这里重点是以对比的方式来说明Python与其语言的不同之处,和一些Python特有的特性,以能以最快速度能用Python写程序.
输入exit()可以退出命令提示符.[alex@alexon:~]$python Python 2.7.3 (default, Apr 10 2013, 06:20:15) [GCC 4.6.3] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> print 'hello, world' hello, world >>>
#!/usr/bin/python print 'hello, world'
正数索引 0 1 2 3实例:
数组元素 [1] [3] [5] [7]
负数索引 -4 -3 -2 -1
List是一个对象,它有一此内置的方法,如:>>> a = [1, 3, 5, 7]; >>> a[0] 1 >>> a[3] 7 >>> a[-1] 7 >>> a[-2] 5 >>> a[0:3] [1, 3, 5] >>> a[1:3:2] [3] >>> a[0:3:2] [1, 5] >>> a[0:-1:2] [1, 5] >>>
>>> 3 in a True >>> 8 in a False >>> 8 not in a True >>>
>>> a + [9, 11] [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11]
>>> a * 2 [1, 3, 5, 7, 1, 3, 5, 7] >>>
>>> str = 'hello, world' >>> str[0:3] 'hel' >>> str[0:3:2] 'hl' >>> str[-1] 'd' >>> str * 2 'hello, worldhello, world' >>> '3' in str False >>> 'le' in str False >>> 'el' in str True >>> 'ell' not in str False >>>
formats % (var1, var2,....)它返回的是一个String.
>>> "Int %d, Float %d, String '%s'" % (5, 2.3, 'hello') "Int 5, Float 2, String 'hello'" >>>
>>> box = {'fruits': ['apple','orange'], 'money': 1993, 'name': 'obama'} >>> box['fruits'] ['apple', 'orange'] >>> box['money'] 1993 >>> box['money'] = 29393 >>> box['money'] 29393 >>> box['nation'] = 'USA' >>> box {'money': 29393, 'nation': 'USA', 'name': 'obama', 'fruits': ['apple', 'orange']} >>> box.keys() ['money', 'nation', 'name', 'fruits'] >>> box.values() [29393, 'USA', 'obama', ['apple', 'orange']] >>>
其中逻辑表达式可以加上括号(),也可以不加.但如果表达式里面比较混乱,还是要加上括号,以提高清晰.但整体的逻辑表达式是可以不加的:if expression: blocks; elif expression2: blocks; else: blocks;
>>> a = 3; b = 4; c = 5; >>> if a == b and a != c: ... print "Are you sure" ... elif (a == c and b == c): ... print "All equal" ... else: ... print "I am not sure" ... I am not sure >>>
while expression:
blocks
>>> i = 0; >>> while i < 3: ... print "I am repeating"; ... i += 1; ... I am repeating I am repeating I am repeating >>>
for var in list:
blocks;
>>> msg = "Hello"; >>> for c in msg: ... print c; ... H e l l o >>>
list = [expression for var in list condition]它相当于这样的逻辑:
list = [];一句话,相当于这么多逻辑,可见数组推导是一个十分强大的功能:
for var in list:
if condition:
execute expression;
add result of expression to list
return list;
遍历列表a,对其是偶数的项,乘方.>>> a = range(4); >>> a [0, 1, 2, 3] >>> [x*x for x in a if x % 2 == 0] [0, 4] >>>
def function_name(args):调用函数的方式function_name(formal_args):
function_body;
Python中函数也是一个对象,可以赋值,可以拷贝,可以像普通变量那样使用.其实可以理解为C语言中的指针:>>> def power(x): ... return x*x; ... >>> power(4) 16 >>>
另外就是匿名函数,或者叫做lambda函数,它没有名字,只有参数和表达式:>>> d = power; >>> d(2) 4
lambda args: expression
lambda最大的用处是用作实参:>>> d = lambda x: x*x; >>> d(2) 4
>>> def iter(func, list): ... ret = []; ... for var in list: ... ret.append(func(var)); ... return ret; ... >>> iter(lambda x: x*x, a) [0, 1, 4, 9] >>>
print var1, var2, var3
>>> a [0, 1, 2, 3] >>> d
at 0x7f668c015140> >>> print a, d [0, 1, 2, 3] at 0x7f668c015140> >>>
print与%结合更为强大:
print formats % (var1, var2, ...):
>>> print "today is %d, welcome %s" % (2013, 'alex'); today is 2013, welcome alex >>>
其实这没什么神秘的,前面提到过%格式化返回是一个字串,所以print仅是输出字串而已,格式化工作是由%来做的.
