mysql 实现读写分离的方式有以下几种:
ProxySQL 是一款可以实际用于生产环境的 MySQL 中间件,它有官方版和 percona 版两种。percona版是在官方版的基础上修改的,添加了几个比较实用的工具。生产环境建议用官方版。
ProxySQL 是用 C++ 语言开发的,虽然也是一个轻量级产品,但性能很好(据测试,能处理千亿级的数据),功能也足够,能满足中间件所需的绝大多数功能,包括:
//配置yum源
[root@ye ~]# cat <
当 ProxySQL 启动后,将监听两个端口:
ProxySQL 的 admin 管理接口是一个使用 MySQL 协议的接口,所以,可以直接使用 mysql 客户端、navicat 等工具去连接这个管理接口,其默认的用户名和密码均为 admin
例如,使用 mysql 客户端去连接 ProxySQL 的管理接口:
[root@ye ~]# mysql -uadmin -padmin -h127.0.0.1 -P6032
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| seq | name | file |
+-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| 0 | main | |
| 2 | disk | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db |
| 3 | stats | |
| 4 | monitor | |
| 5 | stats_history | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql_stats.db |
+-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
由于 ProxySQL 的配置全部保存在几个自带的库中,所以通过管理接口,可以非常方便地通过发送一些SQL命令去修改 ProxySQL 的配置。 ProxySQL 会解析通过该接口发送的某些对ProxySQL 有效的特定命令,并将其合理转换后发送给内嵌的 SQLite3 数据库引擎去运行
ProxySQL 的配置几乎都是通过管理接口来操作的,通过 Admin 管理接口,可以在线修改几乎所有的配置并使其生效。只有两个变量的配置是必须重启 ProxySQL 才能生效的,它们是:
mysql-threads 和 mysql-stacksize
admin-admin_credentials 变量控制的是admin管理接口的管理员账户。默认的管理员账户和密码为admin:admin,但是这个默认的用户只能在本地使用。如果想要远程连接到ProxySQL,例如用windows上的navicat连接Linux上的ProxySQL管理接口,必须自定义一个管理员账户。
添加管理员帐户
mysql> select @@admin-admin_credentials;
+---------------------------+
| @@admin-admin_credentials |
+---------------------------+
| admin:admin |
+---------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//设置管理员帐号root,密码123456
mysql> set admin-admin_credentials='admin:admin;root:123456';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select @@admin-admin_credentials;
+---------------------------+
| @@admin-admin_credentials |
+---------------------------+
| admin:admin;root:123456 |
+---------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> load admin variables to runtime; //使修改立即生效
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> save admin variables to disk; //使修改永久保存到磁盘
Query OK, 31 rows affected (0.00 sec)
修改后,就可以使用该用户名和密码连接管理接口;此时我在客户端登陆,注意关闭两边的防火墙与selinux
[root@peng ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -h192.168.47.137 -P6032
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
所有的配置操作都是在修改main库中对应的表
mysql> select * from global_variables where variable_name='admin-admin_credentials';
+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| variable_name | variable_value |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| admin-admin_credentials | admin:admin;root:123456 |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
必须要区分admin管理接口的用户名和mysql_users中的用户名
admin管理接口的用户必须不能存在于mysql_users中,这是出于安全的考虑,防止通过admin管理接口用户猜出mysql_users中的用户
admin-stats_credentials 变量控制admin管理接口的普通用户,这个变量中的用户没有超级管理员权限,只能查看monitor库和main库中关于统计的数据,其它库都是不可见的,且没有任何写权限
默认的普通用户名和密码均为 stats ,与admin一样,它默认也只能用于本地登录,若想让人远程查看则要添加查看的专有用户
mysql> select @@admin-stats_credentials;
+---------------------------+
| @@admin-stats_credentials |
+---------------------------+
