sklearn.neighbors_Nearest Neighbors

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主要参考 Scikit-Learn 官方网站上的每一个算法进行，并进行部分翻译   

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决策树的算法分析与Python代码实现请参考之前的一篇博客：K最近邻Python实现    接下来我主要演示怎么使用Scikit-Learn完成决策树算法的调用

Scikit-Learn中 sklearn.neighbors的函数包括（ 点击查看来源URL）

sklearn.neighbors: Nearest Neighbors

The sklearn.neighbors module implements the k-nearest neighbors algorithm.

User guide: See the Nearest Neighbors section for further details.

neighbors.NearestNeighbors([n_neighbors, …])	Unsupervised learner for implementing neighbor searches.
neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier([…])	Classifier implementing the k-nearest neighbors vote.
neighbors.RadiusNeighborsClassifier([…])	Classifier implementing a vote among neighbors within a given radius
neighbors.KNeighborsRegressor([n_neighbors, …])	Regression based on k-nearest neighbors.
neighbors.RadiusNeighborsRegressor([radius, …])	Regression based on neighbors within a fixed radius.
neighbors.NearestCentroid([metric, …])	Nearest centroid classifier.
neighbors.BallTree	BallTree for fast generalized N-point problems
neighbors.KDTree	KDTree for fast generalized N-point problems
neighbors.LSHForest([n_estimators, radius, …])	Performs approximate nearest neighbor search using LSH forest.
neighbors.DistanceMetric	DistanceMetric class
neighbors.KernelDensity([bandwidth, …])	Kernel Density Estimation

neighbors.kneighbors_graph(X, n_neighbors[, …])	Computes the (weighted) graph of k-Neighbors for points in X
neighbors.radius_neighbors_graph(X, radius)	Computes the (weighted) graph of Neighbors for points in X

首先看一个简单的小例子：

Finding the Nearest Neighbors

sklearn.neighbors.NearestNeighbors具体说明查看：URL  在这只是将用到的加以注释

#coding:utf-8
””’
Created on 2016/4/24
@author: Gamer Think
”’
#导入NearestNeighbor包 和 numpy
from sklearn.neighbors import NearestNeighbors
import numpy as np

#定义一个数组
X = np.array([[-1,-1],
              [-2,-1],
              [-3,-2],
              [1,1],
              [2,1],
              [3,2]
              ])
”“”
NearestNeighbors用到的参数解释
n_neighbors=5,默认值为5，表示查询k个最近邻的数目
algorithm=’auto’,指定用于计算最近邻的算法，auto表示试图采用最适合的算法计算最近邻
fit(X)表示用X来训练算法
”“”
nbrs = NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors=3, algorithm=“ball_tree”).fit(X)
#返回距离每个点k个最近的点和距离指数，indices可以理解为表示点的下标，distances为距离
distances, indices = nbrs.kneighbors(X)
print indices
print distances

#coding:utf-8 

”’ 

Created on 2016/4/24 

@author: Gamer Think 

”’

#导入NearestNeighbor包 和 numpy from sklearn.neighbors import NearestNeighbors import numpy as np #定义一个数组 X = np.array([[-1,-1],               [-2,-1],               [-3,-2],               [1,1],               [2,1],               [3,2]               ]) """ NearestNeighbors用到的参数解释 n_neighbors=5,默认值为5，表示查询k个最近邻的数目 algorithm='auto',指定用于计算最近邻的算法，auto表示试图采用最适合的算法计算最近邻 fit(X)表示用X来训练算法 """ nbrs = NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors=3, algorithm="ball_tree").fit(X) #返回距离每个点k个最近的点和距离指数，indices可以理解为表示点的下标，distances为距离 distances, indices = nbrs.kneighbors(X) print indices print distances输出结果为：

执行

#输出的是求解n个最近邻点后的矩阵图，1表示是最近点，0表示不是最近点
print nbrs.kneighbors_graph(X).toarray()

#输出的是求解n个最近邻点后的矩阵图，1表示是最近点，0表示不是最近点
print nbrs.kneighbors_graph(X).toarray()

 KDTree and BallTree Classes

#测试 KDTree
””’
leaf_size:切换到蛮力的点数。改变leaf_size不会影响查询结果，
                          但能显著影响查询和存储所需的存储构造树的速度。
                        需要存储树的规模约n_samples / leaf_size内存量。
                        为指定的leaf_size，叶节点是保证满足leaf_size <= n_points < = 2 * leaf_size，
                        除了在的情况下，n_samples < leaf_size。

metric:用于树的距离度量。默认’minkowski与P = 2（即欧氏度量）。
                  看到一个可用的度量的距离度量类的文档。
       kd_tree.valid_metrics列举这是有效的基础指标。
”’
from sklearn.neighbors import KDTree
import numpy as np
X = np.array([[-1, -1], [-2, -1], [-3, -2], [1, 1], [2, 1], [3, 2]])
kdt = KDTree(X,leaf_size=30,metric=“euclidean”)
print kdt.query(X, k=3, return_distance=False)


