以太坊系列之十三: evm指令集
evm指令集手册
Opcodes
结果列为"-"表示没有运算结果(不会在栈上产生值),为"*"是特殊情况,其他都表示运算产生唯一值,并放在栈顶.
mem[a...b] 表示内存中a到b(不包含b)个字节
storage[p] 表示从p开始的32个字节
谨记evm虚拟机的word(字)是256位32字节
| 操作码 | 结果 | 注释 |
|---|---|---|
| stop | - | stop execution, identical to return(0,0) |
| add(x, y) | x + y | |
| sub(x, y) | x - y | |
| mul(x, y) | x * y | |
| div(x, y) | x / y | |
| sdiv(x, y) | x / y, for signed numbers in two’s complement | |
| mod(x, y) | x % y | |
| smod(x, y) | x % y, for signed numbers in two’s complement | |
| exp(x, y) | x to the power of y | |
| not(x) | ~x, every bit of x is negated | |
| lt(x, y) | 1 if x < y, 0 otherwise | |
| gt(x, y) | 1 if x > y, 0 otherwise | |
| slt(x, y) | 1 if x < y, 0 otherwise, for signed numbers in two’s complement | |
| sgt(x, y) | 1 if x > y, 0 otherwise, for signed numbers in two’s complement | |
| eq(x, y) | 1 if x == y, 0 otherwise | |
| iszero(x) | 1 if x == 0, 0 otherwise | |
| and(x, y) | bitwise and of x and y | |
| or(x, y) | bitwise or of x and y | |
| xor(x, y) | bitwise xor of x and y | |
| byte(n, x) | nth byte of x, where the most significant byte is the 0th byte | |
| addmod(x, y, m) | (x + y) % m with arbitrary precision arithmetics | |
| mulmod(x, y, m) | (x * y) % m with arbitrary precision arithmetics | |
| signextend(i, x) | sign extend from (i*8+7)th bit counting from least significant | |
| keccak256(p, n) | keccak(mem[p...(p+n))) | |
| sha3(p, n) | keccak(mem[p...(p+n))) | |
| jump(label) | - | jump to label / code position |
| jumpi(label, cond) | - | jump to label if cond is nonzero |
| pc | current position in code | |
| pop(x) | - | remove the element pushed by x |
| dup1 ... dup16 | copy ith stack slot to the top (counting from top) | |
| swap1 ... swap16 | * | swap topmost and ith stack slot below it |
| mload(p) | mem[p..(p+32)) | |
| mstore(p, v) | - | mem[p..(p+32)) := v |
| mstore8(p, v) | - | mem[p] := v & 0xff - only modifies a single byte |
| sload(p) | storage[p] | |
| sstore(p, v) | - | storage[p] := v |
| msize | size of memory, i.e. largest accessed memory index | |
| gas | gas still available to execution | |
| address | address of the current contract / execution context | |
| balance(a) | wei balance at address a | |
| caller | call sender (excluding delegatecall) | |
| callvalue | wei sent together with the current call | |
| calldataload(p) | call data starting from position p (32 bytes) | |
| calldatasize | size of call data in bytes | |
| calldatacopy(t, f, s) | - | copy s bytes from calldata at position f to mem at position t |
| codesize | size of the code of the current contract / execution context | |
| codecopy(t, f, s) | - | copy s bytes from code at position f to mem at position t |
| extcodesize(a) | size of the code at address a | |
| extcodecopy(a, t, f, s) | - | like codecopy(t, f, s) but take code at address a |
| returndatasize | size of the last returndata | |
| returndatacopy(t, f, s) | - | copy s bytes from returndata at position f to mem at position t |
| create(v, p, s) | create new contract with code mem[p..(p+s)) and send v wei and return the new address | |
| create2(v, n, p, s) | create new contract with code mem[p..(p+s)) at address keccak256( . n . keccak256(mem[p..(p+s))) and send v wei and return the new address | |
| call(g, a, v, in, insize, out, outsize) | call contract at address a with input mem[in..(in+insize)) providing g gas and v wei and output area mem[out..(out+outsize)) returning 0 on error (eg. out of gas) and 1 on success | |
| callcode(g, a, v, in, insize, out, outsize) | identical to call but only use the code from a and stay in the context of the current contract otherwise | |
| delegatecall(g, a, in, insize, out, outsize) | identical to callcode but also keep caller and callvalue | |
| staticcall(g, a, in, insize, out, outsize) | identical to call(g, a, 0, in, insize, out, outsize) but do not allow state modifications | |
| return(p, s) | - | end execution, return data mem[p..(p+s)) |
| revert(p, s) | - | end execution, revert state changes, return data mem[p..(p+s)) |
| selfdestruct(a) | - | end execution, destroy current contract and send funds to a |
| invalid | - | end execution with invalid instruction |
| log0(p, s) | - | log without topics and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
| log1(p, s, t1) | - | log with topic t1 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
| log2(p, s, t1, t2) | - | log with topics t1, t2 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
| log3(p, s, t1, t2, t3) | - | log with topics t1, t2, t3 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
| log4(p, s, t1, t2, t3, t4) | - | log with topics t1, t2, t3, t4 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
| origin | transaction sender | |
| gasprice | gas price of the transaction | |
| blockhash(b) | hash of block nr b - only for last 256 blocks excluding current | |
| coinbase | current mining beneficiary | |
| timestamp | timestamp of the current block in seconds since the epoch | |
| number | current block number | |
| difficulty | difficulty of the current block | |
| gaslimit | block gas limit of the current block |
其中call,callcode,delegatecall,staticcall非常重要,要搞清楚,才能理解evm的执行模型.