Linux PAM 开发

简介

可插拔验证模块 (Pluggable authentication module, PAM) 为系统登录应用程序提供了验证和相关的安全服务。PAM是一种提供给应用程序通用的身份鉴别与认证,每一种应用程序可以通过编写PAM模块为自己设置访问控制规则。PAM的应用很好的解决了两个问题,一是避免了每一种应用程序都编写自己的访问控制模块,大量减少了重复开发,更重要的是将访问控制与应用程序本身相分离,这样即使以后发现控制算法有问题,也不用重新改写应用程序,只将PAM模块更新替换即可。

PAM作为一种可插拔的模块,实现了认证与操作系统以及应用程序的分离,十分灵活,并且开发方便。并且PAM提供了API接口,应用程序可以方便的调用他们。

体系结构

Linux PAM 开发_第1张图片

整个PAM分为三部分,最上层是应用程序,如sshd,login等系统自带的程序都已经支持PAM,我们也可以编写自己的应用程序。最下层是PAM额认证模块,总共有四种服务。模块中有编写好的PAM SPI,封装了具体的认证逻辑。中间的PAM库为应用程序提供了PAM API可以供应用程序调用,并向下提供了一种PAM API到PAM SPI的映射,以及PAM配置文件的加载。

编写PAM应用程序分为三部分,应用程序,会话函数,底层服务模块。应用程序就是我们希望对外提供的程序如linux的sshd,sudo等,会话函数是连接应用程序与服务模块的桥梁,负责两者之间的对话。

服务模块开发

服务模块开发是最常用的,也非常简单。linux的服务模块都位于/lib64/security/目录下,包含了pam_unix.so,pam_env.so等,我们模块开发完成编译为.so以后放到此目录即可。
以sshd auth模块开发为例,我们获取ssh远程的token以后,希望实现我们自己的验证,简单代码如下。编写完成以后,执行

gcc pam_test.c -fPIC -shared -o pam_test.so

将pam_test.so 文件拷贝到/lib64/security/下,然后在/etc/pam.d/sshd文件下加入

auth        sufficient    pam_test.so

这是自己编译的pam模块已经能起到作用,加入配置文件的时候注意加入的位置,看好不同关键字sufficient,include,optional的含义。

sshd加入PAM模块一定要谨慎,搞不好就跟着机器永远拜拜了。在改PAM的时候记住留一个session不要关,如果sshs的PAM搞混乱,先将sshd_config文件的USE PAM功能关掉,再慢慢的解决问题。

#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 

#include 
#include 

#include 

#ifndef PAM_EXTERN
#define PAM_EXTERN
#endif

PAM_EXTERN int
pam_sm_authenticate(pam_handle_t *pamh, int flags,int argc, const char *argv[])
{

    struct passwd *pwd;
    const char *user;
    char *crypt_password, *password;
    int pam_err, retry;

    // identify user

    if ((pam_err = pam_get_user(pamh, &user, NULL)) != PAM_SUCCESS)
        return (pam_err);
    if ((pwd = getpwnam(user)) == NULL)
        return (PAM_USER_UNKNOWN);

    // get password 
    for (retry = 0; retry < 3; ++retry) {

         pam_err = pam_get_authtok(pamh, PAM_AUTHTOK,
            (const char **)&password, NULL);
        if (pam_err == PAM_SUCCESS)
            break;
    }
    if (pam_err == PAM_CONV_ERR)
        return (pam_err);
    if (pam_err != PAM_SUCCESS)
    return (PAM_AUTH_ERR);

