Spring Boot JPA @ManyToOne 单向映射

本文介绍 Spring Boot JPA @ManyToOne 的使用方法。


目录

  • 开发环境
  • 基础示例
  • 总结

开发环境

  • JDK 8
  • MySQL 8

基础示例

  1. 创建数据表。
CREATE SCHEMA `test` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin;

USE `test`;

CREATE TABLE `student` (
  `id`        BIGINT     UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主键',
  `number`    CHAR(10)            NOT NULL                COMMENT '学号',
  `name`      VARCHAR(30)         NOT NULL                COMMENT '姓名',
  `class_id`  BIGINT     UNSIGNED NOT NULL                COMMENT '班级',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE INDEX `id_UNIQUE` (`id` ASC) VISIBLE,
  UNIQUE INDEX `number_UNIQUE` (`number` ASC) VISIBLE)
COMMENT = '学生表';

CREATE TABLE `class` (
  `id`     BIGINT      UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主键',
  `name`   VARCHAR(30)          NOT NULL                COMMENT '班级名称',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  UNIQUE INDEX `id_UNIQUE` (`id` ASC) VISIBLE)
COMMENT = '班级表';
  1. 如何创建 Spring Boot JPA 工程请参考:https://www.jianshu.com/p/e2b64d5c6107

  2. 创建 PO(Persistence Object) 对象。

package tutorial.spring.boot.domain;

import javax.persistence.*;

@Entity
@Table(name = "class")
public class ClassPO {

    /**
     * 自增主键
     */
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;

    /**
     * 姓名
     */
    private String name;

    // Getter、Setter 和 toString 方法略
}
package tutorial.spring.boot.domain;

import javax.persistence.*;

@Entity
@Table(name = "student")
public class StudentPO {

    /**
     * 自增主键
     */
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;

    /**
     * 学号
     */
    private String number;

    /**
     * 姓名
     */
    private String name;

    /**
     * 所属班级
     */
    @ManyToOne(cascade = {CascadeType.PERSIST})
    @JoinColumn(name = "class_id")
    private ClassPO theClass;

    // Getter、Setter 和 toString 方法略
}
  1. 创建继承 JpaRepository 的 Repository 接口类。
package tutorial.spring.boot.dao;

import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
import tutorial.spring.boot.domain.ClassPO;

@Repository
public interface ClassRepository extends JpaRepository {
}
package tutorial.spring.boot.dao;

import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
import tutorial.spring.boot.domain.StudentPO;

@Repository
public interface StudentRepository extends JpaRepository {
}
  1. 编写单元测试。
package tutorial.spring.boot.dao;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.RandomStringUtils;
import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.MethodOrderer;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Order;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestMethodOrder;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.dao.InvalidDataAccessApiUsageException;
import tutorial.spring.boot.domain.ClassPO;
import tutorial.spring.boot.domain.StudentPO;

@SpringBootTest
@TestMethodOrder(MethodOrderer.OrderAnnotation.class)
class StudentRepositoryTest {

    @Autowired
    private ClassRepository classRepository;

    @Autowired
    private StudentRepository studentRepository;

    @Test
    @Order(1)
    void testInsert() {
        // class 和 student 表中都没有记录
        Assertions.assertThat(classRepository.count()).isEqualTo(0);
        Assertions.assertThat(studentRepository.count()).isEqualTo(0);
        // 创建 class 和 student 实体对象并将其绑定起来
        ClassPO theClass = new ClassPO();
        theClass.setName(RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(1, 10));
        StudentPO student1 = new StudentPO();
        student1.setNumber(RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(10));
        student1.setName(RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(2, 20));
        student1.setTheClass(theClass);
        // 执行保存 student 实体对象的操作
        studentRepository.save(student1);
        // class 和 student 表中各新增一条记录
        Assertions.assertThat(classRepository.count()).isEqualTo(1);
        Assertions.assertThat(studentRepository.count()).isEqualTo(1);
        // 再次创建一个 student 实体对象
        StudentPO student2 = new StudentPO();
        student2.setNumber(RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(9));
        student2.setName(RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(2, 20));
        student2.setTheClass(classRepository.findAll().get(0));
        // 执行保存操作,因为使用 CascadeType.PERSIST 级联类型,因此级联保存会抛异常
        Assertions.assertThatThrownBy(() -> studentRepository.save(student2))
                .isInstanceOf(InvalidDataAccessApiUsageException.class);
    }

    @Test
    @Order(2)
    void testUpdate() {
        // 依赖于之前的单元测试,此时 class 和 student 表中应各有一条记录
        Assertions.assertThat(classRepository.count()).isEqualTo(1);
        Assertions.assertThat(studentRepository.count()).isEqualTo(1);
        ClassPO theClass = classRepository.findAll().get(0);
        StudentPO student = studentRepository.findAll().get(0);
        Assertions.assertThat(student.getTheClass().getId()).isEqualTo(theClass.getId());
        Assertions.assertThat(student.getTheClass().getName()).isEqualTo(theClass.getName());
        // 修改 student 数据
        student.setNumber(student.getNumber().substring(1));
        student.setName(RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(2, 20));
        // 修改关联的 class 数据
        student.getTheClass().setName(student.getTheClass().getName() + RandomStringUtils.randomAlphabetic(1));
        // 保存修改后的数据
        studentRepository.save(student);
        ClassPO changedClass = classRepository.findAll().get(0);
        StudentPO changedStudent = studentRepository.findAll().get(0);
        // student 数据已改变
        Assertions.assertThat(changedStudent.getNumber()).isEqualTo(student.getNumber());
        Assertions.assertThat(changedStudent.getName()).isEqualTo(student.getName());
        // 因为使用 CascadeType.PERSIST 级联类型,因此关联的 class 数据未改变
        Assertions.assertThat(changedStudent.getTheClass().getName())
                .isEqualTo(changedClass.getName())
                .isEqualTo(theClass.getName())
                .isNotEqualTo(student.getClass().getName());
    }

    @Test
    @Order(3)
    void testDelete() {
        // 依赖于之前的单元测试,此时 class 和 student 表中应各有一条记录
        Assertions.assertThat(classRepository.count()).isEqualTo(1);
        Assertions.assertThat(studentRepository.count()).isEqualTo(1);
        // 执行删除操作
        StudentPO student = studentRepository.findAll().get(0);
        studentRepository.delete(student);
        // 因为使用 CascadeType.PERSIST 级联类型,因此关联的 class 数据未被级联删除
        Assertions.assertThat(studentRepository.count()).isEqualTo(0);
        Assertions.assertThat(classRepository.count()).isEqualTo(1);
    }
}

总结

  • 本示例中只建立了单向映射,即只在 many 方使用了 @ManyToOne 注解,没有在 one 方使用 @OneToMany 注解配合;
  • 本实例中使用了【外键关联】的表结构设计策略,针对一对多和多对一的实体关系而言,还可以使用【表关联】的表结构设计策略;
  • 单向映射 @OneToMany 的写法与本例类似。

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