python 标准库中的GUI界面 ->turtle
turtle的使用简单
导入turtle，as 是给起一个别名
import turtle as t
设置画笔的大小 10px,设置画笔颜色
t.pensize(10)
t.color('blue')
抬笔，移动画笔，落笔，绘制，画圆，让GUI界面显示
t.penup() #简写为t.pu()
t.goto(0,0) #参数为移动到的坐标
t.pendown()#/简写为t.pd()
t.forward(10) #简写为t.fd()
t.circle(10) #t.circle(10,180) //第一个参数为半径，第二个参数为角度
t.done() #所有执行的代码要写在此函数之前
.eg 画出字母 NEUEDU
# python 标准库中的GUI界面 -> turtle
#turtle的简单使用
# 导入turtle as 是给起一个别名
import turtle as t
# 设置笔画的大小 10px
t.pensize(10)
t.color('blue')
# 绘制 NEUSOFT
# 绘制 N
#水平左移、
# 抬笔
t.penup()
t.goto(-260,0)
t.pd()
t.left(90)
t.forward(80)
t.right(145)
# 简写
t.fd(100)
t.lt(145)
t.fd(80)
# 绘制 E
t.penup()
t.goto(-100,0)
t.pd()
t.lt(90)
t.fd(50)
t.right(90)
t.fd(80)
t.right(90)
t.fd(50)
t.pu()
t.goto(-150,40)
t.pd()
t.fd(50)
#绘制 U
t.pu()
t.goto(-50,80)
t.pd()
t.right(90)
t.fd(50)
t.circle(30,180)
t.fd(50)
# 绘制 E
t.pu()
t.goto(50,80)
t.pd()
t.rt(90)
t.fd(50)
t.pu()
t.goto(50,80)
t.pd()
t.rt(90)
t.fd(80)
t.lt(90)
t.fd(50)
t.pu()
t.goto(50,40)
t.pd()
t.fd(50)
# 绘制 D
t.pu()
t.goto(150,80)
t.pd()
t.rt(90)
t.fd(80)
t.lt(80)
t.circle(45,200)
# 绘制 U
t.pu()
t.goto(250,80)
t.pd()
t.rt(280)
t.fd(50)
t.circle(30,180)
t.fd(50)
t.done()
列表
- 与c语言中的数组很相似， 只不过可以存储不同类型的数据 优点：灵活
- 缺点： 效率低
定义方式 []
hero_name = ['鲁班七号', '安琪拉', '李白', '刘备']
print(hero_name) #输出
for hero in hero_name:#遍历
print(hero)
常用操作
- 列表的访问
列表名[索引]
print(hero_name)
- 添加 append
hero_name.append('后羿')
print('添加后的列表',hero_name)
- 修改
hero_name[1] = 1000
print('修改后的列表',hero_name)
4.删除
del hero_name[1]
print('删除后的列表',hero_name)
1.掌握python常用数据类型和语法
列表的排序
li = []
for i in range(10):
li.append(i)
print(li)
from random import shuffle
shuffle(li)
print('随机打乱的列表', li)
li.sort(reverse=True)
print('排序后的列表', li)
stu_info = [
{"name":'zhangsan', "age":18},
{"name":'lisi', "age":30},
{"name":'wangwu', "age":99},
{"name":'tiaqi', "age":3},
]
print('排序前', stu_info)
# def 函数名(参数):
# 函数体
def sort_by_age(x):
return x['age']
# key= 函数名 --- 按照什么进行排序
# 根据年龄大小进行正序排序
stu_info.sort(key=sort_by_age, reverse=True)
print('排序后', stu_info)
name_info_list = [
('张三',4500),
('李四',9900),
('王五',2000),
('赵六',5500),
]
def sort_by_grade(i):
return i[1]
# 根据元组第二个元素进行正序排序
name_info_list.sort(key=sort_by_grade)
print(name_info_list)
.eg 创建[1,2,3,...,10]这样的一个数列
- 创建空数列
li = []
- 使用for循环，在循环中添加元素值
for i in range(1,11):
li.append(i)
print(li)
字符串
- 定义形式： '' ,""
- 切片，对序列截取一部分的操作，适用于列表
name = 'abcdefg'
name[1] # [起始位置:终止位置:步长] 左闭右开
print(name[1:4]
# a c e g
print(name[0:7:2])
全切片的时候可以省略初始位置和终止位置
print(name[::2])
3.常用方法
去两端空格
name = ' abcdefg '
print(len(name)) #查看序列内元素的个数 len()
name = name.strip() #去两端空格
print('去空格之后',len(name))
替换
price = '$999'
price = price.replace('$','')
print(price)
列表变成字符串的方法
li = ['a','b','c','d','e','f','g']
a = '_'.join(li） # _可以替换称其他的，比如空格，斜线
print(a)
print(type(a))
元组 (tuple)
元组和列表很像，只不过元组不可以修改
定义元组：()
a = ('zhangsan','lisi','wangwu',1000)
print(a)
print(type(a))
访问
print(a[1])
关于元组需要注意的是，只有一个的元组
b = ('lisi',) # 一个元素的时候逗号还是需要加上，不加上是字符串
