90年代,由于当时流量快速增长
,硬件技术有限
,传统的最长匹配
法成为网络转发的瓶颈
。
快速路由技术成成当时研发热点。就在此时,ATM迅速发展,采用标签转发,解决了路由转发的弊端,但是,由于ATM配置复杂,部署成本高,
很难普及。
后来结合了IP转发的有点和ATM的优点,IETF
确定了MPLS
协议作为标准协议。采用短而定长
的标签转发,同时 MPLS 可以扩展很多网络协议,IPV6 IPX
MPLS 应用
基本原理:
MPLS 转发动作
控制平面
数据平面:
LSP —Transit 中间节点
LER–出接口–Egress
1.当Ingress节点
收到目的地址为4.4.4.2的IP报文,压入标签Z
并转发。
2.Transit节点
收到该标签报文,进行标签交换
,将标签Z换成标签Y。
3.倒数第二跳Transit节点
收到带标签Y的报文。因为Egress
分给它的标签值为3
,所以进行PHP
操作,弹出标签Y并转发报文。从倒数第二跳转发给Egress的报文以IP报文形式传输
。
4.Egress
节点收到该IP报文
,将其转发给目的地4.4.4.2/32。
R1
收到一个目的ip 为4.4.4.2/24的数据包
,首先,查
找它的FIB表
(转发信息表,看前缀和Tunnel id),如果看到Tunnel ID值为0x0
,则进入正常的IP转发
流程;如果Tunnel ID值不为0x0
,则进入MPLS转发流程
。由图可知,tunnel id 为0x11,所以根据Tunnle id继续查找NHLFE表
(下一跳转发信息表,看到出接口、tunnel id、操作动作
{push
、swap
、pop
}、下一跳、出标签),压入出标签Z,发给下一跳1.1.1.2/24,到达R2R2
收到一个带有标签的帧
,并不会查看FIB表(它会看帧,不会查FIB表),此时,直接查找ILM表(入标签映射ILM
(Incoming Label Map)包涵:入标签、入接口、Tunnel ID
),判断tunnel id 是否为 0x0 ,此时看到Tunnel id 不为0
,再次查看NHLFE表
(下一跳转发信息表,看到出接口、tunnel id、操作动作{push、swap、pop}
、下一跳、出标签),将Z标签替换成Y标签
,发给下一跳设备2.2.2.2/24,到达R3R3
收到一个带标签Y的帧
,,此时,直接查找ILM表
(入标签映射ILM(Incoming Label Map)包涵:入标签、入接口、Tunnel ID),判断tunnel id 是否为 0x
0 ,此时看到Tunnel id 不为0,再次查看NHLFE表(下一跳转发信息表,看到出接口、tunnel id、操作动作{push、swap、pop}、下一跳、出标签),操作类型为PHP
(次末跳弹出–R4分发的标签3给R3)看到出标签为3
,所以弹出标签
,发给下一跳3.3.3.2/24,到达R4.R4
看到没有标签,就会根据查找FIB表,对应的tunnel id 是0x0
,直接走路由,发给对应的设备帧模式:打在帧包头和ip报头
label 20bit
exp 3bit 扩展 qos
S 1 bit 栈地位
ethernet:0x0800 ipv4
0x8847
MPLS 单播报文8848
MPLS 多播报文PPP 0x8021 ipv4
0x8281
mpls 单播报文
0x8283
MPLS多播报文
ttl 8bit
信元模式–用于ATM
默认:
IP ttl 减一,并拷贝到label ttl
中间lsp ip TTL 不变,lable TTL 减1
ler label ttl 减1 ,拷贝会IP TTL
第二种:不拷贝,打上255,IP TTL 不变,label ttl 减1 ,出去:去掉标签,ip ttl 不变
总结:ip数据包进入MPLS域的时候,首先查看FIB表,中间路由器转发,查找LFIB 表(标签转发信息表–华为查的是LIM 表–LSP).
静态LSP的建立:
[RouterA] ip route-static 21.1.1.0 24 10.1.1.2
#配置静态动态LSP的建立:
动态LSP的基本建立过程:
标签如何形成?