    /* auth  password */
    // auth_function()
    return (PAM_SUCCESS);
}

PAM_EXTERN int
pam_sm_setcred(pam_handle_t *pamh, int flags,
    int argc, const char *argv[])
{

    return (PAM_SUCCESS);
}

PAM_EXTERN int
pam_sm_acct_mgmt(pam_handle_t *pamh, int flags,
    int argc, const char *argv[])
{

    return (PAM_SUCCESS);
}

PAM_EXTERN int
pam_sm_open_session(pam_handle_t *pamh, int flags,
    int argc, const char *argv[])
{

    return (PAM_SUCCESS);
}

PAM_EXTERN int
pam_sm_close_session(pam_handle_t *pamh, int flags,
    int argc, const char *argv[])
{

    return (PAM_SUCCESS);
}

PAM_EXTERN int
pam_sm_chauthtok(pam_handle_t *pamh, int flags,
    int argc, const char *argv[])
{

    return (PAM_SERVICE_ERR);
}

会话函数开发

pam模块已经提编译好的会话函数,我们可以直接调用产生会话,如Google验证码提示输入pin。

struct pam_conv {
    int (*conv)(int num_msg, const struct pam_message **msg,
        struct pam_response **resp, void *appdata_ptr);
    void *appdata_ptr;
};

上面是会话函数所处于的结构体,第一个参数就是回函函数,第二个参数是会话的上下文。该函数在PAM源码的/pamlib/misc_conv.c中。

int misc_conv(int num_msg, const struct pam_message **msgm,
          struct pam_response **response, void *appdata_ptr)

在PAM服务模块中对话的使用方式如下:

#include 

#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 

#include 
#include 

static char password_prompt[] = "Password:";

#ifndef PAM_EXTERN
#define PAM_EXTERN
#endif

PAM_EXTERN int
pam_sm_authenticate(pam_handle_t *pamh, int flags,
    int argc, const char *argv[])
{
    struct pam_conv *conv;
    struct pam_message msg;
    const struct pam_message *msgp;
    struct pam_response *resp;

    struct passwd *pwd;
    const char *user;
    char *crypt_password, *password;
    int pam_err, retry;

    /* identify user */
    if ((pam_err = pam_get_user(pamh, &user, NULL)) != PAM_SUCCESS)
        return (pam_err);
    if ((pwd = getpwnam(user)) == NULL)
        return (PAM_USER_UNKNOWN);

    /* get password */
    pam_err = pam_get_item(pamh, PAM_CONV, (const void **)&conv);
    if (pam_err != PAM_SUCCESS)
        return (PAM_SYSTEM_ERR);
    msg.msg_style = PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_OFF;
    msg.msg = password_prompt;
    msgp = &msg;

    for (retry = 0; retry < 3; ++retry) {
        resp = NULL;
        pam_err = (*conv->conv)(1, &msgp, &resp, conv->appdata_ptr);
        if (resp != NULL) {
            if (pam_err == PAM_SUCCESS)
                password = resp->resp;
            else
                free(resp->resp);
            free(resp);
        }
        if (pam_err == PAM_SUCCESS)
            break;
    }
    if (pam_err == PAM_CONV_ERR)
        return (pam_err);
    if (pam_err != PAM_SUCCESS)
        return (PAM_AUTH_ERR);

    /* compare passwords */
    if ((!pwd->pw_passwd[0] && (flags & PAM_DISALLOW_NULL_AUTHTOK)) ||
        (crypt_password = crypt(password, pwd->pw_passwd)) == NULL ||
        strcmp(crypt_password, pwd->pw_passwd) != 0)
        pam_err = PAM_AUTH_ERR;
    else
        pam_err = PAM_SUCCESS;
#ifndef _OPENPAM
    free(password);
#endif
    return (pam_err);
}

会话函数基本实现方式:


/* 
 * Copyright 2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved. 
 * Use is subject to license terms. 
 */

#pragma ident    "@(#)pam_tty_conv.c    1.4    05/02/12 SMI"  

#define    __EXTENSIONS__    /* to expose flockfile and friends in stdio.h */ 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 

static int ctl_c;    /* was the conversation interrupted? */

/* ARGSUSED 1 */
static void
interrupt(int x)
{
    ctl_c = 1;
}

/* getinput -- read user input from stdin abort on ^C
 *    Entry    noecho == TRUE, don't echo input.
 *    Exit    User's input.
 *        If interrupted, send SIGINT to caller for processing.
 */
static char *
getinput(int noecho)
{
    struct termio tty;
    unsigned short tty_flags;
    char input[PAM_MAX_RESP_SIZE];
    int c;
    int i = 0;
    void (*sig)(int);

    ctl_c = 0;
    sig = signal(SIGINT, interrupt);
    if (noecho) {
        (void) ioctl(fileno(stdin), TCGETA, &tty);
        tty_flags = tty.c_lflag;
        tty.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO | ECHOE | ECHOK | ECHONL);
        (void) ioctl(fileno(stdin), TCSETAF, &tty);
    }

