区块链学习(二)以太坊私有链搭建

经过一段时间关于以太坊的学习,博主也算是对区块链以及以太坊有了一个初步的了解,整理一篇关于以太坊搭建私有链的方法。

若想以太坊节点之间能够相互连接需要满足一定的条件:

  1. 相同的协议版本
  2. 相同的network id

搭建私有链最简单的方式就是使用geth里的 --network 选项,设置一个与主网不同的network id (以太坊主网id是1)

一、建立创世区块

打开终端输入以下命令

1 mkdir privatechain #建立文件夹,名字自拟
2 cd privatechain    #终端进入建立的文件夹

建立创世区块文件genesis.json

1 vim genesis.json  #注:没有安装vim 可以用 vi 命令

在创世区块的json文件中填入以下内容:

 1 {
 2     "config": {
 3         "chainId": 20,
 4         "homesteadBlock": 0,
 5         "eip155Block": 0,
 6         "eip158Block": 0
 7     },
 8     "coinbase" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
 9     "difficulty" : "0x100",    #为方便挖矿,我们这里将难度值设置的很小
10     "extraData" : "",
11     "gasLimit" : "0xffffffff",
12     "nonce" : "0x0000000000000042",
13     "mixhash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
14     "parentHash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
15     "timestamp" : "0x00",
16     "alloc": { }
17 }

各个参数的介绍

参数名称 参数详解
chainId
指定了独立的区块链网络id,网络id在连接到其它节点的时候会用到,以太坊公网id是1,不同的id网络的节点无法相互连接
homesteadBlock
HomesteadBlock是以太坊的第二个主要版本,第一个是Frontier,这个值设置为“0”表示目前正在使用Homestead版本
eip155Block
eip是ethereum improvement proposal的缩写,我们的链不会提议分叉,所以设置为“0”即可
eip158Block
eip是ethereum improvement proposal的缩写,我们的链不会提议分叉,所以设置为“0”即可
coinbase
矿工的账号(随便填)
difficulty
设置当前区块的难度,如果难度过大,cpu挖矿就很难,这里设置较小难度
extraData
可以写入32byte大小的任意数据,每个block都会有,由挖出block的miner来决定要不要写点什么
gasLimit
该值设置对gas的消耗总量限制,用来限制区块能包含的交易信息和,因为我们是私有链,所以填最大
nonce
一个用于挖矿的64位随机数
mixhash
与nonce配合用于挖矿,由上一个区块的一部分生成的哈希,注意它和nonce的设置需要满足以太坊的yellow paper
parentHash
上一个区块的哈希值,因为是创世区块,所以这个值是0
timestamp

设置创世区块的时间戳

alloc

给某个账户预分配以太币

二、初始化创世节点,并且设置data目录

在privatechain目录终端下输入如下命令

1 geth --datadir ./data/00 init genesis.json
2 
3 #--datadir data 中data是文件夹的名称,私有链的数据会存储在这个文件夹内。若存在其他节点文件名要不同。可以通过“--datadir 文件名”来区分不同的私有链节点,若没有设置--datadir,则会读取以太坊主网的数据,默认位置在/root/.ethereum

出现以日志说明初始化成功

INFO [06-26|21:02:01.682] Maximum peer count                       ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
INFO [06-26|21:02:01.697] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/milo/private-geth/data/00/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [06-26|21:02:01.866] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [06-26|21:02:01.866] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=0 size=0.00B time=4.212µs gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [06-26|21:02:01.867] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=chaindata                                      hash=696bed…1d07ed
INFO [06-26|21:02:01.867] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/milo/private-geth/data/00/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [06-26|21:02:01.956] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [06-26|21:02:01.956] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=0 size=0.00B time=3.013µs gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [06-26|21:02:01.957] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=lightchaindata                                      hash=696bed…1d07ed

