su:Swith user 切换用户,切换到root用户
cat: Concatenate 串联
uname: Unix name 系统名称
df: Disk free 空余硬盘
du: Disk usage 硬盘使用率
chown: Change owner 改变所有者
chgrp: Change group 改变用户组
ps:Process Status 进程状态
tar:Tape archive 解压文件
chmod: Change mode 改变模式
umount: Unmount 卸载
ldd:List dynamic dependencies 列出动态相依
insmod:Install module 安装模块
rmmod:Remove module 删除模块
lsmod:List module 列表模块
alias :Create your own name for a command
bash :GNU Bourne-Again Shell linux内核
grep:global regular expression print
httpd :Start Apache
ipcalc :Calculate IP information for a host
ping :Send ICMP ECHO_Request to network hosts
reboot: Restart your computer
sudo:Superuser do
/bin = BINaries
/dev = DEVices
/etc = ETCetera
/lib = LIBrary
/proc = PROCesses
/sbin = Superuser BINaries
/tmp = TeMPorary
/usr = Unix Shared Resources
/var = VARiable ?
FIFO = First In, First Out
GRUB = GRand Unified Bootloader
IFS = Internal Field Seperators
LILO = LInux LOader
MySQL = My最初作者的名字SQL = Structured Query Language
PHP = Personal Home Page Tools = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
PS = Prompt String
Perl = “Pratical Extraction and Report Language” = “Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister”
Python Monty Python’s Flying Circus
Tcl = Tool Command Language
Tk = ToolKit
VT = Video Terminal
YaST = Yet Another Setup Tool
apache = “a patchy” server
apt = Advanced Packaging Tool
ar = archiver
as = assembler
bash = Bourne Again SHell
bc = Basic (Better) Calculator
bg = BackGround
cal = CALendar
cat = CATenate
cd = Change Directory
chgrp = CHange GRouP
chmod = CHange MODe
chown = CHange OWNer
chsh = CHange SHell
cmp = compare
cobra = Common Object Request Broker Architecture
comm = common
cp = CoPy
cpio = CoPy In and Out
cpp = C Pre Processor
cups = Common Unix Printing System
cvs = Current Version System
daemon = Disk And Execution MONitor
dc = Desk Calculator
dd = Disk Dump
df = Disk Free
diff = DIFFerence
dmesg = diagnostic message
du = Disk Usage
ed = editor
egrep = Extended GREP
elf = Extensible Linking Format
elm = ELectronic Mail
emacs = Editor MACroS
eval = EVALuate
ex = EXtended
exec = EXECute
fd = file descriptors
fg = ForeGround
fgrep = Fixed GREP
fmt = format
fsck = File System ChecK
fstab = FileSystem TABle
fvwm = F*** Virtual Window Manager
gawk = GNU AWK
gpg = GNU Privacy Guard
groff = GNU troff
hal = Hardware Abstraction Layer
joe = Joe’s Own Editor
ksh = Korn SHell
lame = Lame Ain’t an MP3 Encoder
lex = LEXical analyser
lisp = LISt Processing = Lots of Irritating Superfluous Parentheses
ln = LiNk
lpr = Line PRint
ls = list
lsof = LiSt Open Files
m4 = Macro processor Version 4
man = MANual pages
mawk = Mike Brennan’s AWK
mc = Midnight Commander
mkfs = MaKe FileSystem
mknod = MaKe NODe
motd = Message of The Day
mozilla = MOsaic GodZILLa
mtab = Mount TABle
mv = MoVe
nano = Nano’s ANOther editor
nawk = New AWK
nl = Number of Lines
nm = names
nohup = No HangUP
nroff = New ROFF
od = Octal Dump
passwd = PASSWorD
pg = pager
pico = PIne’s message COmposition editor
pine = “Program for Internet News & Email” = “Pine is not Elm”
ping = Packet InterNet Grouper
pirntcap = PRINTer CAPability
popd = POP Directory
pr = pre
printf = PRINT Formatted
ps = Processes Status
pty = pseudo tty
pushd = PUSH Directory
pwd = Print Working Directory
rc = runcom = run command, shell
rev = REVerse
rm = ReMove
rn = Read News
roff = RunOFF
