然后扩展 LVM 的逻辑卷 vg_yuxuechengcentos6-lv_root:
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend /dev/mapper/vg_yuxuechengcentos6-lv_root /dev/sda4 Extending logical volume lv_root to 47.53 GiB Logical volume lv_root successfully resized [root@localhost ~]#
最后,调整逻辑卷文件系统的大小,
[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/mapper/vg_yuxuechengcentos6-lv_root resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem at /dev/mapper/vg_yuxuechengcentos6-lv_root is mounted on /; on-line resizing required old desc_blocks = 3, new_desc_blocks = 3 Performing an on-line resize of /dev/mapper/vg_yuxuechengcentos6-lv_root to 12460032 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/mapper/vg_yuxuechengcentos6-lv_root is now 12460032 blocks long. [root@localhost ~]#
在CentOS7上执行resize2fs会报错,如下所示,这个的/dev/centos/root和前面不一样,因为这是后面添加的,这是在CentOS7上处理的记录。
[root@localhost linus_dev]# resize2fs /dev/centos/root resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) resize2fs: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/centos/root Couldn't find valid filesystem superblock.
找不到的原因是CentOS 7中默认的文件系统是XFS,与CentOS 6不同,所以这里需要使用的命令是xfs_growfs,而不是resize2fs,再CentOS执行成功记录如下:
[root@localhost linus_dev]# xfs_growfs /dev/centos/root meta-data=/dev/mapper/centos-root isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=1799936 blks = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1 = crc=0 finobt=0 data = bsize=4096 blocks=7199744, imaxpct=25 = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0 log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=3515, version=2 = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1 realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0 data blocks changed from 7199744 to 12441600 [root@localhost linus_dev]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/centos-root 48G 16G 32G 34% / devtmpfs 488M 0 488M 0% /dev tmpfs 497M 0 497M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 497M 6.7M 491M 2% /run tmpfs 497M 0 497M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda1 497M 163M 335M 33% /boot [root@localhost linus_dev]#
调整完后,看看效果:
[root@localhost ~]# lvscan ACTIVE '/dev/vg_yuxuechengcentos6/lv_root' [47.53 GiB] inherit ACTIVE '/dev/vg_yuxuechengcentos6/lv_swap' [1.97 GiB] inherit [root@localhost ~]#
另外,几个有用的 LVM 指令(lvm2):
- lvmdiskscan
- vgdisplay
- pvdisplay
- lvdispay
- vgcreate
- pvcreate
- lvscan
- pvscan
- vgscan
我这里用的是 CentOS 系统。如果是 Windows 就更简单了,可通过 Windows 的磁盘管理来重新调整分区大小以占用所有可用磁盘空间。