MongoDB副本集配置系列十一:MongoDB 数据同步原理和自动故障转移的原理

1:数据同步的原理:

当Primary节点完成数据操作后,Secondary会做出一系列的动作保证数据的同步:
1:检查自己local库的oplog.rs集合找出最近的时间戳。
2:检查Primary节点local库oplog.rs集合,找出大于此时间戳的记录。
3:将找到的记录插入到自己的oplog.rs集合中,并执行这些操作。

  

2:查看副本集的信息

gechongrepl:PRIMARY> rs.status()
{
	"set" : "gechongrepl",
	"date" : ISODate("2015-07-02T02:38:15Z"),
	"myState" : 1,
	"members" : [
		{
			"_id" : 6,
			"name" : "192.168.91.144:27017",
			"health" : 1,
			"state" : 7,
			"stateStr" : "ARBITER",
			"uptime" : 1678,
			"lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2015-07-02T02:38:14Z"),
			"lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2015-07-02T02:38:14Z"),
			"pingMs" : 1
		},
		{
			"_id" : 10,
			"name" : "192.168.91.135:27017",
			"health" : 1,
			"state" : 2,
			"stateStr" : "SECONDARY",
			"uptime" : 1678,
			"optime" : Timestamp(1435803750, 1),
			"optimeDate" : ISODate("2015-07-02T02:22:30Z"),
			"lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2015-07-02T02:38:14Z"),
			"lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2015-07-02T02:38:13Z"),
			"pingMs" : 1,
			"syncingTo" : "192.168.91.148:27017"
		},
		{
			"_id" : 11,
			"name" : "192.168.91.148:27017",
			"health" : 1,
			"state" : 1,
			"stateStr" : "PRIMARY",
			"uptime" : 1698,
			"optime" : Timestamp(1435803750, 1),
			"optimeDate" : ISODate("2015-07-02T02:22:30Z"),
			"electionTime" : Timestamp(1435803023, 1),
			"electionDate" : ISODate("2015-07-02T02:10:23Z"),
			"self" : true
		},
		{
			"_id" : 12,
			"name" : "192.168.91.134:27017",
			"health" : 1,
			"state" : 2,
			"stateStr" : "SECONDARY",
			"uptime" : 1655,
			"optime" : Timestamp(1435803750, 1),
			"optimeDate" : ISODate("2015-07-02T02:22:30Z"),
			"lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2015-07-02T02:38:14Z"),
			"lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2015-07-02T02:38:14Z"),
			"pingMs" : 1,
			"syncingTo" : "192.168.91.135:27017"
		}
	],
	"ok" : 1
}
myState:1表示primary
state:1表示primary;7表示arbiter
uptime:成员的在线时间
lastHeartbeat:当前实例到远端最近一次成功接收到心跳包的时间
pingMs:本实例到远端路由包的来回时间
optime:读取oplog.rs集合。本实例最近一次的更改时间。

MongoDB通过lastHeartbeat来实现自动转移。

mongod实例每隔两秒就会向其他成员发送一个心跳包,并且通过rs.status()中返回的成员的health来判断成员的状态。如果primary节点不可用了,那么复制集中的所有secondary节点都会触发一次选举操作。选出新的primary节点。如果secondary节点有多个,则会选举拥有最新oplog时间戳记录的或者有较高权限的节点成为primary(注意:如果secondary停止时间过长,导致primary节点的oplog内容被循环写覆盖掉,则需要手动同步secondary节点)

 

MongoDB数据同步的过程:

1:拉去同步节点的oplog。例如:Secondary节点拉去Primary节点的oplog。

2:将拉去的oplog写入到自己的oplog中。例如:Secondary节点从Primary拉去的oplog写入到自己的oplog。

3:请求下一个oplog同步到哪里。例如:Secondary会请求Primary节点同步到哪里了?

 

Secondary节点同步到哪了:

1:Primary节点插入一条数据

2:同时,会把该数据写入到Primary的oplog中,并且记录一个时间戳

3:db.runCommand({getlasterror:1,w:2})在Primary节点被调用时,Primary就完成了写入操作,等待其他非仲裁节点来同步数据

4:Secondary节点查询Primary的oplog并且拉去oplog

5:Secondary根据时间戳应用oplog

6:Secondary请求大于本身oplog时间戳的oplog

7:Primary更新时间戳

 

初始化同步:

1:新增加的节点或者oplog同步时候被覆写的时候都会进行初始化同步。

2:从源节点取最新的oplog time,标记为start。

3:从源节点克隆所有的数据到目标节点

4:在目标节点建立索引

5:取目标节点最新的oplog time,标记为minValid。

6:在目标节点执行start到minValid的oplog(应该是复制过来还没有执行的oplog,没有完成最终一致性的那部分,就是一个oplog replay的过程)

7:成为正常成员

官方的初始化同步3步:

在新节点上执行

Initial Sync

Initial sync copies all the data from one member of the replica set to another member. A member uses initial sync when the member has no data, such as when the member is new, or when the member has data but is missing a history of the set’s replication.