rpm = RPM Package Manager = RedHat Package Manager
rsh, rlogin, = Remote
rxvt = ouR XVT
sed = Stream EDitor
seq = SEQuence
shar = SHell ARchive
slrn = S-Lang rn
ssh = Secure SHell
ssl = Secure Sockets Layer
stty = Set TTY
su = Substitute User
svn = SubVersioN
tar = Tape ARchive
tcsh = TENEX C shell
telnet = TEminaL over Network
termcap = terminal capability
terminfo = terminal information
tr = traslate
troff = Typesetter new ROFF
tsort = Topological SORT
tty = TeleTypewriter
twm = Tom’s Window Manager
tz = TimeZone
udev = Userspace DEV
ulimit = User’s LIMIT
umask = User’s MASK
uniq = UNIQue
vi = VIsual = Very Inconvenient
vim = Vi IMproved
wall = write all
wc = Word Count
wine = WINE Is Not an Emulator
xargs = eXtended ARGuments
xdm = X Display Manager
xlfd = X Logical Font Description
xmms = X Multimedia System
xrdb = X Resources DataBase
xwd = X Window Dump
yacc = yet another compiler compiler
/:根目录,所有的目录、文件、设备都在/之下,/就是Linux文件系统的组织者,也是最上级的领导者。
/bin:bin 就是二进制(binary)英文缩写。在一般的系统当中,都可以在这个目录下找到linux常用的命令。系统所需要的那些命令位于此目录。
/boot:Linux的内核及引导系统程序所需要的文件目录,比如 vmlinuz initrd.img 文件都位于这个目录中。在一般情况下,GRUB或LILO系统引导管理器也位于这个目录。
/cdrom:这个目录在刚刚安装系统的时候是空的。可以将光驱文件系统挂在这个目录下。例如:mount /dev/cdrom/cdrom
/dev:dev 是设备(device)的英文缩写。这个目录对所有的用户都十分重要。因为在这个目录中包含了所有linux系统中使用的外部设备。但是这里并不是放的外部设备的驱动程序。这一点和常用的windows,dos操作系统不一样。它实际上是一个访问这些外部设备的端口。可以非常方便地去访问这些外部设备,和访问一个文件,一个目录没有任何区别。
/etc:etc(Editable Text Configuration)这个目录是linux系统中最重要的目录之一。在这个目录下存放了系统管理时要用到的各种配置文件和子目录。要用到的网络配置文件,文件系统,x系统配置文件,设备配置信息,设置用户信息等都在这个目录下。
/home:如果建立一个用户,用户名是”xx”,那么在/home目录下就有一个对应的/home/xx路径,用来存放用户的主目录。
/lib:lib是库(library)英文缩写。这个目录是用来存放系统动态连接共享库的。几乎所有的应用程序都会用到这个目录下的共享库。因此,千万不要轻易对这个目录进行什么操作,一旦发生问题,系统就不能工作了。
/lost+found:在ext2或ext3文件系统中,当系统意外崩溃或机器意外关机,而产生一些文件碎片放在这里。当系统启动的过程中fsck工具会检查这里,并修复已经损坏的文件系统。有时系统发生问题,有很多的文件被移到这个目录中,可能会用手工的方式来修复,或移到文件到原来的位置上。
/mnt:这个目录一般是用于存放挂载储存设备的挂载目录的,比如有cdrom等目录。可以参看/etc/fstab的定义。
/media:有些linux的发行版使用这个目录来挂载那些usb接口的移动硬盘(包括U盘)、CD/DVD驱动器等等。
/opt:(Optional application software packages)这里主要存放那些可选的程序。
/proc:可以在这个目录下获取系统信息。这些信息是在内存中,由系统自己产生的。
/root:Linux超级权限用户root的家目录。
/sbin:这个目录是用来存放系统管理员的系统管理程序 System Binary。大多是涉及系统管理的命令的存放,是超级权限用户root的可执行命令存放地,普通用户无权限执行这个目录下的命令,这个目录和/usr/sbin; /usr/X11R6/sbin或/usr/local/sbin目录是相似的,凡是目录sbin中包含的都是root权限才能执行的。
/selinux :对SElinux的一些配置文件目录,SElinux可以让linux更加安全。
/srv 服务启动后,所需访问的数据目录,举个例子来说,www服务启动读取的网页数据就可以放在/srv/www中
/sys :Linux 内核中设计较新的一种虚拟的基于内存的文件系统,它的作用与 proc 有些类似,但除了与 proc 相同的具有查看和设定内核参数功能之外,还有为 Linux 统一设备模型作为管理之用。
/tmp:临时文件目录,用来存放不同程序执行时产生的临时文件。有时用户运行程序的时候,会产生临时文件。/tmp就用来存放临时文件的。/var/tmp目录和这个目录相似。
/usr: (Unix Software Resource) 这是linux系统中占用硬盘空间最大的目录。用户的很多应用程序和文件都存放在这个目录下。在这个目录下,可以找到那些不适合放在/bin或/etc目录下的额外的工具
/usr/local:这里主要存放那些手动安装的软件,即不是通过“新立得”或apt-get安装的软件。它和/usr目录具有相类似的目录结构。让软件包管理器来管理/usr目录,而把自定义的脚本(scripts)放到/usr/local目录下面。
/usr/share :系统共用的东西存放地,比如 /usr/share/fonts 是字体目录,/usr/share/doc和/usr/share/man帮助文件。
/var:这个目录的内容是经常变动的,看名字就知道,可以理解为vary的缩写,/var下有/var/log 这是用来存放系统日志的目录。/var/ www目录是定义Apache服务器站点存放目录;/var/lib 用来存放一些库文件,比如MySQL的,以及MySQL数据库的的存放地。[30]
命令
cal = CALendar calendar 日历
cat = CATenate 链接
cd = Change Directory 更改目录
chgrp = CHange GRouP 改变组
chmod = CHange MODe 改变模式
chown = CHange OWNer 更改所有者
chsh = CHange SHell 更改壳
cmp = compare 比较
cobra = Common Object Request Broker Architecture 公共对象请求代理体系结构
comm = common 常见的
cp = CoPy 复制
cpio = CoPy In and Out 拷贝进出
cpp = C Pre Processor C预处理器
cron = Chronos 希腊文时间
