DQL(数据库查询语言)SELECT查询语句整理
目录
- 基本语法
- 指定查询字段
- AS作为别名(重点)
- distinct关键字去重(重点)
- 使用表达式的列
- where语句(重点)
- 模糊查询(重点)
- 连接查询(重点)
- JOIN对比
- 自连接
- 排序和分页(了解)
- 子查询(重点)
DQL:(Data Query Language数据库查询语言)
- 查询数据库数据,是数据库中最为重要的语句,也是使用频率最高的语句
基本语法
select [all|distinct]
{*|table.* |[table.field1[as alias1][,table.field2[as alias2]][,...]]}
from table_name [as table_alias]
[left|right|inner join table_name2] #联合查询
[where ...] #指定结果需满足的条件
[group by ...] #指定结果按照哪几个字段来分组,结果输出为字段的统计个数
[having] #过滤分组的记录必须满足的次要条件
[order by] #指定差U型你记录按一个或多个条件排序
[limit {[offset,]roe_count| row_countoffset offset}];#分页,从哪一个索引开始,每页有几条数据
提示:[]括号代表条件可选,而{}括号代表条件必须要有
###创建一个示例的数据库
代码如下:(复制到SQLYOG中运行就会创建成功了)
/*
SQLyog Ultimate v10.00 Beta1
MySQL - 5.7.19 : Database - school
*********************************************************************
*/
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;
/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=''*/;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/`school` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */;
USE `school`;
/*Table structure for table `grade` */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `grade`;
CREATE TABLE `grade` (
`GradeID` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '年级编号',
`GradeName` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '年级名称',
PRIMARY KEY (`GradeID`)
) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
/*Data for the table `grade` */
INSERT INTO `grade`(`GradeID`,`GradeName`) VALUES (1,'大一'),(2,'大二'),(3,'大三'),(4,'大四'),(5,'预科班');
/*Table structure for table `result` */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `result`;
CREATE TABLE `result` (
`StudentNo` INT(4) NOT NULL COMMENT '学号',
`SubjectNo` INT(4) NOT NULL COMMENT '课程编号',
`ExamDate` DATETIME NOT NULL COMMENT '考试日期',
`StudentResult` INT(4) NOT NULL COMMENT '考试成绩',
KEY `SubjectNo` (`SubjectNo`)
) ENGINE=INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
/*Data for the table `result` */
INSERT INTO `result`(`StudentNo`,`SubjectNo`,`ExamDate`,`StudentResult`) VALUES (1000,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',94),(1000,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',75),(1000,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',76),(1000,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',93),(1000,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',97),(1000,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',87),(1000,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',79),(1000,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',74),(1000,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',69),(1000,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',78),(1000,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',66),(1000,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',82),(1000,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',94),(1000,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',98),(1000,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',70),(1000,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',74),(1001,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',76),(1001,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',93),(1001,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',65),(1001,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',71),(1001,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',98),(1001,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',74),(1001,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',85),(1001,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',69),(1001,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',63),(1001,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',70),(1001,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',62),(1001,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',90),(1001,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',97),(1001,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',89),(1001,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',72),(1001,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',90),(1002,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',61),(1002,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',80),(1002,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',89),(1002,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',88),(1002,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',82),(1002,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',91),(1002,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',63),(1002,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',84),(1002,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',60),(1002,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',71),(1002,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',93),(1002,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',96),(1002,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',83),(1002,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',69),(1002,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',89),(1002,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',83),(1003,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',91),(1003,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',75),(1003,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',65),(1003,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',63),(1003,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',90),(1003,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',96),(1003,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',97),(1003,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',77),(1003,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',62),(1003,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',81),(1003,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',76),(1003,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',61),(1003,