#测试 BallTree
from sklearn.neighbors import BallTree
import numpy as np
X = np.array([[-1, -1], [-2, -1], [-3, -2], [1, 1], [2, 1], [3, 2]])
bt = BallTree(X,leaf_size=30,metric=“euclidean”)
print bt.query(X, k=3, return_distance=False)

#测试 KDTree
'''
leaf_size:切换到蛮力的点数。改变leaf_size不会影响查询结果，
                          但能显著影响查询和存储所需的存储构造树的速度。
                        需要存储树的规模约n_samples / leaf_size内存量。
                        为指定的leaf_size，叶节点是保证满足leaf_size <= n_points < = 2 * leaf_size，
                        除了在的情况下，n_samples < leaf_size。

metric:用于树的距离度量。默认'minkowski与P = 2（即欧氏度量）。
                  看到一个可用的度量的距离度量类的文档。
       kd_tree.valid_metrics列举这是有效的基础指标。
'''
from sklearn.neighbors import KDTree
import numpy as np
X = np.array([[-1, -1], [-2, -1], [-3, -2], [1, 1], [2, 1], [3, 2]])
kdt = KDTree(X,leaf_size=30,metric="euclidean")
print kdt.query(X, k=3, return_distance=False)

#测试 BallTree from sklearn.neighbors import BallTree import numpy as np X = np.array([[-1, -1], [-2, -1], [-3, -2], [1, 1], [2, 1], [3, 2]]) bt = BallTree(X,leaf_size=30,metric="euclidean") print bt.query(X, k=3, return_distance=False)

其输出结果均为：

这是在小数据集的情况下并不能看到他们的差别，当数据集变大时，这种差别便显而易见了

使用scikit-learn的KNN算法进行分类的一个实例，使用数据集依旧是iris(鸢尾花)数据集

“font-size:18px;”>#coding:utf-8
””’
Created on 2016年4月24日

@author: Gamer Think
”’
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn import neighbors
import sklearn

#查看iris数据集
iris = load_iris()
print iris

knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier()
#训练数据集
knn.fit(iris.data, iris.target)
#预测
predict = knn.predict([[0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4]])
print predict
print iris.target_names[predict]

#coding:utf-8
'''
Created on 2016年4月24日

@author: Gamer Think
'''
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn import neighbors
import sklearn

#查看iris数据集 iris = load_iris() print iris knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier() #训练数据集 knn.fit(iris.data, iris.target) #预测 predict = knn.predict([[0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4]]) print predict print iris.target_names[predict]预测结果为：

[0]    #第0类
[‘setosa’]    #第0类对应花的名字

使用python实现的KNN算法进行分类的一个实例，使用数据集依旧是iris(鸢尾花)数据集，只不过将其保存在iris.txt文件中

“font-size:18px;”> #-*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
””’
Created on 2016/4/24

@author: Administrator
”’
import csv     #用于处理csv文件
import random    #用于随机数
import math
import operator  #
from sklearn import neighbors

#加载数据集
def loadDataset(filename,split,trainingSet=[],testSet = []):
    with open(filename,”rb”) as csvfile:
        lines = csv.reader(csvfile)
        dataset = list(lines)
        for x in range(len(dataset)-1):
            for y in range(4):
                dataset[x][y] = float(dataset[x][y])
            if random.random()
                trainingSet.append(dataset[x])
            else:
                testSet.append(dataset[y])

#计算距离
def euclideanDistance(instance1,instance2,length):
    distance = 0
    for x in range(length):
        distance = pow((instance1[x] - instance2[x]),2)
    return math.sqrt(distance)

#返回K个最近邻
def getNeighbors(trainingSet,testInstance,k):
    distances = []
    length = len(testInstance) -1
    #计算每一个测试实例到训练集实例的距离
    for x in range(len(trainingSet)):
        dist = euclideanDistance(testInstance, trainingSet[x], length)
        distances.append((trainingSet[x],dist))
    #对所有的距离进行排序
    distances.sort(key=operator.itemgetter(1))
    neighbors = []
    #返回k个最近邻
    for x in range(k):
        neighbors.append(distances[x][0])
    return neighbors

#对k个近邻进行合并，返回value最大的key
def getResponse(neighbors):
    classVotes = {}
    for x in range(len(neighbors)):
        response = neighbors[x][-1]
        if response in classVotes:
            classVotes[response]+=1
        else:
            classVotes[response] = 1
    #排序
    sortedVotes = sorted(classVotes.iteritems(),key = operator.itemgetter(1),reverse =True)
    return sortedVotes[0][0]

#计算准确率
def getAccuracy(testSet,predictions):
    correct = 0
    for x in range(len(testSet)):
        if testSet[x][-1] == predictions[x]:
            correct+=1
    return (correct/float(len(testSet))) * 100.0

def main():
    trainingSet = []  #训练数据集
    testSet = []      #测试数据集
    split = 0.67      #分割的比例
    loadDataset(r”iris.txt”, split, trainingSet, testSet)
    print “Train set :” + repr(len(trainingSet))
    print “Test set :” + repr(len(testSet))

    predictions = []
    k = 3
    for x in range(len(testSet)):
        neighbors = getNeighbors(trainingSet, testSet[x], k)
        result = getResponse(neighbors)
        predictions.append(result)
        print “>predicted = ” + repr(result) + “,actual = ” + repr(testSet[x][-1])
    accuracy = getAccuracy(testSet, predictions)
    print “Accuracy:” + repr(accuracy) + “%”

if __name__ ==“__main__”:
    main()