cups = Common Unix Printing System 打印系统
cvs = Current Version System 当前系统的版本
daemon = Disk And Execution MONitor 磁盘和执行监视器
dc = Desk Calculator 桌上计算器
dd = Disk Dump 磁盘转储
df = Disk Free 无盘
diff = DIFFerence 差异
dmesg = diagnostic message 诊断信息
du = Disk Usage 磁盘使用
ed = editor 编辑
egrep = Extended GREP 扩展的grep
elf = Extensible Linking Format 可扩展链接格式
elm = ELectronic Mai 电子邮箱
emacs = Editor MACroS 编辑宏
eval = EVALuate 评价
ex = EXtended 扩展
exec = EXECute 执行
fd = file descriptors 文件描述符
fg = ForeGround 前景
fgrep = Fixed GREP 固定grep
Fish = the Friendly Interactive SHell 友好互动的外壳
file = file 查看文件类型,是否是二进制等
fmt = format 格式
fsck = File System ChecK 文件系统检查
fstab = FileSystem TABle 文件系统表
fvwm = F*** Virtual Window Manager f *虚拟窗口管理器
gawk = GNU AWK
gcc = general public licence (GNU) compiler collection 编译程序会产生二进制a.out文件
gpg = GNU Privacy Guard GNU隐私保护
grep = Global search regular expression and print out line 全局搜索正则表达式和打印输出行
groff = GNU troff
hal = Hardware Abstraction Layer 硬件抽象层
joe = Joe’s Own Editor 乔自己的编辑
ksh = Korn SHell
lame = Lame Ain’t an MP3 Encoder 瘸子不MP3编码器
lex = LEXical analyser 词法分析器
lisp = LISt Processing = Lots of Irritating Superfluous Parentheses 大量的刺激性多余的括号
ln = LiNk
lpr = Line PRint 行打印
ls = list
lsof = LiSt Open Files 列出打开的文件
m4 = Macro processor Version 4 宏处理器版本4
make = make
man = MANual pages 手册页
mawk = Mike Brennan’s AWK
mc = Midnight Commander 午夜指挥官
MIME = Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions 多用途因特网邮件扩展
mkfs = MaKe FileSystem 使文件系统
mknod = MaKe NODe 使节点
motd = Message of The Day 当天的信息
mozilla = MOsaic GodZILLa
mtab = Mount TABle 安装表
mv = MoVe
nano = Nano’s ANOther editor 纳米的另一个编辑
nawk = New AWK
nl = Number of Lines
nm = names
nohup = No HangUP
nroff = New ROFF
od = Octal Dump 该命令的名称由来
passwd = PASSWorD
pg = pager
pico = PIne’s message COmposition editor 松的消息组合编辑器
pine = “Program for Internet News & Email” = “Pine is not Elm”
ping = Packet InterNet Groper ping程序
pirntcap = PRINTer CAPability 打印机的能力
popd = POP Directory
pr = pre
printf = PRINT Formatted
ps = Processes Status 过程状态
pty = pseudo tty
pushd = PUSH Directory
pwd = Print Working Directory 打印工作目录
rc = runcom = run command
rev = REVerse
rm = ReMove
rn = Read News
roff = RunOFF
rpm = RPM Package Manager = RedHat Package Manager RedHat软件包管理器
rsh, rlogin, rvim中的r = Remote
rxvt = ouR XVT
seamoneky = 我
sed = Stream EDitor
seq = SEQuence
shar = SHell ARchive
slrn = S-Lang rn
ssh = Secure SHell
ssl = Secure Sockets Layer
stty = Set TTY
su = Substitute User 或 Switch User(前者较常见)
sudo = superuser / substitue user do 在ubuntu下更倾向于superuser,因为它代表了root权限
svn = SubVersioN
tar = Tape ARchive
tcsh = TENEX C shell
tee = T (T形水管接口)
telnet = TEminaL over Network
termcap = terminal capability
terminfo = terminal information
tex = τέχνη的缩写,希腊文art
tr = traslate
troff = Typesetter new ROFF 照排机新Roff
tsort = Topological SORT
tty = TeleTypewriter
twm = Tom’s Window Manager
tz = TimeZone
udev = Userspace DEV
ulimit = User’s LIMIT
umask = User’s MASK
uniq = UNIQue
vi = VIsual = Very Inconvenient 很不方便
vim = Vi IMproved
wall = write all
wc = Word Count
wine = WINE Is Not an Emulator 酒不是一个模拟器
xargs = eXtended ARGuments 扩展参数
xdm = X Display Manager X显示管理器
xlfd = X Logical Font Description 逻辑字体描述
xmms = X Multimedia System X多媒体系统
xrdb = X Resources DataBase X资源数据库
xwd = X Window Dump X窗口转储
yacc = yet another compiler compiler 另一个编译器的编译器
pwd = Print work diretory 打印工作目录