MySQL读写分离
读写分离应用:
mysql-proxy:Oracle,https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/proxy/
Atlas:Qihoo,https://github.com/Qihoo360/Atlas/blob/master/README_ZH.md
dbproxy:美团,https://github.com/Meituan-Dianping/DBProxy
Cetus:网易乐得,https://github.com/Lede-Inc/cetus
Amoeba:https://sourceforge.net/projects/amoeba/
Cobar:阿里巴巴,Amoeba的升级版
Mycat:基于Cobar, http://www.mycat.io/
ProxySQL:https://proxysql.com/
一主一从
使用Proxysql实现mysql读写分离
具体实验步骤如下:
思路:先配置完成主从复制,在读写分离节点配置Proxysql
实验环境:
读写分离节点:192.168.32.203
master主机:192.168.32.200
slave01主机:192.168.32.201
slave02:192.168.32.202
主从复制配置:
主节点配置:
master主机:192.168.32.200配置:
更改mysql配置文件
vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
innodb_file_per_table
skip_name_resolve
server_id=1
log_bin
启动mysql服务
systemctl start mariadb
授权从节点能够访问主节点
MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repluser'@'192.168.32.%' identified by 'centos';
查看主节点日志位置
MariaDB [(none)]> show master status;
+--------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+--------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mariadb-bin.000001 | 402 | | |
+--------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
slave01主机:192.168.32.201配置:
更改配置文件
vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
innodb_file_per_table
skip_name_resolve
server_id=2
relay_log=relay_log
relay_log_index=relay-log.index
指定从节点的主节点位置和日志信息
CHANGE MASTER TO
MASTER_HOST='192.168.32.200',
MASTER_USER='repluser',
MASTER_PASSWORD='centos',
MASTER_PORT=3306,
MASTER_LOG_FILE='mariadb-bin.000001',
MASTER_LOG_POS=402;
启动主从复制并查看主从复制创泰
start slave;
show slave status\G
slave02主机:192.168.32.202配置:
更改配置文件
vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
innodb_file_per_table
skip_name_resolve
server_id=3 #注意server_id必须唯一
relay_log=relay_log
relay_log_index=relay-log.index
指定从节点的主节点位置和日志信息
CHANGE MASTER TO
MASTER_HOST='192.168.32.200',
MASTER_USER='repluser',
MASTER_PASSWORD='centos',
MASTER_PORT=3306,
MASTER_LOG_FILE='mariadb-bin.000001',
MASTER_LOG_POS=402;
启动主从复制并查看主从复制创泰
start slave;
show slave status\G
读写分离节点:192.168.32.203配置:
思路:配置读写分离,主节点只负责写操作,读操作全部调度到从节点上
注意:在配置前一定要在从节点配置文件中添加read-only选项,否则
proxysql节点无法判断该节点充当的角色
从节点192.16.32.201
vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
innodb_file_per_table
skip_name_resolve
server_id=2 #注意server_id必须唯一
relay_log=relay_log
relay_log_index=relay-log.index
read-only #注意读写分离时从节点必须添加该选项
从节点192.16.32.202
vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
innodb_file_per_table
skip_name_resolve
server_id=3 #注意server_id必须唯一
relay_log=relay_log
relay_log_index=relay-log.index
read-only #注意读写分离时从节点必须添加该选项
proxysql的安装:
使用官方提供的yum源直接安装即可
vim /etc/yum.repos.d/proxysql.repo
[proxysql_repo]
name= ProxySQL YUM repository
baseurl=http://repo.proxysql.com/ProxySQL/proxysql-1.4.x/centos/\$releasever
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://repo.proxysql.com/ProxySQL/repo_pub_key
使用yum安装proxysql
yum -y install proxysql
启动服务
service proxysql start
默认监听端口
6032 proxysql的配置端口
6033:ProxySQL对外提供服务的端口
使用mysql客户端连接到ProxySQL的管理接口6032,默认管理员用户和密码都是admin:
mysql -uadmin -padmin -P6032 -h127.0.0.1
MySQL [(none)]> status #查看连接状态信息
--------------
mysql Ver 15.1 Distrib 5.5.60-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64) using readline 5.1
Connection id: 1
Current database: admin
Current user: admin
SSL: Not in use
Current pager: stdout
Using outfile: ''
Using delimiter: ;
Server: MySQL
Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module)
Protocol version: 10
Connection: 127.0.0.1 via TCP/IP
Server characterset: utf8
Db characterset: utf8
Client characterset: utf8
Conn. characterset: utf8
TCP port: 6032
Uptime: 12 min 15 sec
查看数据库信息
MySQL [(none)]> show databases;
