JDK7中TransferQueue的使用以及TransferQueue与SynchronousQueue的差别
JDK7对JDK5中的J.U.C并发工具进行了增强，其中之一就是新增了TransferQueue。java并发相关的JSR规范，可以查看Doug Lea维护的blog。现在简单介绍下这个类的使用方式。
public interface TransferQueue extends BlockingQueue
{
/**
* Transfers the element to a waiting consumer immediately, if possible.
*
* More precisely, transfers the specified element immediately
* if there exists a consumer already waiting to receive it (in
* {@link #take} or timed {@link #poll(long,TimeUnit) poll}),
* otherwise returning {@code false} without enqueuing the element.
*
* @param e the element to transfer
* @return {@code true} if the element was transferred, else
* {@code false}
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
* prevents it from being added to this queue
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
* element prevents it from being added to this queue
*/
boolean tryTransfer(E e);
/**
* Transfers the element to a consumer, waiting if necessary to do so.
*
*
More precisely, transfers the specified element immediately
* if there exists a consumer already waiting to receive it (in
* {@link #take} or timed {@link #poll(long,TimeUnit) poll}),
* else waits until the element is received by a consumer.
*
* @param e the element to transfer
* @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting,
* in which case the element is not left enqueued
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
* prevents it from being added to this queue
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
* element prevents it from being added to this queue
*/
void transfer(E e) throws InterruptedException;
/**
* Transfers the element to a consumer if it is possible to do so
* before the timeout elapses.
*
*
More precisely, transfers the specified element immediately
* if there exists a consumer already waiting to receive it (in
* {@link #take} or timed {@link #poll(long,TimeUnit) poll}),
* else waits until the element is received by a consumer,
* returning {@code false} if the specified wait time elapses
* before the element can be transferred.
*
* @param e the element to transfer
* @param timeout how long to wait before giving up, in units of
* {@code unit}
* @param unit a {@code TimeUnit} determining how to interpret the
* {@code timeout} parameter
* @return {@code true} if successful, or {@code false} if
* the specified waiting time elapses before completion,
* in which case the element is not left enqueued
* @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting,
* in which case the element is not left enqueued
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
* prevents it from being added to this queue
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
* element prevents it from being added to this queue
*/
boolean tryTransfer(E e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException;
/**
* Returns {@code true} if there is at least one consumer waiting
* to receive an element via {@link #take} or
* timed {@link #poll(long,TimeUnit) poll}.
* The return value represents a momentary state of affairs.
*
* @return {@code true} if there is at least one waiting consumer
*/
boolean hasWaitingConsumer();
/**
* Returns an estimate of the number of consumers waiting to
* receive elements via {@link #take} or timed
* {@link #poll(long,TimeUnit) poll}. The return value is an
* approximation of a momentary state of affairs, that may be
* inaccurate if consumers have completed or given up waiting.
* The value may be useful for monitoring and heuristics, but
* not for synchronization control. Implementations of this
* method are likely to be noticeably slower than those for
* {@link #hasWaitingConsumer}.
*
* @return the number of consumers waiting to receive elements
*/
int getWaitingConsumerCount();
}
可以看到TransferQueue同时也是一个阻塞队列，它具备阻塞队列的所有特性，主要介绍下上面5个新增API的作用。
1.transfer(E e)若当前存在一个正在等待获取的消费者线程，即立刻将e移交之；否则将元素e插入到队列尾部，并且当前线程进入阻塞状态，直到有消费者线程取走该元素。
public class TransferQueueDemo {
private static TransferQueue queue = new LinkedTransferQueue();
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
new Productor(1).start();
Thread.sleep(100);
System.out.println("over.size=" + queue.size());
}
static class Productor extends Thread {
private int id;
public Productor(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
String result = "id=" + this.id;
System.out.println("begin to produce." + result);
queue.transfer(result);
System.out.println("success to produce." + result);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
} 2.tryTransfer(E e)若当前存在一个正在等待获取的消费者线程，则该方法会即刻转移e，并返回true;若不存在则返回false，但是并不会将e插入到队列中。这个方法不会阻塞当前线程，要么快速返回true，要么快速返回false。
3.hasWaitingConsumer()和getWaitingConsumerCount()用来判断当前正在等待消费的消费者线程个数。
4.tryTransfer(E e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) 若当前存在一个正在等待获取的消费者线程，会立即传输给它; 否则将元素e插入到队列尾部，并且等待被消费者线程获取消费掉。若在指定的时间内元素e无法被消费者线程获取，则返回false，同时该元素从队列中移除。
public class TransferQueueDemo {
private static TransferQueue queue = new LinkedTransferQueue();
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
new Productor(1).start();
Thread.sleep(100);
System.out.println("over.size=" + queue.size());//1
Thread.sleep(1500);
System.out.println("over.size=" + queue.size());//0
}
static class Productor extends Thread {
private int id;
public Productor(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
String result = "id=" + this.id;
System.out.println("begin to produce." + result);
queue.tryTransfer(result, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
System.out.println("success to produce." + result);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
} 这篇文章中讲了SynchronousQueue的使用方式，可以看到TransferQueue也具有SynchronousQueue的所有功能，但是TransferQueue的功能更强大。这篇文章中提到了这2个API的区别：
TransferQueue is more generic and useful than SynchronousQueue however as it allows you to flexibly decide whether to use normal BlockingQueue
semantics or a guaranteed hand-off. In the case where items are already in the queue, calling transfer will guarantee that all existing queue
items will be processed before the transferred item.
SynchronousQueue implementation uses dual queues (for waiting producers and waiting consumers) and protects both queues with a single lock. The
LinkedTransferQueue implementation uses CAS operations to form a nonblocking implementation and that is at the heart of avoiding serialization
bottlenecks.