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',93),(1003,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',79),(1003,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',78),(1003,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',96),(1004,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',84),(1004,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',79),(1004,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',76),(1004,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',78),(1004,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',81),(1004,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',90),(1004,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',63),(1004,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',89),(1004,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',67),(1004,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',100),(1004,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',94),(1004,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',65),(1004,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',86),(1004,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',77),(1004,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',82),(1004,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',87),(1005,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',82),(1005,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',92),(1005,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',80),(1005,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',92),(1005,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',97),(1005,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',72),(1005,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',84),(1005,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',79),(1005,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',76),(1005,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',87),(1005,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',65),(1005,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',67),(1005,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',63),(1005,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',64),(1005,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',99),(1005,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',97),(1006,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',82),(1006,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',73),(1006,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',79),(1006,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',63),(1006,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',97),(1006,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',83),(1006,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',78),(1006,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',88),(1006,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',89),(1006,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',82),(1006,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',70),(1006,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',69),(1006,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',64),(1006,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',80),(1006,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',90),(1006,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',85),(1007,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',87),(1007,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',63),(1007,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',70),(1007,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',74),(1007,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',79),(1007,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',83),(1007,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',86),(1007,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',76),(1007,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',65),(1007,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',87),(1007,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',69),(1007,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',69),(1007,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',90),(1007,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',84),(1007,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',95),(1007,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',92),(1008,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',96),(1008,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',62),(1008,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',97),(1008,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',84),(1008,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',86),(1008,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',72),(1008,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',67),(1008,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',83),(1008,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',86),(1008,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',60),(1008,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',61),(1008,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',68),(1008,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',99),(1008,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',77),(1008,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',73),(1008,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',78),(1009,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',67),(1009,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',70),(1009,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',75),(1009,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',92),(1009,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',76),(1009,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',90),(1009,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',62),(1009,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',68),(1009,