c = (1000,) #一个元素的时候逗号还是需要加上，不加上是数字
print(type(b))
print(type(c))
字典
key-value数据结构
info = {'name':'李四','age':34,'addr':'重庆市渝北区'}
print(len(info))
print(info)
1.字典的访问
print(info['name']
2.修改
info['addr'] = '北京市朝阳区'
print('修改后的字典',info)
3.增加
info['sex'] = 'female'
print('增加后的字典',info)
4.获取自带你中所有的键
print(info.keys())
5.获取字典中所有的值
print(info.values())
6.获取字典中所有的key-value
print(info.items())
.eg
d = [('name', '李四'), ('age', 34), ('addr', '北京市朝阳区'), ('sex', 'female')]
d1 = dict(d)
print(d1)
# 遍历字典
for k, v in info.items():
print(k, v)
集合
无序，不重复
set1 = {'zhangsan', 'lisi', 222}
print(type(set1))
遍历
for x in set1:
print(x)
本地文件读取
#python中使用open内置函数进行文件读取
f = open(file='./novel/threekingdom.txt', mode='r', encoding='utf-8')
data = f.read()
f.close()
data = open(file='./novel/threekingdom.txt', mode='r', encoding='utf-8').read()
print(data)
#with as 上下文管理器 不用手动关闭流
with open('./novel/threekingdom.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
data = f.read()
print(data)
写入
txt = 'i like python'
with open('python.txt','w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.write(txt)
text = """
Title
重庆师范欢迎你
"""
print(text)
with open('chongqingshifan.html','w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.write(text)
中文分词 jieba
安装jieba分词库
指定国内镜像安装
在用户目录下新建pip文件夹
新建pip.ini文件
在文件中添加一下代码
[global]
index-url = http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
[install]
trusted-host=mirrors.aliyun.com
pycharm Terminal中输入命令
pip install jieba
导入jieba
import jieba
三种分词模式
seg = "我来到北京清华大学"
精确模式 精确分词
seg_list = jieba.lcut(seg)
print(seg_list)
全模式 找出所有可能的分词结果 冗余性大
seg_list1 = jieba.lcut(seg,cut_all=True)
print(seg_list1)
# 搜索引擎模式
seg_list2 = jieba.lcut_for_search(seg)
print(seg_list2)
text = '小明硕士毕业于中国科学院计算所，后在日本京都大学深造'
seg_list4 = jieba.lcut(text,cut_all=True)
print(seg_list4)
搜索引擎模式 先执行精确模式，在对其中的长词进行处理
seg_list5 = jieba.lcut_for_search(text)
print(seg_list5)
.eg
# 三国演义小说分词
# 读取三国演义小说
with open('./novel/threekingdom.txt','r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
words = f.read()
print(len(words)) # 字数 55万
words_list = jieba.lcut(words)
print(len(words_list)) # 分词后的词语数 35万
print(words_list)
词云展示
安装
pip install wordcloud
本地安装python库
导入词云 WordCloud类
from wordcloud import WordCloud
import jieba
import imageio
# 绘制词云
text = 'He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat.'
wc = WordCloud().generate(text)
wc.to_file('老人与海.png')
# 三国演义小说词云绘制
# 三国演义小说分词
# 读取三国演义小说
mask = imageio.imread('./china.jpg')
with open('./novel/threekingdom.txt','r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
words = f.read()
# print(len(words)) # 字数 55万
words_list = jieba.lcut(words)
# print(len(words_list)) # 分词后的词语数 35万
print(words_list)
# 将words_list转化成字符串
novel_words = " ".join(words_list)
print(novel_words)
# WordCloud()里面设置参数
wc = WordCloud(
font_path='msyh.ttc',
background_color='white',
width=800,
height=600,
mask=mask
).generate(novel_words)
wc.to_file('三国词云.png')