1.YAML语言
YAML是一种直观的能够被电脑识别的数据序列化格式，是一个可读性高并且容易被人类阅读，容易和脚本语言交互，用来表达资料序列的编程语言。
它类似于标准通用标记语言的子集XML的数据描述语言，语法比XML简单很多。
YAML语言的格式如下：
house:
family:
name: Doe
parents:
- John
- Jane
children:
- Paul
- Mark
- Simone
address:
number: 34
street: Main Street
city: Nowheretown
zipcode: 12345YAML的基本规则：
- 使用缩进来表示层级关系，每层2个空格，禁止使用TAB键
- 当冒号不是处于最后时，冒号后面必须有一个空格
- 用 - 表示列表，- 的后面必须有一个空格
- 用 # 表示注释
YAML配置文件要放到SaltStack让我们放的位置，可以在SaltStack的 Master 配置文件中查找file_roots即可看到。
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/salt/master
...此处省略N行
file_roots:
base:
- /srv/salt/base
test:
- /srv/salt/test
dev:
- /srv/salt/dev
prod:
- /srv/salt/prod
...此处省略N行
[root@master ~]# mkdir -p /srv/salt/{base,test,dev,prod}
[root@master ~]# tree /srv/salt/
/srv/salt/
├── base
├── dev
├── prod
└── test
4 directories, 0 files
[root@master ~]# systemctl restart salt-master需要注意：
- base是默认的位置，如果file_roots只有一个，则base是必备的且必须叫base，不能改名
2. 用SaltStack配置一个apache实例
2.1 在Master上部署sls配置文件并执行
[root@master ~]# cd /srv/salt/base/
[root@master base]# ls
[root@master base]# mkdir -p web/apache
[root@master base]# tree web
web
└── apache
1 directory, 0 files
[root@master base]# cd web/apache/
[root@master apache]# touch apache.sls //生成一个状态描述文件
[root@master apache]# ll
总用量 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 2月 19 19:25 apache.sls
[root@master apache]# vim apache.sls
apache-install:
pkg.installed:
- name: httpd
apache-service:
service.-:
- name: httpd
- enable: True// YAML 配置文件中顶格写的被称作ID，必须全局唯一，不能重复
// SaltStack 读 YAML 配置文件时是从上往下读，所以要把先执行的写在前面
[root@master ~]# ls /srv/salt/base/web/apache/
apache.sls
//执行状态描述文件
[root@master ~]# salt '192.168.69.202' state.sls web.apache.apache saltenv=base
192.168.69.202:
---------- ID: apache-install
Function: pkg.installed
Name: httpd
Result: True
Comment: The following packages were installed/updated: httpd
Started: 20:01:54.224738
Duration: 46294.423 ms
Changes:
----------
apr:
----------
new:
1.4.8-3.el7_4.1
old:
apr-util:
----------
new:
1.5.2-6.el7
old:
httpd:
----------
new:
2.4.6-88.el7.centos
old:
httpd-tools:
----------
new:
2.4.6-88.el7.centos
old:
mailcap:
----------
new:
2.1.41-2.el7
old: ID: apache-service
Function: service.running
Name: httpd
Result: True
Comment: Service httpd has been enabled, and is running
Started: 20:02:42.295530
Duration: 6926.009 ms
Changes:
----------
httpd:
TrueSummary for 192.168.69.202
------------
Succeeded: 2 (changed=2)
Failed: 0
------------
Total states run: 2
Total run time: 53.220 s2.2 在Minion上检查
[root@minion ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since 二 2019-02-19 20:02:48 CST; 6min ago
Docs: man:httpd(8)
man:apachectl(8)
Main PID: 84162 (httpd)
Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic: 0 B/sec"
CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
├─84162 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─84168 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─84169 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─84170 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─84171 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
└─84172 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
2月 19 20:02:42 minion systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
2月 19 20:02:43 minion httpd[84162]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualifie...essage
2月 19 20:02:48 minion systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.由以上内容可知apache确实已部署成功。
执行状态文件的技巧：
- 先用test.ping测试需要执行状态文件的主机是否能正常通信，然后再执行状态文件
3. top file
3.1 top file介绍
直接通过命令执行sls文件时够自动化吗？答案是否定的，因为我们还要告诉某台主机要执行某个任务，自动化应该是我们让它干活时，它自己就知道哪台主机要干什么活，但是直接通过命令执行sls文件并不能达到这个目的，为了解决这个问题，top file 应运而生。
top file就是一个入口，top file的文件名可通过在 Master的配置文件中搜索top.sls找出，且此文件必须在 base 环境中，默认情况下此文件必须叫top.sls。
top file的作用就是告诉对应的主机要干什么活，比如让web服务器启动web服务，让数据库服务器安装mysql等等。
top file 实例：
[root@master ~]# cd /srv/salt/base/
[root@master base]# ls
web
[root@master base]# vim top.sls
base: //要执行状态文件的环境
'192.168.69.202': //要执行状态文件的目标
- web.apache.apache //要执行的状态文件
//停止minion的httpd
[root@minion ~]# systemctl stop httpd
[root@master base]# cd
[root@master ~]# salt '*' state.highstate //使用高级状态来执行
192.168.69.201:
----------
ID: states
Function: no.None
Result: False
Comment: No Top file or master_tops data matches found. //在top file里没找到它要干啥
Changes:
Summary for 192.168.69.201
------------
Succeeded: 0
Failed: 1
------------
Total states run: 1
Total run time: 0.000 ms