When you perform an initial sync, MongoDB:

1:Clones all databases. To clone, the mongod queries every collection in each source database and inserts all data into its own copies of these collections. At this time, _id indexes are also built. The clone process only copies valid data, omitting invalid documents.
2:Applies all changes to the data set. Using the oplog from the source, the mongod updates its data set to reflect the current state of the replica set.
3:Builds all indexes on all collections (except _id indexes, which were already completed).
When the mongod finishes building all index builds, the member can transition to a normal state, i.e. secondary.

  

从哪个成员来同步数据(Who to sync from)

MongoDB初始化同步数据的时候,可能从主节点同步,也可能是从从节点同步,根据最近的原则,选择最邻近节点去同步数据。(基于ping值)

同时也可以指定从哪个节点来同步数据:

db.adminCommand( { replSetSyncFrom: "[hostname]:[port]" } )

 或者

rs.syncFrom("[hostname]:[port]")

 

 

 

 

初始化同步的源码:http://dl.mongodb.org/dl/src/

C:\Users\John\Desktop\mongodb-src-r2.6.3\src\mongo\db\repl\rs_initialsync.cpp

rs_initialsync.cpp

/**
*    Copyright (C) 2008 10gen Inc.
*
*    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or  modify
*    it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License, version 3,
*    as published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
*    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
*    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
*    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
*    GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
*
*    You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
*    along with this program.  If not, see .
*
*    As a special exception, the copyright holders give permission to link the
*    code of portions of this program with the OpenSSL library under certain
*    conditions as described in each individual source file and distribute
*    linked combinations including the program with the OpenSSL library. You
*    must comply with the GNU Affero General Public License in all respects for
*    all of the code used other than as permitted herein. If you modify file(s)
*    with this exception, you may extend this exception to your version of the
*    file(s), but you are not obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do so,
*    delete this exception statement from your version. If you delete this
*    exception statement from all source files in the program, then also delete
*    it in the license file.
*/

#include "mongo/pch.h"

#include "mongo/db/repl/rs.h"

#include "mongo/db/auth/authorization_manager.h"
#include "mongo/db/auth/authorization_manager_global.h"
#include "mongo/db/client.h"
#include "mongo/db/cloner.h"
#include "mongo/db/dbhelpers.h"
#include "mongo/db/repl/bgsync.h"
#include "mongo/db/repl/oplog.h"
#include "mongo/db/repl/oplogreader.h"
#include "mongo/bson/optime.h"
#include "mongo/db/repl/replication_server_status.h"  // replSettings
#include "mongo/db/repl/rs_sync.h"
#include "mongo/util/mongoutils/str.h"

namespace mongo {

    using namespace mongoutils;
    using namespace bson;

    void dropAllDatabasesExceptLocal();

    // add try/catch with sleep

    void isyncassert(const string& msg, bool expr) {
        if( !expr ) {
            string m = str::stream() << "initial sync " << msg;
            theReplSet->sethbmsg(m, 0);
            uasserted(13404, m);
        }
    }

    void ReplSetImpl::syncDoInitialSync() {
        static const int maxFailedAttempts = 10;
        createOplog();
        int failedAttempts = 0;
        while ( failedAttempts < maxFailedAttempts ) {
            try {
                _syncDoInitialSync();
                break;
            }
            catch(DBException& e) {
                failedAttempts++;
                str::stream msg;
                msg << "initial sync exception: ";
                msg << e.toString() << " " << (maxFailedAttempts - failedAttempts) << " attempts remaining" ;
                sethbmsg(msg, 0);
                sleepsecs(30);
            }
        }
        fassert( 16233, failedAttempts < maxFailedAttempts);
    }

    bool ReplSetImpl::_syncDoInitialSync_clone(Cloner& cloner, const char *master,
                                               const list& dbs, bool dataPass) {

        for( list::const_iterator i = dbs.begin(); i != dbs.end(); i++ ) {
            string db = *i;
            if( db == "local" ) 
                continue;
            
            if ( dataPass )
                sethbmsg( str::stream() << "initial sync cloning db: " << db , 0);
            else
                sethbmsg( str::stream() << "initial sync cloning indexes for : " << db , 0);