>>> range(4) [0, 1, 2, 3] >>> range(1,4) [1, 2, 3] >>> range(1,4,2) [1, 3] >>>
>>> check_call("ls -l .", shell=True); total 380 -rw-r--r-- 1 alex alex 303137 Jun 28 23:25 00005.vcf drwxrwxr-x 3 alex alex 4096 Jun 28 23:57 3730996syntheticseismogram -rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 1127 Jun 28 23:45 contacts.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 3349 Jun 29 00:19 contacts_vcard.vcf drwxr-xr-x 2 alex alex 4096 Jun 15 18:43 Desktop drwxr-xr-x 3 alex alex 4096 Jun 22 08:59 Documents drwxr-xr-x 9 alex alex 4096 Jul 3 20:34 Downloads -rw-r--r-- 1 alex alex 8445 Jun 15 18:17 examples.desktop drwxrwxr-x 5 alex alex 4096 Jun 19 23:01 gitting -rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 0 Jun 19 20:21 libpeerconnection.log drwxr-xr-x 2 alex alex 4096 Jun 15 18:43 Music -rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 148 Jul 4 22:46 persons.txt drwxr-xr-x 3 alex alex 4096 Jul 4 23:08 Pictures drwxr-xr-x 2 alex alex 4096 Jun 15 18:43 Public -rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 65 Jul 8 22:15 py.py -rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 271 Jul 4 21:28 speech.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 93 Jul 3 23:02 speech.txt.bak drwxr-xr-x 2 alex alex 4096 Jun 15 18:43 Templates drwxrwxr-x 2 alex alex 4096 Jun 22 19:01 Ubuntu One drwxr-xr-x 2 alex alex 4096 Jun 15 18:43 Videos 0 >>>
check_call是相当于在Shell上执行一个语句,所以可以发挥想像力,组合Shell命令:
>>> check_call("ls -l . | grep 'py'", shell=True); -rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 65 Jul 8 22:15 py.py 0 >>>
所以,这是相当强大的工具,可以像写Shell脚本那样,结合管道干一些大事!
>>> a = check_output("ls -l .", shell=True); >>> a 'total 380\n-rw-r--r-- 1 alex alex 303137 Jun 28 23:25 00005.vcf\ndrwxrwxr-x 3 alex alex 4096 Jun 28 23:57 3730996syntheticseismogram\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 1127 Jun 28 23:45 contacts.txt\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 3349 Jun 29 00:19 contacts_vcard.vcf\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 alex alex 4096 Jun 15 18:43 Desktop\ndrwxr-xr-x 3 alex alex 4096 Jun 22 08:59 Documents\ndrwxr-xr-x 9 alex alex 4096 Jul 3 20:34 Downloads\n-rw-r--r-- 1 alex alex 8445 Jun 15 18:17 examples.desktop\ndrwxrwxr-x 5 alex alex 4096 Jun 19 23:01 gitting\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 0 Jun 19 20:21 libpeerconnection.log\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 alex alex 4096 Jun 15 18:43 Music\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 148 Jul 4 22:46 persons.txt\ndrwxr-xr-x 3 alex alex 4096 Jul 4 23:08 Pictures\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 alex alex 4096 Jun 15 18:43 Public\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 65 Jul 8 22:15 py.py\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 271 Jul 4 21:28 speech.txt\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 93 Jul 3 23:02 speech.txt.bak\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 alex alex 4096 Jun 15 18:43 Templates\ndrwxrwxr-x 2 alex alex 4096 Jun 22 19:01 Ubuntu One\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 alex alex 4096 Jun 15 18:43 Videos\n' >>> b = check_output("ls -l . | grep 'py'", shell=True); >>> b '-rw-rw-r-- 1 alex alex 65 Jul 8 22:15 py.py\n' >>>
不用我说你就知道它的强大之处了!唯一需要注意的就是换行符也在里面,处理的时候需要注意!
如:import re; p = re.compile(expression); m = p.search(target); if m != None: # got match else: # no match
这些就是Python的入门基础知识, 了解了这些内容,我相信就可以使用Python来完成你的需要,比如写一些小工具之类的.对于大部分的日常工作,或者一些小工具来说,这些东西就足够了!>>> message = 'Welcome to the year of 2013'; >>> import re; >>> p = re.compile('(\d+)'); >>> m = p.search(message); >>> m <_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7f668c015300> >>> print m.group(1) 2013 >>>