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',70),(1009,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',83),(1009,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',88),(1009,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',65),(1009,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',91),(1009,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',99),(1009,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',65),(1009,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',83),(1010,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',83),(1010,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',87),(1010,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',89),(1010,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',99),(1010,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',91),(1010,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',96),(1010,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',72),(1010,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',72),(1010,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',98),(1010,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',73),(1010,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',68),(1010,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',62),(1010,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',67),(1010,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',69),(1010,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',71),(1010,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',66),(1011,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',62),(1011,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',72),(1011,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',96),(1011,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',64),(1011,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',89),(1011,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',91),(1011,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',95),(1011,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',96),(1011,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',89),(1011,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',73),(1011,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',82),(1011,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',98),(1011,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',66),(1011,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',69),(1011,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',91),(1011,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',69),(1012,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',86),(1012,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',66),(1012,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',97),(1012,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',69),(1012,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',70),(1012,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',74),(1012,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',91),(1012,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',97),(1012,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',84),(1012,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',82),(1012,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',90),(1012,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',91),(1012,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',91),(1012,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',97),(1012,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',85),(1012,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',90),(1013,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',73),(1013,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',69),(1013,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',91),(1013,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',72),(1013,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',76),(1013,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',87),(1013,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',61),(1013,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',77),(1013,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',83),(1013,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',99),(1013,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',91),(1013,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',84),(1013,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',98),(1013,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',74),(1013,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',92),(1013,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',90),(1014,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',64),(1014,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',81),(1014,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',79),(1014,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',74),(1014,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',65),(1014,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',88),(1014,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',86),(1014,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',77),(1014,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',86),(1014,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',85),(1014,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',86),(1014,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',75),(1014,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',89),(1014,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',79),(1014,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',73),(1014,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',68),(1015,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',99),(1015,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',60),(1015,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',60),(1015,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',