为FEC分配标签
,通过前缀分配FEC
消息类型 4种 发现,会话 通告 告警
Discovery 发现协议类型
:宣告或者维护网络中的LSP的存在
hello
报文 发现邻居的会话协议类型
建立、维护和终止 LDP 邻居间的LDP 会话
initialization
协商参数keepalive tcp
连接完整性通告
协议类型`:生成、改变和删除FEC的标签映射
Notification
:宣告告警 和错误信息
notification
通知错误信息ldp 邻居发现机制
基本发现机制
发现 hello 5s/次 224.0.0.2,源目的端口号都是 646 UDP
TCP三次连接
目的端口号646 源端口号任意
主动端(TCP 646 )IP 地址大的去发送,回复一个Keepalive 报文确认
扩展发现机制
发现非直连的LSR邻居 单播 —非直连
A:mpls lsr-id 1.1.1.1 #必须手工配置,本地可达的地址
mpls #全局开启mpls功能
mpls ldp
int e0/0 #接口开启mpls
mpls
mpls ldp
display ldp secssion 查看ldp 会话
LDP 的状态机
无连接:传输数据前没有建好的路径,tunnel
有连接:需要tcp 连接
site:
指相互之间具备IP 连通性的一组IP系统,,且该系统IP连通性不需通过ISP实现
–本地有效
特点:
L3 MPLS隧道模型
的有优势和劣势
L3 MPLS 隧道遇到的问题
如何做到同一台PE设备的不同客户CE设备之间的隔离----instance–即为隧道 路由的转发表VRF
如何PE设备与CE设备之间维护路由信息
如何在公网上传递客户私有路由
通告重叠的的客户私有路由?
RD===区分相同地址空间的IPv4前缀(区分重叠的路由信息)
RT====Router Target–BGP的扩展团体属性
如何在公网上转发客户数据?
基本原理----功能组件
undo terminal mo
undo terminal monitor
[R1]dis ip int brief
*down: administratively down
^down: standby
(l): loopback
(s): spoofing
The number of interface that is UP in Physical is 4
The number of interface that is DOWN in Physical is 1
The number of interface that is UP in Protocol is 4
The number of interface that is DOWN in Protocol is 1
Interface IP Address/Mask Physical Protocol
GigabitEthernet0/0/0 10.1.12.1/24 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 192.168.1.254/24 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/2 unassigned down down
LoopBack0 1.1.1.1/32 up up(s)
NULL0 unassigned up up(s)
[R1]
R2、R3、R4、R5、R6 IP配置省略
检查两两设备连通性(ping)
LAN1、LAN2的ospf 配置实例
R1:
[R1]ospf router-id 1.1.1.1
[R1-ospf-1]ar 1
[R1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]netwo 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
[R1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]q
[R1-ospf-1]q
[R1]
[R2]ip -instance wyh #创建实例,2边名称不影响
[R2--instance-wyh]route-distinguisher 100:1 #创建RD值
[R2--instance-wyh-af-ipv4]-target 110:120 #创建RT值
[R2--instance-wyh-af-ipv4]q
[R2--instance-wyh]q
[R2]
[R2]int g0/0/0
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip binding -instance wyh #绑定接口后(实例),之前配的ip将会移除,需要从新配上原iP地址
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.1.12.2 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[R2]
[R2]router id 2.2.2.2
[R2]ospf 1 -instance wyh #不是全局ospf,是v-p-n实例ospf
[R2-ospf-1]ar 1
[R2-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]network 10.1.12.2 0.0.0.0
[R2-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]quit
[R2-ospf-1]q
[R2]
检查LAN1 ospf 的peer,实例路由
[R5]display ospf peer brief
OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 10.1.56.5
Peer Statistic Information
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Area Id Interface Neighbor id State
0.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1 6.6.6.6 Full
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[R5]
[R2]display ip routing-table -instance wyh #查看wyh 实例里的路由
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: wyh
Destinations : 6 Routes : 6
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
1.1.1.1/32 OSPF 10 1 D 10.1.12.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
10.1.12.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 10.1.12.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
10.1.12.2/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
10.1.12.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
192.168.1.0/24 OSPF 10 2 D 10.1.12.1 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
255.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
[R2]
LAN2
LAN 2
R6: 配置IGP路由
[R6]ospf router-id 6.6.6.6
[R6-ospf-1]ar 1
[R6-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
[R6-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]q
[R6-ospf-1]q
[R6]q
R5:创建实例,绑定实例、实例里配置ospf
[R5]ip -instance hbs #创建实例hbs
[R5--instance-hbs]route-distinguisher 100:6 #创建RD值
[R5--instance-hbs-af-ipv4]-target 110:120 #创建RT值