192.168.69.202:
----------
ID: apache-install
Function: pkg.installed
Name: httpd
Result: True
Comment: All specified packages are already installed
Started: 14:39:39.373195
Duration: 1207.756 ms
Changes:
----------
ID: apache-service
Function: service.running
Name: httpd
Result: True
Comment: Service httpd is already enabled, and is running
Started: 14:39:40.582298
Duration: 636.999 ms
Changes:
----------
httpd:
True
Summary for 192.168.69.202
------------
Succeeded: 2 (changed=1)
Failed: 0
------------
Total states run: 2
Total run time: 1.845 s
ERROR: Minions returned with non-zero exit code
//查看minion的httpd状态
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since 三 2019-02-20 14:39:41 CST; 1min 10s ago
Docs: man:httpd(8)
man:apachectl(8)
Process: 11071 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 11138 (httpd)
Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic: 0 B/sec"
CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
├─11138 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─11139 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─11140 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─11141 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─11143 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
└─11144 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
2月 20 14:39:40 minion systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
2月 20 14:39:41 minion httpd[11138]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully ...ssage
2月 20 14:39:41 minion systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.注意：
若top file里面的目标是用 表示的，要注意的是，top file里面的 表示的是所有要执行状态的目标，而 salt ''state.highstate 里面的 表示通知所有机器干活，而是否要干活则是由top file来指定的
3.2 高级状态highstate的使用
管理SaltStack时一般最常用的管理操作就是执行高级状态
[root@master ~]# salt '*' state.highstate //生产环境禁止这样使用salt命令
注意：
上面让所有人执行高级状态，但实际工作当中，一般不会这么用，工作当中一般都是通知某台或某些台目标主机来执行高级状态，具体是否执行则是由top file来决定的。
若在执行高级状态时加上参数test=True，则它会告诉我们它将会做什么，但是它不会真的去执行这个操作。
//停掉minon上的httpd服务
[root@minion ~]# systemctl stop httpd
[root@minion ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since 三 2019-02-20 14:58:04 CST; 22s ago
Docs: man:httpd(8)
man:apachectl(8)
Process: 12401 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 11138 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/httpd $OPTIONS -DFOREGROUND (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 11138 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic: 0 B/sec"
2月 20 14:39:40 minion systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
2月 20 14:39:41 minion httpd[11138]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully ...ssage
2月 20 14:39:41 minion systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
2月 20 14:58:03 minion systemd[1]: Stopping The Apache HTTP Server...
2月 20 14:58:04 minion systemd[1]: Stopped The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
//在master上执行高级状态的测试
[root@master ~]# salt '192.168.69.202' state.highstate test=True
192.168.69.202:
----------
ID: apache-install
Function: pkg.installed
Name: httpd
Result: True
Comment: All specified packages are already installed
Started: 14:58:50.450451
Duration: 1055.942 ms
Changes:
----------
ID: apache-service
Function: service.running
Name: httpd
Result: None
Comment: Service httpd is set to start //将会启动httpd
Started: 14:58:51.508031
Duration: 57.505 ms
Changes:
Summary for 192.168.69.202
------------
Succeeded: 2 (unchanged=1)
Failed: 0
------------
Total states run: 2
Total run time: 1.113 s
//在minion上查看httpd是否启动
[root@minion ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since 三 2019-02-20 14:58:04 CST; 2min 27s ago
Docs: man:httpd(8)
man:apachectl(8)
Process: 12401 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 11138 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/httpd $OPTIONS -DFOREGROUND (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 11138 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic: 0 B/sec"
2月 20 14:39:40 minion systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
2月 20 14:39:41 minion httpd[11138]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully ...ssage
2月 20 14:39:41 minion systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
2月 20 14:58:03 minion systemd[1]: Stopping The Apache HTTP Server...
2月 20 14:58:04 minion systemd[1]: Stopped The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.//由此可见高级状态并没有执行，因为httpd并没有启动