 #-*- coding: UTF-8 -*- 
'''
Created on 2016/4/24

@author: Administrator
'''
import csv     #用于处理csv文件
import random    #用于随机数
import math         
import operator  #
from sklearn import neighbors

#加载数据集 def loadDataset(filename,split,trainingSet=[],testSet = []): with open(filename,"rb") as csvfile: lines = csv.reader(csvfile) dataset = list(lines) for x in range(len(dataset)-1): for y in range(4): dataset[x][y] = float(dataset[x][y]) if random.random()predicted = " + repr(result) + ",actual = " + repr(testSet[x][-1]) accuracy = getAccuracy(testSet, predictions) print "Accuracy:" + repr(accuracy) + "%" if __name__ =="__main__": main()
附iris.txt文件的内容

5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.7,3.2,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.1,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.6,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.9,1.7,0.4,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.4,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.4,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.4,2.9,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.7,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.4,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.0,1.4,0.1,Iris-setosa
4.3,3.0,1.1,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.8,4.0,1.2,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.7,4.4,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.9,1.3,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.5,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.7,3.8,1.7,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.8,1.5,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.4,1.7,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.7,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.6,1.0,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.3,1.7,0.5,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.4,1.9,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.0,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.4,1.6,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.2,3.5,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.2,3.4,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.7,3.2,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.1,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.4,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.2,4.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.5,4.2,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.2,1.2,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.5,3.5,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
4.4,3.0,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.4,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.5,1.3,0.3,Iris-setosa
4.5,2.3,1.3,0.3,Iris-setosa
4.4,3.2,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.5,1.6,0.6,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.8,1.9,0.4,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.0,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.8,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.2,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.3,3.7,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.3,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.9,3.1,4.9,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.3,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.5,2.8,4.6,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.8,4.5,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.3,3.3,4.7,1.6,Iris-versicolor
4.9,2.4,3.3,1.0,Iris-versicolor
6.6,2.9,4.6,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.2,2.7,3.9,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.0,2.0,3.5,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.9,3.0,4.2,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.0,2.2,4.0,1.0,Iris-versicolor
6.1,2.9,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.6,2.9,3.6,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.7,3.1,4.4,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.6,3.0,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.8,2.7,4.1,1.0,Iris-versicolor
6.2,2.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.6,2.5,3.9,1.1,Iris-versicolor
5.9,3.2,4.8,1.8,Iris-versicolor
6.1,2.8,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.3,2.5,4.9,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.1,2.8,4.7,1.2,Iris-versicolor
6.4,2.9,4.3,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.6,3.0,4.4,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.8,2.8,4.8,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.7,3.0,5.0,1.7,Iris-versicolor
6.0,2.9,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.6,3.5,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.4,3.8,1.1,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.4,3.7,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.8,2.7,3.9,1.2,Iris-versicolor
6.0,2.7,5.1,1.6,Iris-versicolor
5.4,3.0,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.0,3.4,4.5,1.6,Iris-versicolor
6.7,3.1,4.7,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.3,2.3,4.4,1.3,Iris-versicolor?
5.6,3.0,4.1,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.5,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.6,4.4,1.2,Iris-versicolor
6.1,3.0,4.6,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.8,2.6,4.0,1.2,Iris-versicolor
5.0,2.3,3.3,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.6,2.7,4.2,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.7,3.0,4.2,1.2,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.9,4.2,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.2,2.9,4.3,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.1,2.5,3.0,1.1,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.8,4.1,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.3,3.3,6.0,2.5,Iris-virginica
5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
7.1,3.0,5.9,2.1,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.9,5.6,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.0,5.8,2.2,Iris-virginica
7.6,3.0,6.6,2.1,Iris-virginica
4.9,2.5,4.5,1.7,Iris-virginica
7.3,2.9,6.3,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.7,2.5,5.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
7.2,3.6,6.1,2.5,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.2,5.1,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.4,2.7,5.3,1.9,Iris-virginica
6.8,3.0,5.5,2.1,Iris-virginica
5.7,2.5,5.0,2.0,Iris-virginica
5.8,2.8,5.1,2.4,Iris-virginica
6.4,3.2,5.3,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.0,5.5,1.8,Iris-virginica
7.7,3.8,6.7,2.2,Iris-virginica
7.7,2.6,6.9,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.0,2.2,5.0,1.5,Iris-virginica
6.9,3.2,5.7,2.3,Iris-virginica
5.6,2.8,4.9,2.0,Iris-virginica
7.7,2.8,6.7,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.7,4.9,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.7,3.3,5.7,2.1,Iris-virginica
7.2,3.2,6.0,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.2,2.8,4.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.1,3.0,4.9,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.4,2.8,5.6,2.1,Iris-virginica
7.2,3.0,5.8,1.6,Iris-virginica
7.4,2.8,6.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
7.9,3.8,6.4,2.0,Iris-virginica