+-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| seq | name | file |
+-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| 0 | main | |
| 2 | disk | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db |
| 3 | stats | |
| 4 | monitor | |
| 5 | stats_history | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql_stats.db |
+-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL [(none)]> use main;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
MySQL [main]> show tables;
+--------------------------------------------+
| tables |
+--------------------------------------------+
| global_variables |
| mysql_collations |
| mysql_group_replication_hostgroups |
| mysql_query_rules |
| mysql_query_rules_fast_routing |
| mysql_replication_hostgroups |
| mysql_servers |
| mysql_users |
| proxysql_servers |
| runtime_checksums_values |
| runtime_global_variables |
| runtime_mysql_group_replication_hostgroups |
| runtime_mysql_query_rules |
| runtime_mysql_query_rules_fast_routing |
| runtime_mysql_replication_hostgroups |
| runtime_mysql_servers |
| runtime_mysql_users |
| runtime_proxysql_servers |
| runtime_scheduler |
| scheduler |
+--------------------------------------------+
20 rows in set (0.00 sec)
说明:在main和monitor数据库中的表, runtime_开头的是运行时的配置,不能修改,只能修改非runtime_表,修改后必须执行LOAD (数据库名) TO RUNTIME才能加载到RUNTIME生效,执行save (数据库名) to disk将配置持久化保存到磁盘
为了让proxysql能够调度三台主从节点服务器,需要把三台主从节点的ip地址加入proxysql的mysql_servers表中
MySQL > select * from mysql_servers; #查看表的内容,为空
MySQL > insert into mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port) values(10,'192.168.32.200',3306);
MySQL > insert into mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port) values(10,'192.168.32.201',3306);
MySQL > insert into mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port) values(10,'192.168.32.202',3306); #hostgroup_id是指把服务器进行分组,分为读组和写组便于区分主节点和从节点进行读写调度;如果没有进行分组,则会根据从节点配置文件中的read-only选项来判断主从节点进行读写调度
MySQL [main]> select * from mysql_servers\G #查看表的内容
*************************** 1. row ***************************
hostgroup_id: 10
hostname: 192.168.32.200
port: 3306
status: ONLINE #online说明加入成功
weight: 1
compression: 0
max_connections: 1000
max_replication_lag: 0
use_ssl: 0
max_latency_ms: 0
comment:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
hostgroup_id: 10
hostname: 192.168.32.201
port: 3306
status: ONLINE
weight: 1
compression: 0
max_connections: 1000
max_replication_lag: 0
use_ssl: 0
max_latency_ms: 0
comment:
*************************** 3. row ***************************
hostgroup_id: 10
hostname: 192.168.32.202
port: 3306
status: ONLINE
weight: 1
compression: 0
max_connections: 1000
max_replication_lag: 0
use_ssl: 0
max_latency_ms: 0
comment:
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL > load mysql servers to runtime; #注意表名中不带下划线
MySQL > save mysql servers to disk; #保存到硬盘
添加监控后端节点的用户。ProxySQL通过每个节点的read_only值来自动调整它们是属于读组还是写组
在master节点192.168.32.200上执行:
mysql> grant replication client on *.* to monitor@'192.168.32.%' identified by 'centos'; #由于做了主从复制,因此该账号会自动被复制到从节点上
在ProxySQL节点192.168.32.203上配置监控
MySQL [(none)]> set mysql-monitor_username='monitor'; #如果为监控账号为自定义账号,则需要更改此选项,因为默认监控账号即为monitor,如果监控账号为monitor,则无需修改
MySQL [(none)]> set mysql-monitor_password='centos'; #更改监控账号的密码,该选项来自于main数据库的global_variables表,该表中的该账号的默认密码为monitor,因此要更改该密码为自定义密码
加载到RUNTIME,并保存到disk
MySQL [(none)]> load mysql variables to runtime;
MySQL [(none)]> save mysql variables to disk;
监控模块的指标保存在monitor库的log表中
查看监控连接是否正常的 (对connect指标的监控):(如果connect_error的结果为NULL则表示正常)
MySQL [(none)]> select * from mysql_server_connect_log;
查看监控心跳信息 (对ping指标的监控):
MySQL [(none)]> select * from mysql_server_ping_log;
查看read_only和replication_lag的监控日志
MySQL [(none)]> select * from mysql_server_read_only_log;