75),(1015,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',78),(1015,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',78),(1015,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',84),(1015,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',95),(1015,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',93),(1015,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',79),(1015,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',74),(1015,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',65),(1015,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',63),(1015,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',74),(1015,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',67),(1015,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',65),(1016,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',97),(1016,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',90),(1016,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',77),(1016,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',75),(1016,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',75),(1016,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',97),(1016,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',96),(1016,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',92),(1016,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',62),(1016,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',83),(1016,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',98),(1016,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',94),(1016,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',62),(1016,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',97),(1016,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',76),(1016,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',82),(1017,1,'2013-11-11 16:00:00',100),(1017,2,'2012-11-10 10:00:00',88),(1017,3,'2011-12-19 10:00:00',86),(1017,4,'2010-11-18 11:00:00',73),(1017,5,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',96),(1017,6,'2012-09-13 15:00:00',64),(1017,7,'2011-10-16 16:00:00',81),(1017,8,'2010-11-11 16:00:00',66),(1017,9,'2013-11-21 10:00:00',76),(1017,10,'2012-11-11 12:00:00',95),(1017,11,'2011-11-11 14:00:00',73),(1017,12,'2010-11-11 15:00:00',82),(1017,13,'2013-11-11 14:00:00',85),(1017,14,'2012-11-11 15:00:00',68),(1017,15,'2011-12-11 10:00:00',99),(1017,16,'2010-09-11 10:00:00',76);
/*Table structure for table `student` */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `student`;
CREATE TABLE `student` (
`StudentNo` INT(4) NOT NULL COMMENT '学号',
`LoginPwd` VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`StudentName` VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '学生姓名',
`Sex` TINYINT(1) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '性别，取值0或1',
`GradeId` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '年级编号',
`Phone` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '联系电话，允许为空，即可选输入',
`Address` VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL COMMENT '地址，允许为空，即可选输入',
`BornDate` DATETIME DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '出生时间',
`Email` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COMMENT '邮箱账号，允许为空，即可选输入',
`IdentityCard` VARCHAR(18) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '身份证号',
PRIMARY KEY (`StudentNo`),
UNIQUE KEY `IdentityCard` (`IdentityCard`),
KEY `Email` (`Email`)
) ENGINE=MYISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
/*Data for the table `student` */
INSERT INTO `student`(`StudentNo`,`LoginPwd`,`StudentName`,`Sex`,`GradeId`,`Phone`,`Address`,`BornDate`,`Email`,`IdentityCard`) VALUES (1000,'111111','郭靖',1,1,'13500000001','北京海淀区中关村大街1号','1986-12-11 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198612111234'),(1001,'123456','李文才',1,2,'13500000002','河南洛阳','1981-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198112311234'),(1002,'111111','李斯文',1,1,'13500000003','天津市和平区','1986-11-30 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198611301234'),(1003,'123456','武松',1,3,'13500000004','上海卢湾区','1986-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198612314234'),(1004,'123456','张三',1,4,'13500000005','北京市通州','1989-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198612311244'),(1005,'123456','张秋丽 ',2,1,'13500000006','广西桂林市灵川','1986-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198612311214'),(1006,'123456','肖梅',2,4,'13500000007','地址不详','1986-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198612311134'),(1007,'111111','欧阳峻峰',1,1,'13500000008','北京东城区','1986-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198612311133'),(1008,'111111','梅超风',1,1,'13500000009','河南洛阳','1986-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198612311221'),(1009,'123456','刘毅',1,2,'13500000011','安徽','1986-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198612311231'),(1010,'111111','大凡',1,1,'13500000012','河南洛阳','1986-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198612311044'),(1011,'111111','奥丹斯',1,1,'13500000013','北京海淀区中关村大街*号','1984-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198412311234'),(1012,'123456','多伦',2,3,'13500000014','广西南宁中央大街','1986-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198612311334'),(1013,'123456','李梅',2,1,'13500000015','上海卢湾区','1986-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198612311534'),(1014,'123456','张得',2,4,'13500000016','北京海淀区中关村大街*号','1986-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198612311264'),(1015,'123456','李东方',1,4,'13500000017','广西桂林市灵川','1976-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323197612311234'),(1016,'111111','刘奋斗',1,1,'13500000018','上海卢湾区','1986-12-31 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198612311251'),(1017,'123456','可可',2,3,'13500000019','北京长安街1号','1981-09-10 00:00:00','[email protected]','450323198109108311'),(10066,'','Tom',1,1,'13500000000','','0000-00-00 00:00:00','[email protected]','33123123123123123');