| stats:stats |
+---------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//添加专有的查看用户
mysql> set admin-stats_credentials='stats:stats;aaa:123456';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select @@admin-stats_credentials;
+---------------------------+
| @@admin-stats_credentials |
+---------------------------+
| stats:stats;aaa:123456 |
+---------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> load admin variables to runtime; //使修改立即生效
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> save admin variables to disk; //使修改永久保存到磁盘
Query OK, 31 rows affected (0.00 sec)
同样,这个变量中的用户必须不能存在于mysql_users表中
使用mystats用户远程连接查看
[root@peng ~]# mysql -uaaa -p123456 -h192.168.47.137 -P6032
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
mysql> show tables from main;
+--------------------------------------+
| tables |
+--------------------------------------+
| global_variables |
| stats_memory_metrics |
| stats_mysql_commands_counters |
| stats_mysql_connection_pool |
| stats_mysql_connection_pool_reset |
| stats_mysql_global |
| stats_mysql_prepared_statements_info |
| stats_mysql_processlist |
| stats_mysql_query_digest |
| stats_mysql_query_digest_reset |
| stats_mysql_query_rules |
| stats_mysql_users |
| stats_proxysql_servers_checksums |
| stats_proxysql_servers_metrics |
| stats_proxysql_servers_status |
+--------------------------------------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)
admin-mysql_ifaces 变量指定admin接口的监听地址,格式为冒号分隔的hostname:port列表。默认监听在 0.0.0.0:6032
注意,允许使用UNIX的domain socket进行监听,这样本主机内的应用程序就可以直接被处理。
例如:修改默认监听为3000
mysql> set admin-mysql_ifaces='0.0.0.0:3000';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> load admin variables to runtime; //使修改立即生效
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@ye ~]# mysql -uadmin -padmin -h127.0.0.1 -P6032
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
ERROR 2003 (HY000): Can't connect to MySQL server on '127.0.0.1' (111)
[root@ye ~]# mysql -uadmin -padmin -h127.0.0.1 -P3000
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 6
Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
使用ProxySQL的Admin管理接口连上ProxySQL,可查看ProxySQL拥有的库
[root@peng ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -h192.168.47.137 -P6032
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 6
Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| seq | name | file |
+-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| 0 | main | |
| 2 | disk | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db |
| 3 | stats | |
| 4 | monitor | |
| 5 | stats_history | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql_stats.db |
+-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
其中:
ProxySQL 内部使用的是 SQLite3 数据库,无论是内存数据库还是磁盘数据库,都是通过SQLite3引 擎进行解析、操作的。它和 MySQL 的语法可能稍有不同,但ProxySQL会对不兼容的语法自动进行调整,最大程度上保证MySQL语句的有效率。
上面描述main库的时候,只是说了内存数据库需要持久化到disk库才能永久保存配置。但实际上,修改了main库中的配置后,并不会立即生效,它还需要load到runtime的数据结构中才生效,只有在runtime数据结构中的配置才是对ProxySQL当前有效的配置