[R5--instance-hbs-af-ipv4]q
[R5--instance-hbs]q
[R5]int g0/0/1
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip binding -instance hbs #绑定接口后(实例),之前配的ip将会移除,需要从新配上原iP地址
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R5]
[R5]router id 5.5.5.5
[R5]ospf 1 -instance hbs #在实例里配置ospf
[R5-ospf-1]ar 1
[R5-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]netw 10.1.56.5 0.0.0.0
[R5-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]q
[R5-ospf-1]q
[R5]
[R5]
[R5]display ip routing-table -instance hbs protocol ospf
#检查hbs实例路由
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
hbs routing table : OSPF
Destinations : 2 Routes : 2
OSPF routing table status :
Destinations : 2 Routes : 2
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
6.6.6.6/32 OSPF 10 1 D 10.1.56.6 GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
172.16.2.0/24 OSPF 10 2 D 10.1.56.6 GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
OSPF routing table status :
Destinations : 0 Routes : 0
[R5]
[R5]display ospf peer #查看ospf 邻居
OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 10.1.56.5
Neighbors
Area 0.0.0.1 interface 10.1.56.5(GigabitEthernet0/0/1)'s neighbors
Router ID: 6.6.6.6 Address: 10.1.56.6
State: Full Mode:Nbr is Slave Priority: 1
DR: 10.1.56.6 BDR: 10.1.56.5 MTU: 0
Dead timer due in 33 sec
Retrans timer interval: 5
Neighbor is up for 00:07:56
Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ]
[R2]ospf 10
[R2-ospf-10]area 0
[R2-ospf-10-area-0.0.0.0]network 10.1.23.2 0.0.0.0
[R2-ospf-10-area-0.0.0.0]netw 2.2.2.2 0.0.0.0
[R2-ospf-10-area-0.0.0.0]q
[R2-ospf-10]q
[R2]
[R4]ospf router-id 4.4.4.4
[R4-ospf-1]ar 0
[R4-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]netw 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
[R4-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]q
[R4-ospf-1]
[R5-ospf-1]ospf 10
[R5-ospf-10]ar 0
[R5-ospf-10-area-0.0.0.0]netw 5.5.5.5 0.0.0.0
[R5-ospf-10-area-0.0.0.0]netw 10.1.45.5 0.0.0.0
[R5-ospf-10-area-0.0.0.0]q
[R5-ospf-10]q
[R5]
[R5]dis ip routing-table protocol ospf
#查看公网路由
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : OSPF
Destinations : 5 Routes : 5
OSPF routing table status :
Destinations : 5 Routes : 5
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
2.2.2.2/32 OSPF 10 3 D 10.1.45.4 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
3.3.3.3/32 OSPF 10 2 D 10.1.45.4 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
4.4.4.4/32 OSPF 10 1 D 10.1.45.4 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
10.1.23.0/24 OSPF 10 3 D 10.1.45.4 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
10.1.34.0/24 OSPF 10 2 D 10.1.45.4 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
OSPF routing table status :
Destinations : 0 Routes : 0
[R2]bgp 100
[R2-bgp]peer 5.5.5.5 as 100
[R2-bgp]peer 5.5.5.5 connect-interface lo 0
[R2-bgp]q
[R2]
[R5]bgp 100
[R5-bgp]peer 2.2.2.2 as 100
[R5-bgp]peer 2.2.2.2 connect-interface LoopBack 0
[R5-bgp]q
[R5]
[R5]dis bgp peer
BGP local router ID : 5.5.5.5
Local AS number : 100
Total number of peers : 1 Peers in established state : 1
Peer V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent OutQ Up/Down State Pre
fRcv
2.2.2.2 4 100 2 2 0 00:00:06 Established
0
[R5]
[R5]ping -a 5.5.5.5 2.2.2.2 # 带源ping 下bgp 邻居
PING 2.2.2.2: 56 data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=253 time=30 ms
Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=253 time=30 ms
Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=253 time=30 ms
Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=253 time=30 ms
Reply from 2.2.2.2: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=253 time=10 ms
--- 2.2.2.2 ping statistics ---
5 packet(s) transmitted
5 packet(s) received
0.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 10/26/30 ms
[R2]bgp 100
[R2-bgp]undo default ipv4-unicast
[R2-bgp]ipv4-family -instance wyh