/*Table structure for table `subject` */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `subject`;
CREATE TABLE `subject` (
`SubjectNo` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '课程编号',
`SubjectName` VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '课程名称',
`ClassHour` INT(4) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '学时',
`GradeID` INT(4) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '年级编号',
PRIMARY KEY (`SubjectNo`)
) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=18 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
/*Data for the table `subject` */
INSERT INTO `subject`(`SubjectNo`,`SubjectName`,`ClassHour`,`GradeID`) VALUES (1,'高等数学-1',110,1),(2,'高等数学-2',110,2),(3,'高等数学-3',100,3),(4,'高等数学-4',130,4),(5,'C语言-1',110,1),(6,'C语言-2',110,2),(7,'C语言-3',100,3),(8,'C语言-4',130,4),(9,'JAVA第一学年',110,1),(10,'JAVA第二学年',110,2),(11,'JAVA第三学年',100,3),(12,'JAVA第四学年',130,4),(13,'数据库结构-1',110,1),(14,'数据库结构-2',110,2),(15,'数据库结构-3',100,3),(16,'数据库结构-4',130,4),(17,'C#基础',130,1);
/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */;
/*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */;
/*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */;
/*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */;
数据库结果化如下:
指定查询字段
查询表数据时,可以指定查询的指定列
- 查询表中的所有数据列时,用" * " 符号
- 如下:
#查询student中的所有数据
select * from student;
#查询student表中的指定列(学号和姓名)
select studentno,studentname from student;
AS作为别名(重点)
as语句的作用:
- 可以给数据列取一个新的别名
- 可以给表取一个新的别名
- 可把经过计算或者总结的结果用另一个新的名词来代替
别名的意义就是为了方便和简化,as可以省略;
#为数据列取别名(as可以省略)
select studentno as '学号',studnetname as '姓名' from student;
#为表起别名
select studentno as '学号',studnetname as '姓名' from student as S;
#使用as,为查询结果起一个新的名字
#concat()函数拼接新的字符串
select concat('姓名',studentname) as '新名字' from student;
distinct关键字去重(重点)
distinct关键字的作用:
- 去掉select查询返回的记录结果中重复的记录,只返回一条
- 例如返回了多条相同的值,可以通过distinct关键字来过滤
#例如:想通过学号来查看哪些同学参加了考试
select * from result;#查看所有成绩
select student from result;#查看哪些同学参加了考试(一位同学可能参加了多个科目,因此会返回很多个相同学号不同成绩的值)
select distinct studentno from result;#去除掉重复的学号,只显示一个
#distinct去除重复项,(默认为all)
使用表达式的列
数据库中的表达式:一般由文本值,列值,NULL,函数和操作符等组成:
应用场景一般有:
- select语句返回结果列中使用
- select语句中的order by ,having等字句中使用
- 数据库操纵语言(DML)语句中的where条件语句中使用表达式
#select查询中可以使用表达式
select @@auto_increment_incerment;#查询自增步长
select version;#查询版本号;
select 100*3-1 as '计算结果:';表达式
#查询加入表达式
select studentno,studentresult+1 as '提高一分后' from result;
注意:要避免sql返回结果中包含_ , * 和括号等干扰开发语言程序
where语句(重点)
作用
- 用于检索数据表中符合条件的记录
- 搜索条件可由一个或者多个逻辑表达式组成,结果一般为真或假;
- 搜索条件的组成
| 操作符名称 | 语法 | 描述 |
|---|---|---|
| and或&& | a and b 或 a && b | 逻辑与,同时为真结果才为真 |
| or或|| | a or b 或 a|| b | 逻辑或,只要一个为真,则为真 |
| not或! | not a 或 ! a | 逻辑非,若操作数为假,则结果为真 |
#满足条件的查询(where)
select studentno,studentresult from result;
#查询成绩在95-100之间的
select studentno, studentresult from result
where studentresult>=95 and studentresult<=100;
#and也可以写成&&
select studentno, studentresult from result
where studentresult>=95 && studentresult<=100;
#模糊查询
select studentno, studentresult from result
where studentresult between 95 and 100;
#除了成绩100分的同学,查出其他学生
select studentno, studentresult from result
where studentresult!=100;
#使用not
select studentno, studentname from result
where not studentresult=100;
注意:
- 数值数据类型的记录之间才能进行算术运算;
- 相同数据类型的数据之间才能进行比较;
模糊查询(重点)
#模糊查询 between and \ like \ in \ null
#=============================================
# LIKE
#=============================================
#查询姓李的同学的学号及姓名
#like结合使用的通配符 : % (代表0到任意个字符) _ (一个字符)
SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
WHERE studentname LIKE '李%';
#查询姓李的同学,后面只有一个字的
SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
WHERE studentname LIKE '李_';
#查询姓李的同学,后面只有两个字的
SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
WHERE studentname LIKE '李__';
#查询姓名中含有 文 字的
SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
WHERE studentname LIKE '%文%';
#查询姓名中含有特殊字符的需要使用转义符号 '\'
#自定义转义符关键字: ESCAPE ':'
#=============================================
# IN
#=============================================
#查询学号为1000,1001,1002的学生姓名
SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student
WHERE studentno IN (1000,1001,1002);
#查询地址在北京,南京,河南洛阳的学生
SELECT studentno,studentname,address FROM student
WHERE address IN ('北京','南京','河南洛阳');
#=============================================
# NULL 空
#=============================================
#查询出生日期没有填写的同学
#不能直接写=NULL , 这是代表错误的 , 用 is null
SELECT studentname FROM student
WHERE BornDate IS NULL;
#查询出生日期填写的同学
SELECT studentname FROM student
WHERE BornDate IS NOT NULL;
#查询没有写家庭住址的同学(空字符串不等于null)
SELECT studentname FROM student
WHERE Address='' OR Address IS NULL;
连接查询(重点)
JOIN对比
这张图可以很清晰的表述连接查询:
/*
连接查询
如需要多张数据表的数据进行查询,则可通过连接运算符实现多个查询
内连接 inner join
查询两个表中的结果集中的交集
外连接 outer join
左外连接 left join
(以左表作为基准,右边表来一一匹配,匹配不上的,返回左表的记录,右表以NULL填充)
右外连接 right join
(以右表作为基准,左边表来一一匹配,匹配不上的,返回右表的记录,左表以NULL填充)
等值连接和非等值连接
自连接
*/
#需求:查询参加了考试的同学信息(学号,姓名,科目编号,分数)
#思考:由于学号,姓名在student表,编号和分数在result表,因此需要进行连接查询的内连接
#由于student表和result表中都有studentno字段,因此可以作为判断的依据,可以通过别名来进行区分...
select s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,studentresult
from student as s
inner join result as r
on r.studentno=s.studentno;
#解释:on等同于where
# 因为只有考试的同学才有成绩因此右连接(也可实现)
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
FROM student s
RIGHT JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
# 因为并不是所有同学都参加了考试,因此左连接 (查询了所有同学,不考试的也会查出来)
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
FROM student s
LEFT JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
# 等值连接
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
FROM student s , result r
WHERE r.studentno = s.studentno
#根据左连接的特性,可以查出所有缺考的同学(左连接应用场景)
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectno,StudentResult
FROM student s
LEFT JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
WHERE StudentResult IS NULL
#需求:查询参加了考试的同学信息(学号,姓名,科目科目,分数)
#思考:由于学号,姓名在student表,考试编号和分数在result表,考试编号和考试科目在subject表,因此需要进行三个表的连接查询
#由于student表和result表中都有studentno字段,因此可以作为判断的依据,result表和subject表都有科目编号的字段,可以作为判断依据,可以通过别名来进行区分...