ProxySQL 的配置系统非常强大,它能在线修改几乎所有配置(仅有的两个需要重启才能生效的变量为 mysql-threads 和 mysql-stacksize ),并在线生效、持久化保存。这得益于它采用的多层配置系统。
多层配置系统结构如下:
+-------------------------+
| RUNTIME |
+-------------------------+
/|\ |
| |
[1] | [2] |
| \|/
+-------------------------+
| MEMORY |
+-------------------------+ _
/|\ | |\
| | \
[3] | [4] | \ [5]
| \|/ \
+-------------------------+ +---------------+
| DISK | | CONFIG FILE |
+-------------------------+ +---------------+
最底层的是 disk 库和 config file 。这里需要注意,这里的 config file 就是传统的配置文件,默认为 /etc/proxysql.cnf , ProxySQL 启动时,主要是从 disk 库中读取配置加载到内存并最终加载到 runtime 生效,只有极少的几个特定配置内容是从 config file 中加载的,除非是第一次初始化 ProxySQL 运行环境(或者disk库为空)。
中间层的是 memory ,表示的是内存数据库,其实就是 main 库。通过管理接口修改的所有配置,都保存在内存数据库(main)中。当 ProxySQL 重启或者崩溃时,这个内存数据库中的数据会丢失,所以需要 save 到 disk 库中。
最上层的是 runtime ,它是 ProxySQL 有关线程运行时读取的数据结构。换句话说,该数据结构中的配置都是已生效的配置。所以,修改了 main 库中的配置后,必须 load 到 runtime 数据结构中才能使其生效。
在上面的多层配置系统图中,标注了[1]、[2]、[3]、[4]、[5]的序号。每个序号都有两个操作方向from/to,其实只是所站角度不同而已。以下是各序号对应的操作:
[1] :将内存数据库中的配置加载到RUNTIME数据结构中
LOAD XXX FROM MEMORY
LOAD XXX TO RUNTIME
[2] :将RUNTIME数据结构中的配置持久化到内存数据库中
SAVE XXX FROM RUNTIME
SAVE XXX TO MEMORY
[3] :将磁盘数据库中的配置加载到内存数据库中
LOAD XXX FROM DISK
LOAD XXX TO MEMORY
[4] :将内存数据库中的配置持久化到磁盘数据库中
SAVE XXX FROM MEMORY
SAVE XXX TO DISK
[5] :从传统配置文件中读取配置加载到内存数据库中
LOAD XXX FROM CONFIG
DISK/MEMORY/RUNTIME/CONFIG 可以缩写,只要能识别即可。例如MEMORY可以缩写为MEM,runtime可以缩写为run
另外,上面的XXX是什么?这表示要加载/保存的是哪类配置。目前的ProxySQL支持以下几种:
这些从main库或disk库中就可以查看到
mysql> show tables from disk;
+------------------------------------+
| tables |
+------------------------------------+
| global_variables |
| mysql_collations |
| mysql_group_replication_hostgroups |
| mysql_query_rules |
| mysql_query_rules_fast_routing |
| mysql_replication_hostgroups |
| mysql_servers |
| mysql_users |
| proxysql_servers |
| scheduler |
+------------------------------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
上面的结果中我给这些表都标注了一些序号,其所对应的表的内容有以下讲究:
如果 ProxySQL 是刚安装的,或者磁盘数据库文件为空(甚至不存在),或者启动 ProxySQL 时使用了选项 --initial,这几种情况启动 ProxySQL 时,都会从传统配置文件 config file 中读取配置加载到内存数据库,并自动 load 到 runtime 数据结构、save到磁盘数据库,这是初始化 ProxySQL 运行环境的过程。
如果不是第一次启动 ProxySQL ,由于已经存在磁盘数据库文件,这时 ProxySQL 会从磁盘数据库中读取几乎所有的配置(即使传统配置文件中配置了某项,也不会去解析),但有3项是必须从传统配置文件中读取,它们分别是:
据库中间件最基本的功能就是实现读写分离, ProxySQL 当然也支持。而且 ProxySQL 支持的路由规则非常灵活,不仅可以实现最简单的读写分离,还可以将读/写都分散到多个不同的组,以及实现分库 sharding (分表sharding的规则比较难写,但也能实现)。
本文只描述通过规则制定的语句级读写分离,不讨论通过 ip/port, client, username, schemaname 实现的读写分离。
下面描述了ProxySQL能实现的常见读写分离类型
这种模式的读写分离,严格区分后端的master和slave节点,且slave节点必须设置选项read_only=1
在ProxySQL上,分两个组,一个写组HG=10,一个读组HG=20。同时在ProxySQL上开启monitor模块的read_only监控功能,让ProxySQL根据监控到的read_only值来自动调整节点放在HG=10(master会放进这个组)还是HG=20(slave会放进这个组)
这种模式的读写分离是最简单的,只需在mysql_users表中设置用户的默认路由组为写组HG=10,并在mysql_query_rules中加上两条简单的规则(一个select for update,一个select)即可
这种读写分离模式,在环境较小时能满足绝大多数需求。但是需求复杂、环境较大时,这种模式就太过死板,因为一切都是monitor模块控制的
前面那种读写分离模式,是通过 monitor 模块监控 read_only 来调整的,所以每一个后端集群必须只能分为一个写组,一个读组。
但如果想要区分不同的 select ,并将不同的 select 路由到不同的节点上。例如有些查询语句的开销非常大,想让它们独占一个节点/组,其它查询共享一个节点/组,怎么实现?