MySQL [(none)]> select * from mysql_server_replication_lag_log;
设置分组信息
需要修改的是main库中的mysql_replication_hostgroups表,该表有3个字段:writer_hostgroup,reader_hostgroup,comment, 指定写组的id为10,读组的id为20
MySQL [(none)]> insert into mysql_replication_hostgroups values(10,20,"test");
将mysql_replication_hostgroups表的修改加载到RUNTIME生效
MySQL [(none)]> load mysql servers to runtime;
MySQL [(none)]> save mysql servers to disk;
Monitor模块监控后端的read_only值,按照read_only的值将节点自动移动到读/写组
MySQL [(none)]> select hostgroup_id,hostname,port,status,weight from mysql_servers;
+--------------+----------------+------+--------+--------+
| hostgroup_id | hostname | port | status | weight |
+--------------+----------------+------+--------+--------+
| 10 | 192.168.32.200 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1 |
| 20 | 192.168.32.201 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1 |
| 20 | 192.168.32.202 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1 |
+--------------+----------------+------+--------+--------+
上表中,可以看到已经自动进行分组,从节点201和202为从节点负责读操作,200为主节点负责写操作
配置发送SQL语句的用户
在master主节点上创建访问数据库的用户
grant all on *.* to sqluser@'192.168.32.%' identified by 'centos'; #由于配置了主从复制,在从节点也存在该账户
在ProxySQL读写分离节点192.168.32.203上进行配置,将用户sqluser添加到mysql_users表中,监控该用户,对该用户的访问进行读写调度。default_hostgroup默认组设置为写组10,当读写分离的路由规则不符合时,会访问默认组的数据库,即主节点
insert into mysql_users(username,password,default_hostgroup) values('sqluser','centos',10);
load mysql users to runtime;
save mysql users to disk;
使用sqluser用户测试是否能路由到默认的10写组实现读、写数据
注意:此时要另外打开一个窗口进行数据库连接测试,防止与使用mysql -uadmin -padmin -P6032 -h127.0.0.1命令连接的数据库进行的相关操作混淆
mysql -usqluser -pcentos -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 #测试连接数据库
MySQL [(none)]> select @@server_id; #查看mysql服务器的server_id
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 1 |
+-------------+
注意:此时对数据库做的操作都是在master节点上进行,因此还需要定义调度策略
创建测试数据库和表查看效果
MySQL [(none)]> use testdb;
MySQL [testdb]> create table t(id int);
配置路由调度规则,实现读写分离
在读写分离节点192.168.32.203上配置,注意:此时要在mysql -uadmin -padmin -P6032 -h127.0.0.1命令连接的窗口进行配置
与规则有关的表:mysql_query_rules和mysql_query_rules_fast_routing,后者是前者的扩展表,1.4.7之后支持
插入路由规则:将select语句分离到20的读组,select语句中有一个特殊语句SELECT...FOR UPDATE它会申请写锁,应路由到10的写组
insert into mysql_query_rules
(rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply)VALUES
(1,1,'^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE$',10,1),(2,1,'^SELECT',20,1); #注意:SELECT.*FOR UPDATE虽然以select命令开头,但属于写操作,属于分组10。其他以select开头的命令都属于读(查询)操作,因此属于分组20。
load mysql query rules to runtime;
save mysql query rules to disk;
注意:因ProxySQL根据rule_id顺序进行规则匹配,select ... for update规则的rule_id必须要小于普通的select规则的rule_id
查看路由规则表
MySQL [(none)]> select * from mysql_query_rules\G
测试读操作是否路由给20的读组,server_id为2或3,说明在从节点,也就是读组。
[root@centos7 ~]# mysql -usqluser -pcentos -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e 'select @@server_id'
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 2 |
+-------------+
[root@centos7 ~]# mysql -usqluser -pcentos -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e 'select @@server_id'
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 3 |
+-------------+
测试写操作,以事务方式进行测试,server_id为1,说明在主节点,也就是写组
[root@centos7 ~]# mysql -usqluser -pcentos -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e 'begin;select @@server_id;commit;'
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
| 1 |
+-------------+
mysql -usqluser -pcentos -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e 'insert testdb.t values (1)'
mysql -usqluser -pcentos -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e 'select id from testdb.t'
路由的信息:查询stats库中的stats_mysql_query_digest表
SELECT hostgroup hg,sum_time, count_star, digest_text FROM stats_mysql_query_digest ORDER BY sum_time DESC;