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON sub.subjectno = r.subjectno
注意:当连接查询了多个表时,连接一张表查询一张,不能全部连接完,再进行查询,会报错…
自连接
- 数据表与自身进行连接
有点模糊,搞懂了加上来…0_0
排序和分页(了解)
/*============== 排序 ================
语法 : ORDER BY
ORDER BY 语句用于根据指定的列对结果集进行排序。
ASC:升序
DESC:降序
*/
# 查询 数据库结构-1 的所有考试结果(学号 学生姓名 科目名称 成绩)
# 按成绩降序排序,若成绩相同,则按照学号降序排序
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
WHERE subjectname='数据库结构-1'
ORDER BY StudentResult DESC , studentno
/*============== 分页 ================
语法 : SELECT * FROM table LIMIT [offset,] rows | rows OFFSET offset
好处 : (用户体验,网络传输,查询压力)
推导:
第一页 : limit 0,5
第二页 : limit 5,5
第三页 : limit 10,5
......
第N页 : limit (pageNo-1)*pageSzie,pageSzie
[pageNo:页码,pageSize:单页面显示条数]
*/
# 将查询的结果按照索引为0开始,显示5条数据
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
WHERE subjectname='数据库结构-1'
ORDER BY StudentResult DESC , studentno
LIMIT 0,5
#查询 JAVA第一学年 课程成绩前10名并且分数大于80的学生信息(学号,姓名,课程名,分数)
SELECT s.studentno,studentname,subjectname,StudentResult
FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r
ON r.studentno = s.studentno
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON r.subjectno = sub.subjectno
WHERE subjectname='JAVA第一学年'
ORDER BY StudentResult DESC
LIMIT 0,10
子查询(重点)
子查询:
- 子查询就是查询语句中的where条件语句中,有嵌套了另一个查询语句
- 嵌套查询可由多个子查询组成,求解的方式是由里及外;
- 子查询返回的结果一般都是集合,所以建议使用IN关键字;
# 查询 数据库结构-1 的所有考试结果(学号,科目编号,成绩),并且成绩降序排列
#方法一:使用连接查询
SELECT studentno,r.subjectno,StudentResult
FROM result r
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON r.`SubjectNo`=sub.`SubjectNo`
WHERE subjectname = '数据库结构-1'
ORDER BY studentresult DESC;
#方法二:使用子查询(执行顺序:由里及外)
SELECT studentno,subjectno,StudentResult
FROM result
WHERE subjectno=(
SELECT subjectno FROM `subject`
WHERE subjectname = '数据库结构-1'
)
ORDER BY studentresult DESC;
#查询课程为 高等数学-2 且分数不小于80分的学生的学号和姓名
#方法一:使用连接查询
SELECT s.studentno,studentname
FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r
ON s.`StudentNo` = r.`StudentNo`
INNER JOIN `subject` sub
ON sub.`SubjectNo` = r.`SubjectNo`
WHERE subjectname = '高等数学-2' AND StudentResult>=80
#方法二:使用连接查询+子查询
#分数不小于80分的学生的学号和姓名
SELECT r.studentno,studentname FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r ON s.`StudentNo`=r.`StudentNo`
WHERE StudentResult>=80
#在上面SQL基础上,添加需求:课程为 高等数学-2
SELECT r.studentno,studentname FROM student s
INNER JOIN result r ON s.`StudentNo`=r.`StudentNo`
WHERE StudentResult>=80 AND subjectno=(
SELECT subjectno FROM `subject`
WHERE subjectname = '高等数学-2'
)
#方法三:使用子查询
#分步写简单sql语句,然后将其嵌套起来
SELECT studentno,studentname FROM student WHERE studentno IN(
SELECT studentno FROM result WHERE StudentResult>=80 AND subjectno=(
SELECT subjectno FROM `subject` WHERE subjectname = '高等数学-2'
)
)