看上去非常简单。但是却能适应各种需求。例如,后端做了分库,对某库的查询要路由到特定的主机组
至于各个主机组是同一个主从集群(下图左边),还是互相独立的主从集群环境(下图右边),要看具体的需求,不过这种读写分离模式都能应付
在实现这种模式时,前提是不能开启monitor模块的read_only监控功能,也不要设置mysql_replication_hostgroup 表
例如,下面的配置实现的是上图左边的结构:写请求路由给HG=10,对test1库的select语句路由给HG=20,其它select路由给HG=30
mysql_servers:
+--------------+----------+------+--------+--------+
| hostgroup_id | hostname | port | status | weight |
+--------------+----------+------+--------+--------+
| 10 | host1 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1 |
| 20 | host2 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1 |
| 30 | host3 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1 |
+--------------+----------+------+--------+--------+
mysql_users:
+----------+-------------------+
| username | default_hostgroup |
+----------+-------------------+
| root | 10 |
+----------+-------------------+
mysql_query_rules:
+---------+-----------------------+----------------------+
| rule_id | destination_hostgroup | match_digest |
+---------+-----------------------+----------------------+
| 1 | 10 | ^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE$ |
| 2 | 20 | ^SELECT.*test1\..* |
| 3 | 30 | ^SELECT |
+---------+-----------------------+----------------------+
查看表结构的方式:
PRAGMA table_info("表名");
环境说明:
IP | 角色 | 应用 | 系统平台 |
---|---|---|---|
192.168.47.137 | 读写分离解析主机 | proxysql | rhel7.4 |
192.168.47.139 | master | mysql5.7 | rhel7.4 |
192.168.47.138 | slave | mysql5.7 | rhel7.4 |
master端:
//安装mysql,并启动
[root@master ~]# yum -y install mariadb mariadb-server
[root@master ~]# systemctl start mariadb
//在主数据库上一步创建同步账号
[root@master ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.60-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.47.138' identified by '123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
//修改配置文件
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf //在[mysqld]这段的后面加上如下内容
......
log-bin=mysql-bin
server-id=3
//重启mysql服务
[root@master ~]# systemctl restart mariadb
//查看主库的状态
MariaDB [(none)]> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 245 | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
slave端:
//安装mysql,并启动
[root@slave ~]# yum -y install mariadb mariadb-server
[root@slave ~]# systemctl start mariadb
//验证在主数据库上创建同步账号、
[root@slave ~]# mysql -urepl -p123 -h 192.168.47.139
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 3
Server version: 5.5.60-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]>
//修改配置文件
[root@slave ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf //在[mysqld]这段的后面加上如下内容
......
server-id=5
relay-log=mysql-relay-bin
//重启从库的mysql服务
[root@slave ~]# systemctl restart mariadb
//配置并启动主从复制
MariaDB [(none)]> change master to
-> master_host='192.168.47.139',
-> master_user='repl',
-> master_password='123',
-> master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001',
-> master_log_pos=245;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
//查看从服务器状态
MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.47.139
Master_User: repl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 245
Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 529
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
.....