[R2-bgp-wyh]q
[R2-bgp]ipv4-family v4 unicast
[R2-bgp-af-v4]peer 5.5.5.5 enable
[R2-bgp-af-v4]q
[R2-bgp]q
[R2]
[R5]bgp 100
[R5-bgp]undo default ipv4-unicast
R5-bgp]ipv4-family -instance hbs
[R5-bgp-hbs]q
[R5-bgp]ipv4-family v4 unicast
[R5-bgp-af-v4]peer 2.2.2.2 enable
[R5-bgp-af-v4]q
[R5-bgp]q
[R5]
[R2]mpls lsr-id 2.2.2.2
[R2]mpls
[R2-mpls]mpls ldp
[R2-mpls-ldp]q
[R2]int g0/0/1
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]mpls
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]mpls ldp
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R2]
[R2]dis mpls interface #查看标签分发接口
Interface Status TE Attr LSP Count CRLSP Count Effective MTU
GE0/0/1 Up Dis 6 0 1500
[R2]
[R3]mpls lsr-id 3.3.3.3
[R3]mpls
[R3-mpls]mpls ldp
[R3-mpls-ldp]q
[R3]int g0/0/0
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]mpls
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]mpls ldp
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[R3]int g0/0/1
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]mpls
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]mpls ldp
[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R3]
[R3]display mpls interface #查看标签分发接口
Interface Status TE Attr LSP Count CRLSP Count Effective MTU
GE0/0/0 Up Dis 2 0 1500
GE0/0/1 Up Dis 4 0 1500
[R3]
[R3]display mpls ldp peer #查看mpls ldp 的邻居
LDP Peer Information in Public network
A '*' before a peer means the peer is being deleted.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PeerID TransportAddress DiscoverySource
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.2.2.2:0 2.2.2.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
4.4.4.4:0 4.4.4.4 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL: 2 Peer(s) Found.
[R3]
[R4]mpls lsr-id 4.4.4.4
[R4]mpls
[R4-mpls]mpls ldp
[R4-mpls-ldp]q
[R4]int g0/0/0
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]mpls
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]mpls ldp
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[R4]int g0/0/1
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]mpls
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]mpls ldp
[R4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R]
[R4]display mpls interface #查看标签分发接口
Interface Status TE Attr LSP Count CRLSP Count Effective MTU
GE0/0/0 Up Dis 4 0 1500
GE0/0/1 Up Dis 2 0 1500
[R4]
[R5]mpls lsr-id 5.5.5.5
[R5]mpls
[R5-mpls]mpls ldp
[R5-mpls-ldp]q
[R5]int g0/0/0
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]mpls
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]mpls ldp
[R5-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[R5]
[R5]display mpls interface #查看标签分发接口
Interface Status TE Attr LSP Count CRLSP Count Effective MTU
GE0/0/0 Up Dis 6 0 1500
[R5]
[R2]display bgp v4 all peer
BGP local router ID : 2.2.2.2
Local AS number : 100
Total number of peers : 1 Peers in established state : 1
Peer V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent OutQ Up/Down State Pre
fRcv
5.5.5.5 4 100 45 46 0 00:43:15 Established
0
[R2]
[R5-bgp]display bgp v4 all peer
BGP local router ID : 5.5.5.5
Local AS number : 100
Total number of peers : 1 Peers in established state : 1
Peer V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent OutQ Up/Down State Pre
fRcv
2.2.2.2 4 100 46 46 0 00:44:06 Established
0
[R5-bgp]
[R2]bgp 100
[R2-bgp]ipv4-family -instance wyh
[R2-bgp-wyh]import-route ospf 1
[R2-bgp-wyh]q
[R2-bgp]
[R5-bgp]ipv4-family -instance hbs
[R5-bgp-hbs]import-route ospf 1
[R5-bgp-hbs]q
[R5-bgp]
查看:
[R2-bgp]display bgp v4 all routing-table #查看v4实例的路由
BGP Local router ID is 2.2.2.2
Status codes: * - valid, > - best, d - damped,
h - history, i - internal, s - suppressed, S - Stale
Origin : i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
Total number of routes from all PE: 6
Route Distinguisher: 100:1
Network NextHop MED LocPrf PrefVal Path/Ogn
*> 1.1.1.1/32 0.0.0.0 2 0 ?
