Alpine Linux 中的 apk 命令讲解

Alpine Linux是一个面向安全应用的轻量级Linux发行版。它采用了musl libc和busybox以减小系统的体积和运行时资源消耗，同时还提供了自己的包管理工具apk。

官方帮助文档

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alpine 提供了非常好用的apk软件包管理工具，通过apk –help命令查看完整的包管理命令。

/ # apk
apk-tools 2.8.2, compiled for x86_64.

usage: apk COMMAND [-h|--help] [-p|--root DIR] [-X|--repository REPO] [-q|--quiet] [-v|--verbose] [-i|--interactive] [-V|--version] [-f|--force] [--force-binary-stdout] [--force-broken-world] [--force-non-repository] [--force-old-apk]
           [--force-overwrite] [--force-refresh] [-U|--update-cache] [--progress] [--progress-fd FD] [--no-progress] [--purge] [--allow-untrusted] [--wait TIME] [--keys-dir KEYSDIR] [--repositories-file REPOFILE] [--no-network]
           [--no-cache] [--cache-dir CACHEDIR] [--arch ARCH] [--print-arch] [ARGS]...

The following commands are available:
  add       Add PACKAGEs to 'world' and install (or upgrade) them, while ensuring that all dependencies are met
  del       Remove PACKAGEs from 'world' and uninstall them
  fix       Repair package or upgrade it without modifying main dependencies
  update    Update repository indexes from all remote repositories
  info      Give detailed information about PACKAGEs or repositories
  search    Search package by PATTERNs or by indexed dependencies
  upgrade   Upgrade currently installed packages to match repositories
  cache     Download missing PACKAGEs to cache and/or delete unneeded files from cache
  version   Compare package versions (in installed database vs. available) or do tests on literal version strings
  index     Create repository index file from FILEs
  fetch     Download PACKAGEs from global repositories to a local directory
  audit     Audit the directories for changes
  verify    Verify package integrity and signature
  dot       Generate graphviz graphs
  policy    Show repository policy for packages
  stats     Show statistics about repositories and installations
  manifest  Show checksums of package contents

Global options:
  -h, --help              Show generic help or applet specific help
  -p, --root DIR          Install packages to DIR
  -X, --repository REPO   Use packages from REPO
  -q, --quiet             Print less information
  -v, --verbose           Print more information (can be doubled)
  -i, --interactive       Ask confirmation for certain operations
  -V, --version           Print program version and exit
  -f, --force             Enable selected --force-* (deprecated)
  --force-binary-stdout   Continue even if binary data is to be output
  --force-broken-world    Continue even if 'world' cannot be satisfied
  --force-non-repository  Continue even if packages may be lost on reboot
  --force-old-apk         Continue even if packages use unsupported features
  --force-overwrite       Overwrite files in other packages
  --force-refresh         Do not use cached files (local or from proxy)
  -U, --update-cache      Update the repository cache
  --progress              Show a progress bar
  --progress-fd FD        Write progress to fd
  --no-progress           Disable progress bar even for TTYs
  --purge                 Delete also modified configuration files (pkg removal) and uninstalled packages from cache (cache clean)
  --allow-untrusted       Install packages with untrusted signature or no signature
  --wait TIME             Wait for TIME seconds to get an exclusive repository lock before failing
  --keys-dir KEYSDIR      Override directory of trusted keys
  --repositories-file REPOFILE Override repositories file
  --no-network            Do not use network (cache is still used)
  --no-cache              Do not use any local cache path
  --cache-dir CACHEDIR    Override cache directory
  --arch ARCH             Use architecture with --root
  --print-arch            Print default arch and exit

This apk has coffee making abilities.

使用示例

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下面列举常用命令：

apk update

update：从远程镜像源中更新本地镜像源索引。

update命令会从各个镜像源列表下载APKINDEX.tar.gz并存储到本地缓存，一般在/var/cache/apk/(Alpine在该目录下)、/var/lib/apk/ 、/etc/apk/cache/下。

apk add

add：安装PACKAGES并自动解决依赖关系。

add命令从仓库中安装最新软件包，并自动安装必须的依赖包，也可以从第三方仓库添加软件包。

$ apk add openssh openntp vim
$ apk add --no-cache mysql-client
$ apk add docker --update-cache --repository http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/alpine/v3.4/main/ --allow-untrusted

安装指定版本软件包

$ apk add asterisk=1.6.0.21-r0
$ apk add 'asterisk<1.6.1'
$ apk add 'asterisk>1.6.1

apk del

del：卸载并删除PACKAGES

apk del openssh openntp vim

apk upgrade

upgrade：升级当前已安装的软件包。

upgrade命令升级系统已安装的所有软件包（一般包括内核），当然也可指定仅升级部分软件包（通过-u或–upgrade选择指定）。

$ apk update #更新最新本地镜像源
$ apk upgrade #升级软件
$ apk add --upgrade busybox #指定升级部分软件包

apk search

search：搜索软件包。

search命令搜索可用软件包，-v 参数输出描述内容，支出通配符，-d 或 –description 参数指定通过软件包描述查询。

$ apk search #查找所有可用软件包
$ apk search -v #查找所有可用软件包及其描述内容
$ apk search -v 'acf*' #通过软件包名称查找软件包
$ apk search -v -d 'docker' #通过描述文件查找特定的软件包

apk info

info：列出PACKAGES或镜像源的详细信息。

info命令用于显示软件包的信息。

$ apk info #列出所有已安装的软件包
$ apk info -a zlib #显示完整的软件包信息
$ apk info --who-owns /sbin/lbu #显示指定文件属于的包