//配置proxysql的yum源
[root@proxysql ~]# cat <
[root@master ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 4
Server version: 5.5.60-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]> grant all on *.* to 'proxysql'@'192.168.47.137' identified by 'pwproxysql';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
[root@proxysql ~]# export MYSQL_PS1="(\u@\h:\p) [\d]> "
[root@proxysql ~]# mysql -uadmin -padmin -h127.0.0.1 -P6032
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> show databases;
+-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| seq | name | file |
+-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| 0 | main | |
| 2 | disk | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db |
| 3 | stats | |
| 4 | monitor | |
| 5 | stats_history | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql_stats.db |
+-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
数据库说明:
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> show tables from main;
+--------------------------------------------+
| tables |
+--------------------------------------------+
| global_variables | # ProxySQL的基本配置参数,类似与MySQL
| mysql_collations | # 配置对MySQL字符集的支持
| mysql_group_replication_hostgroups | # MGR相关的表,用于实例的读写组自动分配
| mysql_query_rules | # 路由表
| mysql_query_rules_fast_routing | # 主从复制相关的表,用于实例的读写组自动分配
| mysql_replication_hostgroups | # 存储MySQL实例的信息
| mysql_servers | # 存储MySQL用户
| mysql_users | # 存储ProxySQL的信息,用于ProxySQL Cluster同步
| proxysql_servers | # 运行环境的存储校验值
| runtime_checksums_values |
| runtime_global_variables |
| runtime_mysql_group_replication_hostgroups |
| runtime_mysql_query_rules |
| runtime_mysql_query_rules_fast_routing |
| runtime_mysql_replication_hostgroups | # 与上面对应,但是运行环境正在使用的配置
| runtime_mysql_servers |
| runtime_mysql_users |
| runtime_proxysql_servers |
| runtime_scheduler |
| scheduler | # 定时任务表
+--------------------------------------------+
20 rows in set (0.00 sec)
runtime_ 开头的是运行时的配置,这些是不能修改的。要修改 ProxySQL 的配置,需要修改了非 runtime_ 表,修改后必须执行 LOAD … TO RUNTIME 才能加载到 RUNTIME 生效,执行 save … to disk 才能将配置持久化保存到磁盘
下面语句中没有先切换到 main 库也执行成功了,因为 ProxySQL 内部使用的 SQLite3 数据库引擎,和 MySQL 的解析方式是不一样的。即使执行了 USE main 语句也是无任何效果的,但不会报错
使用 insert 语句添加 mysql 主机到 mysql_servers 表中,其中:hostgroup_id 1 表示写组,2表示读组
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> insert into mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port,weight,comment) values(1,'192.168.47.139',3306,1,'Write Group');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> insert into mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port,weight,comment) values(2,'192.168.47.138',3306,1,'Read Group');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> select * from mysql_servers;
+--------------+----------------+------+--------+--------+-------------+-----------------+---------------------+---------+----------------+-------------+
| hostgroup_id | hostname | port | status | weight | compression | max_connections | max_replication_lag | use_ssl | max_latency_ms | comment |
+--------------+----------------+------+--------+--------+-------------+-----------------+---------------------+---------+----------------+-------------+
| 1 | 192.168.47.139 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1 | 0 | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Write Group |
| 2 | 192.168.47.138 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1 | 0 | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Read Group |
+--------------+----------------+------+--------+--------+-------------+-----------------+---------------------+---------+----------------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
修改后,需要加载到RUNTIME,并保存到disk
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> load mysql servers to runtime;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> save mysql servers to disk;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
在 proxysql 主机的 mysql_users 表中添加刚才在 master 上创建的账号 proxysql,proxysql 客户端需要使用这个账号来访问数据库
default_hostgroup 默认组设置为写组,也就是1;
当读写分离的路由规则不符合时,会访问默认组的数据库;
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> insert into mysql_users(username,password,default_hostgroup,transaction_persistent)values('proxysql','pwproxysql',1,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> select * from mysql_users \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
username: proxysql # 后端mysql实例的用户名
password: pwproxysql # 后端mysql实例的密码
active: 1 # active=1表示用户生效,0表示不生效
use_ssl: 0
default_hostgroup: 1 # 用户默认登录到哪个hostgroup_id下的实例
default_schema: NULL # 用户默认登录后端mysql实例时连接的数据库,这个地方为NULL的话,则由全局变量mysql-default_schema决定,默认是information_schema
schema_locked: 0
transaction_persistent: 1 # 如果设置为1,连接上ProxySQL的会话后,如果在一个hostgroup上开启了事务,那么后续的sql都继续维持在这个hostgroup上,不论是否会匹配上其它路由规则,直到事务结束。虽然默认是0
fast_forward: 0 # 忽略查询重写/缓存层,直接把这个用户的请求透传到后端DB。相当于只用它的连接池功能,一般不用,路由规则 .* 就行了