*> 10.1.12.0/24 0.0.0.0 0 0 ?
*> 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 3 0 ?
Route Distinguisher: 100:6
Network NextHop MED LocPrf PrefVal Path/Ogn
*>i 6.6.6.6/32 5.5.5.5 2 100 0 ?
*>i 10.1.56.0/24 5.5.5.5 0 100 0 ?
*>i 172.16.2.0/24 5.5.5.5 3 100 0 ?
VPN-Instance wyh, Router ID 2.2.2.2:
Total Number of Routes: 6
Network NextHop MED LocPrf PrefVal Path/Ogn
*> 1.1.1.1/32 0.0.0.0 2 0 ?
*>i 6.6.6.6/32 5.5.5.5 2 100 0 ?
*> 10.1.12.0/24 0.0.0.0 0 0 ?
*>i 10.1.56.0/24 5.5.5.5 0 100 0 ?
*>i 172.16.2.0/24 5.5.5.5 3 100 0 ?
*> 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 3 0 ?
[R2-bgp]
[R5]dis bgp v4 all routing-table #查看v4实例的路由
BGP Local router ID is 5.5.5.5
Status codes: * - valid, > - best, d - damped,
h - history, i - internal, s - suppressed, S - Stale
Origin : i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
Total number of routes from all PE: 6
Route Distinguisher: 100:1
Network NextHop MED LocPrf PrefVal Path/Ogn
*>i 1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2 2 100 0 ?
*>i 10.1.12.0/24 2.2.2.2 0 100 0 ?
*>i 192.168.1.0 2.2.2.2 3 100 0 ?
Route Distinguisher: 100:6
Network NextHop MED LocPrf PrefVal Path/Ogn
*> 6.6.6.6/32 0.0.0.0 2 0 ?
*> 10.1.56.0/24 0.0.0.0 0 0 ?
*> 172.16.2.0/24 0.0.0.0 3 0 ?
VPN-Instance hbs, Router ID 5.5.5.5:
Total Number of Routes: 6
Network NextHop MED LocPrf PrefVal Path/Ogn
*>i 1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2 2 100 0 ?
*> 6.6.6.6/32 0.0.0.0 2 0 ?
*>i 10.1.12.0/24 2.2.2.2 0 100 0 ?
*> 10.1.56.0/24 0.0.0.0 0 0 ?
*> 172.16.2.0/24 0.0.0.0 3 0 ?
*>i 192.168.1.0 2.2.2.2 3 100 0 ?
[R5]
检查CE是否有路由传给PE
[R1]display ip routing-table protocol ospf #发现没有路由进入BGP
[R1]
[R5]ospf 1
[R5-ospf-1]im
[R5-ospf-1]import-route bg
[R5-ospf-1]import-route bgp
[R5-ospf-1]q
[R5]
[R2-bgp]q
[R2]ospf 1
[R2-ospf-1]im
[R2-ospf-1]import-route bgp
[R2-ospf-1]q
[R2]
[R1]display ip routing-table protocol ospf
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : OSPF
Destinations : 3 Routes : 3
OSPF routing table status :
Destinations : 3 Routes : 3
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
6.6.6.6/32 OSPF 10 3 D 10.1.12.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
10.1.56.0/24 O_ASE 150 1 D 10.1.12.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
172.16.2.0/24 OSPF 10 4 D 10.1.12.2 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
OSPF routing table status :
Destinations : 0 Routes : 0
[R1]
这里我发现已经ping 通,进过抓包和查看路由表发现,公网并没有路由。
[R5]dis ip routing-table protocol ospf
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : OSPF
Destinations : 5 Routes : 5
OSPF routing table status :
Destinations : 5 Routes : 5
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
2.2.2.2/32 OSPF 10 3 D 10.1.45.4 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
3.3.3.3/32 OSPF 10 2 D 10.1.45.4 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
4.4.4.4/32 OSPF 10 1 D 10.1.45.4 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
10.1.23.0/24 OSPF 10 3 D 10.1.45.4 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
10.1.34.0/24 OSPF 10 2 D 10.1.45.4 GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
OSPF routing table status :
Destinations : 0 Routes : 0
[R5]