ECMAScript 6(以下简称ES6)是JavaScript语言的下一代标准。因为当前版本的ES6是在2015年发布的,所以又称ECMAScript 2015。
都是用来声明变量的,对应ES5的var,但是特性更好:
var name = 'zach'
while (true) {
var name = 'obama'
console.log(name) //obama
break
}
console.log(name) //obama
ES5的var只有全局作用域和函数作用域,这样容易导致某些情况下全局变量被方法更改的问题。而let则是块级作用域,不影响全局变量。如:
let name = 'zach'
while (true) {
let name = 'obama'
console.log(name) //obama
break
}
console.log(name) //zach
另外一个var带来的不合理场景就是用来计数的循环变量泄露为全局变量,看下面的例子:
var a = [];
for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
a[i] = function () {
console.log(i);
};
}
a[6](); // 10
上面的代码中 变量i是var声明的,在全局范围内都有效。所以每次循环,需要输出的i都会累加。到最后所有的方法指向的都是最后的i=10。而如果使用let则不会出现这个问题
var a = [];
for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
a[i] = function () {
console.log(i);
};
}
a[6](); // 6
再来看一个例子:不用ES6
let clickBoxs = document.querySelectorAll('.btn')
for (var i = 0; i < clickBoxs.length; i++) {
clickBoxs[i].onclick = function () {
console.log(i)
}
}
点击不同的clickBox显示不同的i,上面的例子,点击任何一个按钮都是等于clickBoxs.length
下面来解决它:
function iteratorFactory(i) {
var onclick = function (e) {
console.log(i)
}
return onclick;
}
var clickBoxs = document.querySelectorAll('.btn2')
for (var i = 0; i < clickBoxs.length; i++) {
clickBoxs[i].onclick = iteratorFactory(i)
}
而如果使用ES6则只要将对应的var改为let即可。不用这么麻烦。
const使用时必须在声明处赋值,并且之后不能做更改。比较常用的用法是用来声明工具对象。如const util=require(‘moment’)
防止该对象被更改避免错误。
类似于java中的用法:
class Animal {
constructor() {
this.type = 'animal'
}
says(say) {
console.log(this.type + ' says ' + say)
}
}
let animal = new Animal()
animal.says("miao~")//animal says miao~
class People extends Animal {
constructor() {
super()
this.type = "people"
}
}
let people = new People()
people.says("hello")//people says hello
super关键字,大知道父类的实例(即父类的this对象)。自雷必须在constructor方法中调用super方法,否则新建实例时会报错。这是因为自雷没有自己的this对象。而是继承父类的this对象然后再加工。
ES6的继承机制,实质是先创造父类的实例对象this(所以必须先调用super方法),然后再用子类的构造函数修改this。
优点:
function(i){ return i + 1; } //ES5
(i) => i + 1 //ES6
如果方法比较复杂,则需要在箭头后面加上{}如:
function(x, y) {
x++;
y--;
return x + y;
}
(x, y) => {x++; y--; return x+y}
this对象问题:
class Animal {
constructor() {
this.type = 'animal'
}
says(say) {
setTimeout(function () {
console.log(this.type + ' says ' + say)
}.bind(this), 1000)
}
}
var animal = new Animal()
animal.says('hi') //undefined says hi
在ES5中该方法执行会报错,因为执行延迟后方法中的this指向全局对象。
解决方法有两种:
says(say){
var self = this;
setTimeout(function(){
console.log(self.type + ' says ' + say)
}, 1000)
2.使用bind(this)
says(say){
setTimeout(function(){
console.log(this.type + ' says ' + say)
}.bind(this), 1000)
3.使用箭头函数:
class Animal {
constructor(){
this.type = 'animal'
}
says(say){
setTimeout( () => {
console.log(this.type + ' says ' + say)
}, 1000)
}
}
var animal = new Animal()
animal.says('hi') //animal says hi
··符号,ES5中的写法是字符串需要+=或者合成一个长串,不便于阅读又十分麻烦。而使用模版字符串,则大大简化。
$("#result").append(
"There are " + basket.count + " " +
"items in your basket, " +
"" + basket.onSale +
" are on sale!"
);
模板字符串:(变量使用${})
$("#result").append(`
There are ${basket.count} items
in your basket, ${basket.onSale}
are on sale!
`);
ES6允许按照一定模式,从数组和对象中提取值,对变量进行赋值,这被称为解构(Destructuring)。
let student = "stu"
let teacher = "tea"
let classRoom = {student: student, teacher: teacher}//es5
console.log(classRoom)//{student: "stu", teacher: "tea"}
let classRoom1 = {student, teacher}//es6
console.log(classRoom1)//{student: "stu", teacher: "tea"}
使用ES6,如果key等于对象名,则可以这样
let cat = 'ken'
let dog = 'lili'
let zoo = {cat, dog}
console.log(zoo) //Object {cat: "ken", dog: "lili"}
相反,可以这样写:相当于从对象中取出该对象key并赋值
let dog = {type: 'animal', many: 2}
let { type, many} = dog
console.log(type, many) //animal 2
default默认值,即在方法传入时,如果入参为空,可以指定一个默认值
//传统写法
function animal(type){
type = type || 'cat'
console.log(type)
}
animal() //cat
//ES6写法
function animal(type='cat'){
console.log(type)
}
rest语法:将传入的对象都放入数组中,如果入参为空,则types是一个空数组
function animals(...types){
console.log(types)
}
animals('cat', 'dog', 'fish') //["cat", "dog", "fish"]
导入、导出。ES6模块的设计思想,是尽量的静态化,使得编译时就能确定模块的依赖关系,以及输入和输出的变量。
用法:
//index.js
import animal from './content'
//content.js
export default 'A cat'
其他高级用法:
//content.js
export default 'A cat'
export function say(){
return 'Hello!'
}
export const type = 'dog'
exprot除了可以输出变量,输出函数,还能输出类(react中基本都是输出类)
//index.js
import { say, type } from './content'
let says = say()
console.log(`The ${type} says ${says}`) //The dog says Hello
如果还希望输入content.js中输出的默认值(default), 可以写在大括号外面。
//index.js
import animal, { say, type } from './content'
let says = say()
console.log(`The ${type} says ${says} to ${animal}`)
//The dog says Hello to A cat
//index.js
import animal, { say, type as animalType } from './content'
let says = say()
console.log(`The ${animalType} says ${says} to ${animal}`)
//The dog says Hello to A cat
//index.js
import animal, * as content from './content'
let says = content.say()
console.log(`The ${content.type} says ${says} to ${animal}`)
//The dog says Hello to A cat
对象的属性名,可以像数组下标一样使用[]符号获取对应的属性值。并且[]符号内容可以是变量
也可以进行计算,取计算的结果作为取值key
var i = 0;
var a = {
['foo' + ++i]: i,
['foo' + ++i]: i,
['foo' + ++i]: i
};
console.log(a.foo1); // 1
console.log(a.foo2); // 2
console.log(a.foo3); // 3