            Client::WriteContext ctx(db);

            string err;
            int errCode;
            CloneOptions options;
            options.fromDB = db;
            options.logForRepl = false;
            options.slaveOk = true;
            options.useReplAuth = true;
            options.snapshot = false;
            options.mayYield = true;
            options.mayBeInterrupted = false;
            options.syncData = dataPass;
            options.syncIndexes = ! dataPass;

            if (!cloner.go(ctx.ctx(), master, options, NULL, err, &errCode)) {
                sethbmsg(str::stream() << "initial sync: error while "
                                       << (dataPass ? "cloning " : "indexing ") << db
                                       << ".  " << (err.empty() ? "" : err + ".  ")
                                       << "sleeping 5 minutes" ,0);
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    void _logOpObjRS(const BSONObj& op);

    static void emptyOplog() {
        Client::WriteContext ctx(rsoplog);
        Collection* collection = ctx.ctx().db()->getCollection(rsoplog);

        // temp
        if( collection->numRecords() == 0 )
            return; // already empty, ok.

        LOG(1) << "replSet empty oplog" << rsLog;
        collection->details()->emptyCappedCollection(rsoplog);
    }

    bool Member::syncable() const {
        bool buildIndexes = theReplSet ? theReplSet->buildIndexes() : true;
        return hbinfo().up() && (config().buildIndexes || !buildIndexes) && state().readable();
    }

    const Member* ReplSetImpl::getMemberToSyncTo() {
        lock lk(this);

        // if we have a target we've requested to sync from, use it

        if (_forceSyncTarget) {
            Member* target = _forceSyncTarget;
            _forceSyncTarget = 0;
            sethbmsg( str::stream() << "syncing to: " << target->fullName() << " by request", 0);
            return target;
        }

        const Member* primary = box.getPrimary();

        // wait for 2N pings before choosing a sync target
        if (_cfg) {
            int needMorePings = config().members.size()*2 - HeartbeatInfo::numPings;

            if (needMorePings > 0) {
                OCCASIONALLY log() << "waiting for " << needMorePings << " pings from other members before syncing" << endl;
                return NULL;
            }

            // If we are only allowed to sync from the primary, return that
            if (!_cfg->chainingAllowed()) {
                // Returns NULL if we cannot reach the primary
                return primary;
            }
        }

        // find the member with the lowest ping time that has more data than me

        // Find primary's oplog time. Reject sync candidates that are more than
        // maxSyncSourceLagSecs seconds behind.
        OpTime primaryOpTime;
        if (primary)
            primaryOpTime = primary->hbinfo().opTime;
        else
            // choose a time that will exclude no candidates, since we don't see a primary
            primaryOpTime = OpTime(maxSyncSourceLagSecs, 0);

        if (primaryOpTime.getSecs() < static_cast(maxSyncSourceLagSecs)) {
            // erh - I think this means there was just a new election
            // and we don't yet know the new primary's optime
            primaryOpTime = OpTime(maxSyncSourceLagSecs, 0);
        }

        OpTime oldestSyncOpTime(primaryOpTime.getSecs() - maxSyncSourceLagSecs, 0);

        Member *closest = 0;
        time_t now = 0;

        // Make two attempts.  The first attempt, we ignore those nodes with
        // slave delay higher than our own.  The second attempt includes such
        // nodes, in case those are the only ones we can reach.
        // This loop attempts to set 'closest'.
        for (int attempts = 0; attempts < 2; ++attempts) {
            for (Member *m = _members.head(); m; m = m->next()) {
                if (!m->syncable())
                    continue;

                if (m->state() == MemberState::RS_SECONDARY) {
                    // only consider secondaries that are ahead of where we are
                    if (m->hbinfo().opTime <= lastOpTimeWritten)
                        continue;
                    // omit secondaries that are excessively behind, on the first attempt at least.
                    if (attempts == 0 &&
                        m->hbinfo().opTime < oldestSyncOpTime)
                        continue;
                }

                // omit nodes that are more latent than anything we've already considered
                if (closest &&
                    (m->hbinfo().ping > closest->hbinfo().ping))
                    continue;

                if (attempts == 0 &&
                    (myConfig().slaveDelay < m->config().slaveDelay || m->config().hidden)) {
                    continue; // skip this one in the first attempt
                }

                map::iterator vetoed = _veto.find(m->fullName());
                if (vetoed != _veto.end()) {
                    // Do some veto housekeeping
                    if (now == 0) {
                        now = time(0);
                    }