    /* go to end, but don't overflow PAM_MAX_RESP_SIZE */
    flockfile(stdin);
    while (ctl_c == 0 &&
        (c = getchar_unlocked()) != '\n' &&
        c != '\r' &&
        c != EOF) {
        if (i < PAM_MAX_RESP_SIZE) {
            input[i++] = (char)c;
        }
    }
    funlockfile(stdin);
    input[i] = '\0';
    if (noecho) {
        tty.c_lflag = tty_flags;
        (void) ioctl(fileno(stdin), TCSETAW, &tty);
        (void) fputc('\n', stdout);
    }
    (void) signal(SIGINT, sig);
    if (ctl_c == 1)
        (void) kill(getpid(), SIGINT);

    return (strdup(input));
}

/* Service modules do not clean up responses if an error is returned.
 * Free responses here.
 */
static void
free_resp(int num_msg, struct pam_response *pr)
{
    int i;
    struct pam_response *r = pr;

    if (pr == NULL)
        return;

    for (i = 0; i < num_msg; i++, r++) {

        if (r->resp) {
            /* clear before freeing -- may be a password */
            bzero(r->resp, strlen(r->resp));
            free(r->resp);
            r->resp = NULL;
        }
    }
    free(pr);
}

/* ARGSUSED */
int
pam_tty_conv(int num_msg, struct pam_message **mess,
    struct pam_response **resp, void *my_data)
{
    struct pam_message *m = *mess;
    struct pam_response *r;
    int i;

    if (num_msg <= 0 || num_msg >= PAM_MAX_NUM_MSG) {
        (void) fprintf(stderr, "bad number of messages %d "
            "<= 0 || >= %d\n",
            num_msg, PAM_MAX_NUM_MSG);
        *resp = NULL;
        return (PAM_CONV_ERR);
    }
    if ((*resp = r = calloc(num_msg,
        sizeof (struct pam_response))) == NULL)
        return (PAM_BUF_ERR);

    /* Loop through messages */
    for (i = 0; i < num_msg; i++) {
        int echo_off;

        /* bad message from service module */
        if (m->msg == NULL) {
            (void) fprintf(stderr, "message[%d]: %d/NULL\n",
                i, m->msg_style);
            goto err;
        }

        /*
         * fix up final newline:
         *     removed for prompts
         *     added back for messages
         */
        if (m->msg[strlen(m->msg)] == '\n')
            m->msg[strlen(m->msg)] = '\0';

        r->resp = NULL;
        r->resp_retcode = 0;
        echo_off = 0;
        switch (m->msg_style) {

        case PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_OFF:
            echo_off = 1;
            /*FALLTHROUGH*/

        case PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_ON:
            (void) fputs(m->msg, stdout);

            r->resp = getinput(echo_off);
            break;

        case PAM_ERROR_MSG:
            (void) fputs(m->msg, stderr);
            (void) fputc('\n', stderr);
            break;

        case PAM_TEXT_INFO:
            (void) fputs(m->msg, stdout);
            (void) fputc('\n', stdout);
            break;

        default:
            (void) fprintf(stderr, "message[%d]: unknown type "
                "%d/val=\"%s\"\n",
                i, m->msg_style, m->msg);
            /* error, service module won't clean up */
            goto err;
        }
        if (errno == EINTR)
            goto err;

        /* next message/response */
        m++;
        r++;
    }
    return (PAM_SUCCESS);

err:
    free_resp(i, r);
    *resp = NULL;
    return (PAM_CONV_ERR);
}

上述总结中对以后进行了引用,感谢。
http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E24847_01/html/E22200/pam-01.html#scrolltoc

https://www.freebsd.org/doc/fr_FR.ISO8859-1/articles/pam/pam-sample-module.html

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