含义:理解成一张虚拟的表
视图和表的区别:
使用方式 占用物理空间
视图 完全相同 不占用,仅仅保存的是sql逻辑
表 完全相同 占用
视图的好处:
1、sql语句提高重用性,效率高
2、和表实现了分离,提高了安全性
语法:
CREATE VIEW 视图名
AS
查询语句;
1、查看视图的数据 ★
SELECT * FROM my_v4;
SELECT * FROM my_v1 WHERE last_name='Partners';
2、插入视图的数据
INSERT INTO my_v4(last_name,department_id) VALUES('虚竹',90);
3、修改视图的数据
UPDATE my_v4 SET last_name ='梦姑' WHERE last_name='虚竹';
4、删除视图的数据
DELETE FROM my_v4;
包含以下关键字的sql语句:分组函数、distinct、group by、having、union或者union all
常量视图
Select中包含子查询
join
from一个不能更新的视图
where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表
#方式一:
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW test_v7
AS
SELECT last_name FROM employees
WHERE employee_id>100;
#方式二:
ALTER VIEW test_v7
AS
SELECT employee_id FROM employees;
SELECT * FROM test_v7;
DROP VIEW test_v1,test_v2,test_v3;
DESC test_v7;
SHOW CREATE VIEW test_v7;
一、含义
mysql5.1版本出现的新特性,本身是一个虚拟表,它的数据来自于表,通过执行时动态生成。
好处:
1、简化sql语句
2、提高了sql的重用性
3、保护基表的数据,提高了安全性
二、创建
create view 视图名
as
查询语句;
三、修改
方式一:
create or replace view 视图名
as
查询语句;
方式二:
alter view 视图名
as
查询语句
四、删除
drop view 视图1,视图2,...;
五、查看
desc 视图名;
show create view 视图名;
六、使用
1.插入
insert
2.修改
update
3.删除
delete
4.查看
select
注意:视图一般用于查询的,而不是更新的,所以具备以下特点的视图都不允许更新
①包含分组函数、group by、distinct、having、union、
②join
③常量视图
④where后的子查询用到了from中的表
⑤用到了不可更新的视图
七、视图和表的对比
关键字 是否占用物理空间 使用
视图 view 占用较小,只保存sql逻辑 一般用于查询
表 table 保存实际的数据 增删改查
#视图
/*
含义:虚拟表,和普通表一样使用
mysql5.1版本出现的新特性,是通过表动态生成的数据
比如:舞蹈班和普通班级的对比
创建语法的关键字 是否实际占用物理空间 使用
视图 create view 只是保存了sql逻辑 增删改查,只是一般不能增删改
表 create table 保存了数据 增删改查
应用场景:多个地方用到同样的查询结果,该查询结果使用的sql语句较为复杂,就把查询语句封装在定义视图的语句里面。以后直接使用视图即可。
好处:重用sql语句,简化复杂的sql操作,保护数据,提高安全性(通过视图只提供能暴露出来的字段)
*/
#案例:查询姓张的学生名和专业名
SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m ON s.`majorid`= m.`id`
WHERE s.`stuname` LIKE '张%';
CREATE VIEW v1
AS
SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m ON s.`majorid`= m.`id`;
SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE stuname LIKE '张%';
#一、创建视图
/*
语法:
create view 视图名
as
查询语句;
*/
USE myemployees;
#1.查询姓名中包含a字符的员工名、部门名和工种信息
#①创建
CREATE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id
JOIN jobs j ON j.job_id = e.job_id;
#②使用
SELECT * FROM myv1 WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';
#2.查询各部门的平均工资级别
#①创建视图查看每个部门的平均工资 (也可以from后面加一个表,子查询)
CREATE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
#②使用 (使用时和表一样)
SELECT myv2.`ag`,g.grade_level
FROM myv2
JOIN job_grades g
ON myv2.`ag` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;
#3.查询平均工资最低的部门信息
SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;
#4.查询平均工资最低的部门名和工资
CREATE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;
SELECT d.*,m.ag
FROM myv3 m
JOIN departments d
ON m.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;
####################################以下为自己写的##############################################
#2.查询各部门的平均工资级别
DROP VIEW IF EXISTS vii;
CREATE VIEW vii
AS
SELECT AVG(salary) av,e.department_id
FROM employees e
GROUP BY e.department_id;
SELECT * FROM vii;
SELECT v.*,g.grade_level
FROM vii v
INNER JOIN job_grades g ON v.av BETWEEN g.lowest_sal AND g.highest_sal;
#3.查询平均工资最低的部门信息
SELECT *
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` = (
SELECT department_id
FROM vii
ORDER BY av
LIMIT 1
)
SELECT d.*,a.av
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN (
SELECT AVG(salary) av, e.department_id