                    // if this was on the veto list, check if it was vetoed in the last "while".
                    // if it was, skip.
                    if (vetoed->second >= now) {
                        if (time(0) % 5 == 0) {
                            log() << "replSet not trying to sync from " << (*vetoed).first
                                  << ", it is vetoed for " << ((*vetoed).second - now) << " more seconds" << rsLog;
                        }
                        continue;
                    }
                    _veto.erase(vetoed);
                    // fall through, this is a valid candidate now
                }
                // This candidate has passed all tests; set 'closest'
                closest = m;
            }
            if (closest) break; // no need for second attempt
        }

        if (!closest) {
            return NULL;
        }

        sethbmsg( str::stream() << "syncing to: " << closest->fullName(), 0);

        return closest;
    }

    void ReplSetImpl::veto(const string& host, const unsigned secs) {
        lock lk(this);
        _veto[host] = time(0)+secs;
    }

    /**
     * Replays the sync target's oplog from lastOp to the latest op on the sync target.
     *
     * @param syncer either initial sync (can reclone missing docs) or "normal" sync (no recloning)
     * @param r      the oplog reader
     * @param source the sync target
     * @param lastOp the op to start syncing at.  replset::InitialSync writes this and then moves to
     *               the queue.  replset::SyncTail does not write this, it moves directly to the
     *               queue.
     * @param minValid populated by this function. The most recent op on the sync target's oplog,
     *                 this function syncs to this value (inclusive)
     * @return if applying the oplog succeeded
     */
    bool ReplSetImpl::_syncDoInitialSync_applyToHead( replset::SyncTail& syncer, OplogReader* r,
                                                      const Member* source, const BSONObj& lastOp ,
                                                      BSONObj& minValid ) {
        /* our cloned copy will be strange until we apply oplog events that occurred
           through the process.  we note that time point here. */

        try {
            // It may have been a long time since we last used this connection to
            // query the oplog, depending on the size of the databases we needed to clone.
            // A common problem is that TCP keepalives are set too infrequent, and thus
            // our connection here is terminated by a firewall due to inactivity.
            // Solution is to increase the TCP keepalive frequency.
            minValid = r->getLastOp(rsoplog);
        } catch ( SocketException & ) {
            log() << "connection lost to " << source->h().toString() << "; is your tcp keepalive interval set appropriately?";
            if( !r->connect(source->h().toString()) ) {
                sethbmsg( str::stream() << "initial sync couldn't connect to " << source->h().toString() , 0);
                throw;
            }
            // retry
            minValid = r->getLastOp(rsoplog);
        }

        isyncassert( "getLastOp is empty ", !minValid.isEmpty() );

        OpTime mvoptime = minValid["ts"]._opTime();
        verify( !mvoptime.isNull() );

        OpTime startingTS = lastOp["ts"]._opTime();
        verify( mvoptime >= startingTS );

        // apply startingTS..mvoptime portion of the oplog
        {
            try {
                minValid = syncer.oplogApplication(lastOp, minValid);
            }
            catch (const DBException&) {
                log() << "replSet initial sync failed during oplog application phase" << rsLog;

                emptyOplog(); // otherwise we'll be up!

                lastOpTimeWritten = OpTime();
                lastH = 0;

                log() << "replSet cleaning up [1]" << rsLog;
                {
                    Client::WriteContext cx( "local." );
                    cx.ctx().db()->flushFiles(true);
                }
                log() << "replSet cleaning up [2]" << rsLog;

                log() << "replSet initial sync failed will try again" << endl;

                sleepsecs(5);
                return false;
            }
        }
        
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Do the initial sync for this member.  There are several steps to this process:
     *
     *     0. Add _initialSyncFlag to minValid to tell us to restart initial sync if we
     *        crash in the middle of this procedure
     *     1. Record start time.
     *     2. Clone.
     *     3. Set minValid1 to sync target's latest op time.
     *     4. Apply ops from start to minValid1, fetching missing docs as needed.
     *     5. Set minValid2 to sync target's latest op time.
     *     6. Apply ops from minValid1 to minValid2.
     *     7. Build indexes.
     *     8. Set minValid3 to sync target's latest op time.
     *     9. Apply ops from minValid2 to minValid3.
          10. Clean up minValid and remove _initialSyncFlag field
     *
     * At that point, initial sync is finished.  Note that the oplog from the sync target is applied
     * three times: step 4, 6, and 8.  4 may involve refetching, 6 should not.  By the end of 6,
     * this member should have consistent data.  8 is "cosmetic," it is only to get this member
     * closer to the latest op time before it can transition to secondary state.
     */
    void ReplSetImpl::_syncDoInitialSync() {
        replset::InitialSync init(replset::BackgroundSync::get());
        replset::SyncTail tail(replset::BackgroundSync::get());
        sethbmsg("initial sync pending",0);