backend: 1
frontend: 1
max_connections: 10000 # 该用户允许的最大连接数
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> load mysql users to runtime;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> save mysql users to disk;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
在mysql的 master 端添加属于proxysql的只读账号
MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT SELECT ON *.* TO 'monitor'@'192.168.47.%' IDENTIFIED BY 'monitor';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
在proxysql主机端修改变量设置健康检测的账号
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> set mysql-monitor_username='monitor';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> set mysql-monitor_password='monitor';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> load mysql variables to runtime;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> save mysql variables to disk;
Query OK, 97 rows affected (0.01 sec)
需求:
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> insert into mysql_query_rules(rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply)values(1,1,'^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE$',1,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> insert into mysql_query_rules(rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply)values(2,1,'^SELECT',2,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> select rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply from mysql_query_rules;
+---------+--------+----------------------+-----------------------+-------+
| rule_id | active | match_digest | destination_hostgroup | apply |
+---------+--------+----------------------+-----------------------+-------+
| 1 | 1 | ^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE$ | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 1 | ^SELECT | 2 | 1 |
+---------+--------+----------------------+-----------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> load mysql query rules to runtime;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> load admin variables to runtime;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> save mysql query rules to disk;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> save admin variables to disk;
Query OK, 31 rows affected (0.01 sec)
登录用户是刚才我们在 mysql_user 表中创建的用户,端口为6033
[root@proxysql ~]# mysql -uproxysql -ppwproxysql -h127.0.0.1 -P6033
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
([email protected]:6033) [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
创建2个数据库并查询一下表
([email protected]:6033) [(none)]> create database peng;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
([email protected]:6033) [(none)]> create database ye;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
([email protected]:6033) [(none)]> select user,host from mysql.user;
+----------+----------------+
| user | host |
+----------+----------------+
| root | 127.0.0.1 |
| monitor | 192.168.47.% |
| proxysql | 192.168.47.137 |
| root | ::1 |
| | localhost |
| root | localhost |
| | slave |
| root | slave |
+----------+----------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
proxysql有个类似审计的功能,可以查看各类SQL的执行情况,其需要在proxysql管理端执行
([email protected]:6032) [(none)]> select * from stats_mysql_query_digest;
+-----------+--------------------+----------+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+------------+------------+----------+----------+----------+
| hostgroup | schemaname | username | digest | digest_text | count_star | first_seen | last_seen | sum_time | min_time | max_time |
+-----------+--------------------+----------+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+------------+------------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | information_schema | proxysql | 0xE912B351927F95DA | create database ye | 1 | 1552575229 | 1552575229 | 714 | 714 | 714 |
| 1 | information_schema | proxysql | 0x51CE8F676D1ADEBB | create database peng | 1 | 1552575224 | 1552575224 | 1109 | 1109 | 1109 |
| 2 | information_schema | proxysql | 0x0F02B330C823D739 | select user,host from mysql.user | 1 | 1552575237 | 1552575237 | 1776 | 1776 | 1776 |
| 1 | information_schema | proxysql | 0x02033E45904D3DF0 | show databases | 1 | 1552575085 | 1552575085 | 4647 | 4647 | 4647 |
| 1 | information_schema | proxysql | 0x594F2C744B698066 | select USER() | 1 | 1552575078 | 1552575078 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | information_schema | proxysql | 0x226CD90D52A2BA0B | select @@version_comment limit ? | 1 | 1552575078 | 1552575078 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------+--------------------+----------+--------------------+----------------------------------+------------+------------+------------+----------+----------+----------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
从上面的 hostgroup 和 digest_text 值来看,所有的写操作都被路由至1组,读操作都被路由至2组,其中1组为写组,2组为读组!
由此可见,读写分离成功!!!