FROM employees e
GROUP BY e.`department_id`
ORDER BY av
LIMIT 1
) AS a
ON a.department_id = d.`department_id`;
#二、视图的修改
#方式一:(存在则修改,不存在则创建)
/*
create or replace view 视图名
as
查询语句;
*/
SELECT * FROM myv3
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT AVG(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
#方式二:
/*
语法:
alter view 视图名
as
查询语句;
*/
ALTER VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM employees;
#三、删除视图
/*
语法:drop view 视图名,视图名,...;
*/
DROP VIEW emp_v1,emp_v2,myv3;
#四、查看视图
DESC myv3;
SHOW CREATE VIEW myv3;
###########################练习#################################
# 创建视图,要求查询部门的最高工资高于12000的部门信息
#note: 如果用 from或者 INNER JOIN后加表格方式,一则不能重用sql语句,二不直观
#用创建视图代替这种方法
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myvi
AS
SELECT MAX(e.salary) maxs ,e.department_id
FROM employees e
GROUP BY e.department_id;
SELECT * FROM myvi;
SELECT d.*
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN myvi
ON d.`department_id` = myvi.department_id
WHERE myvi.maxs>12000;
#五、视图的更新(更改视图中的数据,相当于DML中的增删改)
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) "annual salary"
FROM employees;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees;
SELECT * FROM myv1;
SELECT * FROM employees;
#1.插入
INSERT INTO myv1 VALUES('张飞','[email protected]');
#2.修改
UPDATE myv1 SET last_name = '张无忌' WHERE last_name='张飞';
#3.删除
DELETE FROM myv1 WHERE last_name = '张无忌';
#具备以下特点的视图不允许更新
#①包含以下关键字的sql语句:分组函数、distinct、group by、having、union或者union all
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) m,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
SELECT * FROM myv1;
#更新
UPDATE myv1 SET m=9000 WHERE department_id=10;
#②常量视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT 'john' NAME;
SELECT * FROM myv2;
#更新
UPDATE myv2 SET NAME='lucy';
#③Select中包含子查询
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT department_id,(SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees) 最高工资
FROM departments;
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv3;
UPDATE myv3 SET 最高工资=100000;
#④join
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv4
AS
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id;
#能更新不能插入
SELECT * FROM myv4;
UPDATE myv4 SET last_name = '张飞' WHERE last_name='Whalen';
INSERT INTO myv4 VALUES('陈真','xxxx');
#⑤from一个不能更新的视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv5
AS
SELECT * FROM myv3;
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv5;
UPDATE myv5 SET 最高工资=10000 WHERE department_id=60;
#⑥where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv6
AS
SELECT last_name,email,salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(
SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
);
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv6;
UPDATE myv6 SET salary=10000 WHERE last_name = 'k_ing';
#一、创建视图emp_v1,要求查询电话号码以‘011’开头的员工姓名和工资、邮箱
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v1
AS
SELECT last_name,salary,email
FROM employees
WHERE phone_number LIKE '011%';
#二、创建视图emp_v2,要求查询部门的最高工资高于12000的部门信息
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v2
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) mx_dep,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary)>12000;
SELECT d.*,m.mx_dep
FROM departments d
JOIN emp_v2 m
ON m.department_id = d.`department_id`;