        // if this is the first node, it may have already become primary
        if ( box.getState().primary() ) {
            sethbmsg("I'm already primary, no need for initial sync",0);
            return;
        }

        const Member *source = getMemberToSyncTo();
        if (!source) {
            sethbmsg("initial sync need a member to be primary or secondary to do our initial sync", 0);
            sleepsecs(15);
            return;
        }

        string sourceHostname = source->h().toString();
        init.setHostname(sourceHostname);
        OplogReader r;
        if( !r.connect(sourceHostname) ) {
            sethbmsg( str::stream() << "initial sync couldn't connect to " << source->h().toString() , 0);
            sleepsecs(15);
            return;
        }

        BSONObj lastOp = r.getLastOp(rsoplog);
        if( lastOp.isEmpty() ) {
            sethbmsg("initial sync couldn't read remote oplog", 0);
            sleepsecs(15);
            return;
        }

        // written by applyToHead calls
        BSONObj minValid;

        if (replSettings.fastsync) {
            log() << "fastsync: skipping database clone" << rsLog;

            // prime oplog
            init.oplogApplication(lastOp, lastOp);
            return;
        }
        else {
            // Add field to minvalid document to tell us to restart initial sync if we crash
            theReplSet->setInitialSyncFlag();

            sethbmsg("initial sync drop all databases", 0);
            dropAllDatabasesExceptLocal();

            sethbmsg("initial sync clone all databases", 0);

            list dbs = r.conn()->getDatabaseNames();

            Cloner cloner;
            if (!_syncDoInitialSync_clone(cloner, sourceHostname.c_str(), dbs, true)) {
                veto(source->fullName(), 600);
                sleepsecs(300);
                return;
            }

            sethbmsg("initial sync data copy, starting syncup",0);

            log() << "oplog sync 1 of 3" << endl;
            if ( ! _syncDoInitialSync_applyToHead( init, &r , source , lastOp , minValid ) ) {
                return;
            }

            lastOp = minValid;

            // Now we sync to the latest op on the sync target _again_, as we may have recloned ops
            // that were "from the future" compared with minValid. During this second application,
            // nothing should need to be recloned.
            log() << "oplog sync 2 of 3" << endl;
            if (!_syncDoInitialSync_applyToHead(tail, &r , source , lastOp , minValid)) {
                return;
            }
            // data should now be consistent

            lastOp = minValid;

            sethbmsg("initial sync building indexes",0);
            if (!_syncDoInitialSync_clone(cloner, sourceHostname.c_str(), dbs, false)) {
                veto(source->fullName(), 600);
                sleepsecs(300);
                return;
            }
        }

        log() << "oplog sync 3 of 3" << endl;
        if (!_syncDoInitialSync_applyToHead(tail, &r, source, lastOp, minValid)) {
            return;
        }
        
        // ---------

        Status status = getGlobalAuthorizationManager()->initialize();
        if (!status.isOK()) {
            warning() << "Failed to reinitialize auth data after initial sync. " << status;
            return;
        }

        sethbmsg("initial sync finishing up",0);

        verify( !box.getState().primary() ); // wouldn't make sense if we were.

        {
            Client::WriteContext cx( "local." );
            cx.ctx().db()->flushFiles(true);
            try {
                log() << "replSet set minValid=" << minValid["ts"]._opTime().toString() << rsLog;
            }
            catch(...) { }

            // Initial sync is now complete.  Flag this by setting minValid to the last thing
            // we synced.
            theReplSet->setMinValid(minValid);

            // Clear the initial sync flag.
            theReplSet->clearInitialSyncFlag();

            cx.ctx().db()->flushFiles(true);
        }
        {
            boost::unique_lock lock(theReplSet->initialSyncMutex);
            theReplSet->initialSyncRequested = false;
        }

        // If we just cloned & there were no ops applied, we still want the primary to know where
        // we're up to
        replset::BackgroundSync::notify();

        changeState(MemberState::RS_RECOVERING);
        sethbmsg("initial sync done",0);
    }

}

  

 

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