三、启动节点

1 geth --datadir ./data/00 --networkid 100 console
2 #100为network id,1为主网id,可以选择除1以外的随机数 
milo@milo-K46CB:~/private-geth$ tree
终端输入tree,查看生成的目录
.
├── data
│   └── 00
│       ├── geth
│       │   ├── chaindata
│       │   │   ├── 000002.ldb
│       │   │   ├── 000003.log
│       │   │   ├── CURRENT
│       │   │   ├── CURRENT.bak
│       │   │   ├── LOCK
│       │   │   ├── LOG
│       │   │   └── MANIFEST-000004
│       │   ├── lightchaindata
│       │   │   ├── 000001.log
│       │   │   ├── CURRENT
│       │   │   ├── LOCK
│       │   │   ├── LOG
│       │   │   └── MANIFEST-000000
│       │   ├── LOCK
│       │   ├── nodekey
│       │   ├── nodes
│       │   │   ├── 000001.log
│       │   │   ├── CURRENT
│       │   │   ├── LOCK
│       │   │   ├── LOG
│       │   │   └── MANIFEST-000000
│       │   └── transactions.rlp
│       ├── geth.ipc
│       └── keystore
│           └── UTC--2019-06-26T13-02-31.335901324Z--8830397771710ade101f0080f0da076181bad374
└── genesis.json
INFO [06-26|21:02:06.602] Maximum peer count                       ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
INFO [06-26|21:02:06.604] Starting peer-to-peer node               instance=Geth/v1.8.27-stable-4bcc0a37/linux-amd64/go1.10.4
INFO [06-26|21:02:06.604] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/milo/private-geth/data/00/geth/chaindata cache=512 handles=2048
INFO [06-26|21:02:06.792] Initialised chain configuration          config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO:  DAOSupport: false EIP150:  EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium:  Constantinople:   ConstantinopleFix:  Engine: unknown}"
INFO [06-26|21:02:06.792] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches   dir=/home/milo/private-geth/data/00/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [06-26|21:02:06.792] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs     dir=/home/milo/.ethash                          count=2
INFO [06-26|21:02:06.792] Initialising Ethereum protocol           versions="[63 62]" network=100
INFO [06-26|21:02:06.863] Loaded most recent local header          number=0 hash=696bed…1d07ed td=256 age=50y2mo1w
INFO [06-26|21:02:06.863] Loaded most recent local full block      number=0 hash=696bed…1d07ed td=256 age=50y2mo1w
INFO [06-26|21:02:06.863] Loaded most recent local fast block      number=0 hash=696bed…1d07ed td=256 age=50y2mo1w
INFO [06-26|21:02:06.863] Regenerated local transaction journal    transactions=0 accounts=0
INFO [06-26|21:02:07.009] New local node record                    seq=1 id=1b933112e1333f9a ip=127.0.0.1 udp=30303 tcp=30303
INFO [06-26|21:02:07.015] Started P2P networking                   self=enode://bfad31051f4ba04bf5bbb2fdd455bfcbf924479991b029a8604ab5abb386431b7c7f7d1edbba0bf6db66ad172b632ca45518239979634f190a0c26c0a9b9864b@127.0.0.1:30303
INFO [06-26|21:02:07.016] IPC endpoint opened                      url=/home/milo/private-geth/data/00/geth.ipc
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.8.27-stable-4bcc0a37/linux-amd64/go1.10.4
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 ethash:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

>

出现这样的日志说明私有网络就搭建成功了,下一步我们来在这个私有网络挖矿。

四、挖矿

要挖矿首先必须要有一个账户,根据以下命令。

> eth.accounts     #查看node中的所有账户
[]
##输出了一个“[]”,说明没有账户
> personal.newAccount("123456")      
##创建新账户,123456是账户密码,一般会输出以下结果
"0x8830397771710ade101f0080f0da076181bad374"
> eth.accounts
["0x8830397771710ade101f0080f0da076181bad374"]
此时账户已经有了,我们可以进行挖矿了,输入以ixa命令
> miner.start(3)    
##miner.start()是启动挖矿,3是启动线程数,为避免影响电脑性能,这里我们就用3线程

