@Transactional中的propagation属性

@Transactional中的propagation属性


在Spring的事务管理中,我们可以使用@Transactional这一annotation来对事务进行声明式的设定。具体而言,就是在类或者方法前添加@Transactional并传入属性参数以获取所需要的Transaction特性。Spring中的@Transactional有5个属性:Propagation、Isolation、Rollback Rules、Timeout和Read-Only,其中Propagation属性定义了Transaction的边界 — 是否使用Transaction、在Transaction已存在的情况下如何表现等。

在service类前加上@Transactional,声明这个service所有方法需要事务管理。每一个业务方法开始时都会打开一个事务。

Spring默认情况下会对运行期例外(RunTimeException)进行事务回滚。这个例外是unchecked

如果遇到checked意外就不回滚。

如何改变默认规则:

1 让checked例外也回滚:在整个方法前加上 @Transactional(rollbackFor=Exception.class)

2 让unchecked例外不回滚: @Transactional(notRollbackFor=RunTimeException.class)

3 不需要事务管理的(只查询的)方法:@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.NOT_SUPPORTED)

在整个方法运行前就不会开启事务

   还可以加上:@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.NOT_SUPPORTED,readOnly=true),这样就做成一个只读事务,可以提高效率。 

   各种属性的意义: 

   REQUIRED:业务方法需要在一个容器里运行。如果方法运行时,已经处在一个事务中,那么加入到这个事务,否则自己新建一个新的事务。 

   NOT_SUPPORTED:声明方法不需要事务。如果方法没有关联到一个事务,容器不会为他开启事务,如果方法在一个事务中被调用,该事务会被挂起,调用结束后,原先的事务会恢复执行。 

   REQUIRESNEW:不管是否存在事务,该方法总汇为自己发起一个新的事务。如果方法已经运行在一个事务中,则原有事务挂起,新的事务被创建。 

   MANDATORY:该方法只能在一个已经存在的事务中执行,业务方法不能发起自己的事务。如果在没有事务的环境下被调用,容器抛出例外。 

   SUPPORTS:该方法在某个事务范围内被调用,则方法成为该事务的一部分。如果方法在该事务范围外被调用,该方法就在没有事务的环境下执行。 

   NEVER:该方法绝对不能在事务范围内执行。如果在就抛例外。只有该方法没有关联到任何事务,才正常执行。 

   NESTED:如果一个活动的事务存在,则运行在一个嵌套的事务中。如果没有活动事务,则按REQUIRED属性执行。它使用了一个单独的事务,这个事务拥有多个可以回滚的保存点。内部事务的回滚不会对外部事务造成影响。它只对DataSourceTransactionManager事务管理器起效。 

观察以下两个定义了@Transactional的方法,innerMethod()模拟了Transaction已经存在的情况,outMethod()则模拟了不存在已定义Transaction的情况:

@Transactional
public void outMethod() {
exampleDAO.doSomething();
innerMethod();
}

@Transactional
public void innerMethod() {
exampleDAO.doElse();
}
对于这两个方法,定义不同的Propagation属性值所产生的效果如下(Propagation.NESTED的情况较为复杂,在此忽略):

ropagation属性 outMethod innerMethod
Propagation.MANDATORY 抛出异常 在outMethod的Transaction中运行
Propagation.NEVER 不在Transaction中运行 抛出异常
Propagation.NOT_SUPPORTED 不在Transaction中运行 .outMethod的Transaction暂停直至innerMethod执行完毕
Propagation.REQUIRED ( 默认值 ) 新开一个Transaction并在其中运行 在outMethod的Transaction中运行
Propagation.REQUIRES_NEW .新开一个Transaction并在其中运行 .outMethod的Transaction暂停直至innerMethod中新开的Transaction执行完毕
Propagation.SUPPORTS 不在Transaction中运行 在outMethod的Transaction中运行

@Transactional的代码定义:

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@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Inherited
@Documented
public @interface Transactional {

/**  
 * A qualifier value for the specified transaction.  
 * 

May be used to determine the target transaction manager, * matching the qualifier value (or the bean name) of a specific * {@link org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager} * bean definition. */ String value() default ""; /** * The transaction propagation type. * Defaults to {@link Propagation#REQUIRED}. * @see org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAttribute#getPropagationBehavior() */ Propagation propagation() default Propagation.REQUIRED; /** * The transaction isolation level. * Defaults to {@link Isolation#DEFAULT}. * @see org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAttribute#getIsolationLevel() */ Isolation isolation() default Isolation.DEFAULT; /** * The timeout for this transaction. * Defaults to the default timeout of the underlying transaction system. * @see org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAttribute#getTimeout() */ int timeout() default TransactionDefinition.TIMEOUT_DEFAULT; /** * {@code true} if the transaction is read-only. * Defaults to {@code false}. *

This just serves as a hint for the actual transaction subsystem; * it will not necessarily cause failure of write access attempts. * A transaction manager which cannot interpret the read-only hint will * not throw an exception when asked for a read-only transaction. * @see org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAttribute#isReadOnly() */ boolean readOnly() default false; /** * Defines zero (0) or more exception {@link Class classes}, which must be a * subclass of {@link Throwable}, indicating which exception types must cause * a transaction rollback. *

This is the preferred way to construct a rollback rule, matching the * exception class and subclasses. *

Similar to {@link org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.RollbackRuleAttribute#RollbackRuleAttribute(Class clazz)} */ Class[] rollbackFor() default {}; /** * Defines zero (0) or more exception names (for exceptions which must be a * subclass of {@link Throwable}), indicating which exception types must cause * a transaction rollback. *

This can be a substring, with no wildcard support at present. * A value of "ServletException" would match * {@link javax.servlet.ServletException} and subclasses, for example. *

NB: Consider carefully how specific the pattern is, and whether * to include package information (which isn't mandatory). For example, * "Exception" will match nearly anything, and will probably hide other rules. * "java.lang.Exception" would be correct if "Exception" was meant to define * a rule for all checked exceptions. With more unusual {@link Exception} * names such as "BaseBusinessException" there is no need to use a FQN. *

Similar to {@link org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.RollbackRuleAttribute#RollbackRuleAttribute(String exceptionName)} */ String[] rollbackForClassName() default {}; /** * Defines zero (0) or more exception {@link Class Classes}, which must be a * subclass of {@link Throwable}, indicating which exception types must not * cause a transaction rollback. *

This is the preferred way to construct a rollback rule, matching the * exception class and subclasses. *

Similar to {@link org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.NoRollbackRuleAttribute#NoRollbackRuleAttribute(Class clazz)} */ Class[] noRollbackFor() default {}; /** * Defines zero (0) or more exception names (for exceptions which must be a * subclass of {@link Throwable}) indicating which exception types must not * cause a transaction rollback. *

See the description of {@link #rollbackForClassName()} for more info on how * the specified names are treated. *

Similar to {@link org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.NoRollbackRuleAttribute#NoRollbackRuleAttribute(String exceptionName)} */ String[] noRollbackForClassName() default {};

}
基于源代码,我们可以发现在@Transactional,原来有这么多的属性可以进行配置,从而达到复杂应用控制的目的。

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