到这里时会出现一些问题,一般来说,第一次启动挖矿,应当会出现以下日志

INFO [05-16|00:07:25] Updated mining threads                   threads=0
INFO [05-16|00:07:25] Starting mining operation
null
INFO [05-16|00:07:25] Commit new mining work                   number=1 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=38.053ms
INFO [05-16|00:07:28] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=0 elapsed=1.715
INFO [05-16|00:07:30] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=1 elapsed=3.448s
INFO [05-16|00:07:31] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=2 elapsed=5.059s
INFO [05-16|00:07:33] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=3 elapsed=6.799s
INFO [05-16|00:07:35] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=0 percentage=4 elapsed=8.373s
##当percentage=100时,也就是加载到100%时,会开始挖矿,这个过程可能会比较慢,要耐心等待。
INFO [06-26|21:10:53.002] Successfully sealed new block            number=1 sealhash=dac366…ad5c8d hash=3cb840…442e46 elapsed=8m9.375s
INFO [06-26|21:10:53.042] ? mined potential block                  number=1 hash=3cb840…442e46
INFO [06-26|21:10:53.103] Commit new mining work                   number=2 sealhash=088254…66c59d uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=60.592ms
INFO [06-26|21:10:53.906] Successfully sealed new block            number=2 sealhash=088254…66c59d hash=446602…93d76b elapsed=803.002ms
INFO [06-26|21:10:53.906] ? mined potential block                  number=2 hash=446602…93d76b
INFO [06-26|21:10:53.906] Commit new mining work                   number=3 sealhash=6c39db…66d2bf uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=178.137µs
INFO [06-26|21:10:54.406] Successfully sealed new block            number=3 sealhash=6c39db…66d2bf hash=fa550b…95d423 elapsed=500.446ms
INFO [06-26|21:10:54.407] ? mined potential block                  number=3 hash=fa550b…95d423
##这个就是代表挖到矿了

正常来讲,第一次搭建私有链到这里都没什么问题,而当我第二次开启节点挖矿时出现了问题

> miner.start(3)
INFO [06-26|21:02:43.616] Updated mining threads                   threads=3
INFO [06-26|21:02:43.626] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=1000000000
INFO [06-26|21:02:43.627] Etherbase automatically configured       address=0x8830397771710ADE101f0080f0da076181Bad374
null
> INFO [06-26|21:02:43.627] Commit new mining work                   number=1 sealhash=dac366…ad5c8d uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=373.028µs
##当我再次输入挖矿命令时,情况陷入了僵局,此时会一直停留在Commit new mining work
##我在网上搜索过许多,大多没有解决办法,也没有指出问题的原因,反反复复试过很多次,自第一次搭建私有链后,后续的都一直是这样。
##所以我打算在另一台电脑上安装虚拟机,重新再来一遍试试,而这个我也一直放着一直加载。
##当我在经过一系列猛如虎的操作下,装虚拟机,装ethereum开发环境,终于也到了加载DGA的那一步
##这时再看一直僵在Commit new mining work的电脑时,它突然开始挖矿了。。。。。
##所以到这个步骤时,并不是什么错误,我们应当耐心等待

> INFO [06-26|21:02:43.627] Commit new mining work                   number=1 sealhash=dac366…ad5c8d uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=373.028µs
INFO [06-26|21:10:53.002] Successfully sealed new block            number=1 sealhash=dac366…ad5c8d hash=3cb840…442e46 elapsed=8m9.375s
INFO [06-26|21:10:53.042] ? mined potential block                  number=1 hash=3cb840…442e46
INFO [06-26|21:10:53.103] Commit new mining work                   number=2 sealhash=088254…66c59d uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=60.592ms
INFO [06-26|21:10:53.906] Successfully sealed new block            number=2 sealhash=088254…66c59d hash=446602…93d76b elapsed=803.002ms
INFO [06-26|21:10:53.906] ? mined potential block                  number=2 hash=446602…93d76b
INFO [06-26|21:10:53.906] Commit new mining work                   number=3 sealhash=6c39db…66d2bf uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=178.137µs
INFO [06-26|21:10:54.406] Successfully sealed new block            number=3 sealhash=6c39db…66d2bf hash=fa550b…95d423 elapsed=500.446ms
INFO [06-26|21:10:54.407] ? mined potential block                  number=3 hash=fa550b…95d423
INFO [06-26|21:10:54.457] Commit new mining work                   number=4 sealhash=f170b2…be929e uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=50.737ms
INFO [06-26|21:10:54.946] Successfully sealed new block            number=4 sealhash=f170b2…be929e hash=190e69…4fbc8b elapsed=488.870ms

查看挖到的区块

1 > miner.stop()
2 null
3 > eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])
4 155000000000000000000
5 > eth.blockNumber
6 31

到这里,一个基于以太坊的私有链就搭建完成了

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/Falix/p/11095204.html

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