AJax学习笔记（1）
1、概述
Web 程序最初的目的就是将信息（数据）放到公共的服务器，让所有网络用户都可以通过浏览器访问。
在此之前，我们可以通过以下几种方式让浏览器发出对服务端的请求，获得服务端的数据：
（1）地址栏输入地址，回车，刷新
（2）特定元素的 href 或 src 属性
（3）表单提交
这些方案都是我们无法通过或者很难通过代码的方式进行编程（对服务端发出请求并且接受服务端返回的响应），如果我们可以通过 JavaScript 直接发送网络请求，那么 Web 的可能就会更多，随之能够实现的功能也会更多，至少不再是“ 单机游戏”。
AJAX（Asynchronous JavaScript and XML），最早出现在 2005 年的 Google Suggest，是在浏览器端进行网络编
程（发送请求、接收响应）的技术方案，它使我们可以通过 JavaScript 直接获取服务端最新的内容而不必重新加载
页面。让 Web 更能接近桌面应用的用户体验。
说白了，AJAX 就是浏览器提供的一套 API ，可以通过 JavaScript 调用，从而实现通过代码控制请求与响应。实现
网络编程。
2、快速上手
使用 AJAX 的过程可以类比平常我们访问网页过程
// 1. 创建一个 XMLHttpRequest 类型的对象 —— 相当于打开了一个浏览器
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
// 2. 打开与一个网址之间的连接 —— 相当于在地址栏输入访问地址
xhr.open('GET', './time.php')
// 3. 通过连接发送一次请求 —— 相当于回车或者点击访问发送请求
xhr.send(null)
// 4. 指定 xhr 状态变化事件处理函数 —— 相当于处理网页呈现后的操作
xhr.onreadystatechange = function () {
// 通过 xhr 的 readyState 判断此次请求的响应是否接收完成
if (this.readyState === 4) {
// 通过 xhr 的 responseText 获取到响应的响应体
console.log(this)
}
}2.1. readyState
由于 readystatechange 事件是在 xhr 对象状态变化时触发（不单是在得到响应时），也就意味着这个事件会被
触发多次，所以我们有必要了解每一个状态值代表的含义：
2.1.1. 时间轴
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
console.log(xhr.readyState)
// => 0
// 初始化 请求代理对象
xhr.open('GET', 'time.php')
console.log(xhr.readyState)
// => 1
// open 方法已经调用，建立一个与服务端特定端口的连接
xhr.send()
xhr.addEventListener('readystatechange', function () {
switch (this.readyState) {
case 2:
// => 2
// 已经接受到了响应报文的响应头
// 可以拿到头
// console.log(this.getAllResponseHeaders())
console.log(this.getResponseHeader('server'))
// 但是还没有拿到体
console.log(this.responseText)
break
case 3:
// => 3
// 正在下载响应报文的响应体，有可能响应体为空，也有可能不完整
// 在这里处理响应体不保险（不可靠）
console.log(this.responseText)
break
case 4:
// => 4
// 一切 OK （整个响应报文已经完整下载下来了）
// 这里处理响应体
console.log(this.responseText)
break
}
})通过理解每一个状态值的含义得出一个结论：一般我们都是在 readyState 值为 4 时，执行响应的后续逻辑。
xhr.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (this.readyState === 4) {
// 后续逻辑......
}
}2.2. 遵循 HTTP
本质上 XMLHttpRequest 就是 JavaScript 在 Web 平台中发送 HTTP 请求的手段，所以我们发送出去的请求任然是
HTTP 请求，同样符合 HTTP 约定的格式：
// 设置请求报文的请求行
xhr.open('GET', './time.php')
// 设置请求头
xhr.setRequestHeader('Accept', 'text/plain')
// 设置请求体
xhr.send(null)
xhr.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (this.readyState === 4) {
// 获取响应状态码
console.log(this.status)
// 获取响应状态描述
console.log(this.statusText)
// 获取响应头信息
console.log(this.getResponseHeader('Content‐Type')) // 指定响应头
console.log(this.getAllResponseHeader()) // 全部响应头
// 获取响应体
console.log(this.responseText) // 文本形式
console.log(this.responseXML) // XML 形式，了解即可不用了
}
}参考链接：
https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/API/XMLHttpRequest
https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/API/XMLHttpRequest/Using_XMLHttpRequest
3. 具体用法
3.1. GET 请求
通常在一次 GET 请求过程中，参数传递都是通过 URL 地址中的 ? 参数传递。
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
// GET 请求传递参数通常使用的是问号传参
// 这里可以在请求地址后面加上参数，从而传递数据到服务端
xhr.open('GET', './delete.php?id=1')
// 一般在 GET 请求时无需设置响应体，可以传 null 或者干脆不传
xhr.send(null)
xhr.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (this.readyState === 4) {
console.log(this.responseText)
}
}
// 一般情况下 URL 传递的都是参数性质的数据，而 POST 一般都是业务数据3.2. POST 请求
POST 请求过程中，都是采用请求体承载需要提交的数据。
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
// open 方法的第一个参数的作用就是设置请求的 method
xhr.open('POST', './add.php')
// 设置请求头中的 Content‐Type 为 application/x‐www‐form‐urlencoded
// 标识此次请求的请求体格式为 urlencoded 以便于服务端接收数据
xhr.setRequestHeader('Content‐Type', 'application/x‐www‐form‐urlencoded')
// 需要提交到服务端的数据可以通过 send 方法的参数传递
// 格式：key1=value1&key2=value2
xhr.send('key1=value1&key2=value2')
xhr.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (this.readyState === 4) {
console.log(this.responseText)
}
}3.3. 同步与异步
关于同步与异步的概念在生活中有很多常见的场景，举例说明。
同步：一个人在同一个时刻只能做一件事情，在执行一些耗时的操作（不需要看管）不去做别的事，只是等待
异步：在执行一些耗时的操作（不需要看管）去做别的事，而不是等待
xhr.open() 方法第三个参数要求传入的是一个 bool 值，其作用就是设置此次请求是否采用异步方式执行，默认
为 true ，如果需要同步执行可以通过传递 false 实现：
console.log('before ajax')
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
// 默认第三个参数为 true 意味着采用异步方式执行
xhr.open('GET', './time.php', true)
xhr.send(null)
xhr.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (this.readyState === 4) {
// 这里的代码最后执行
console.log('request done')
}
}
console.log('after ajax')如果采用同步方式执行，则代码会卡死在 xhr.send() 这一步：
console.log('before ajax')
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
// 同步方式
xhr.open('GET', './time.php', false)
// 同步方式 执行需要 先注册事件再调用 send，否则 readystatechange 无法触发
xhr.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (this.readyState === 4) {
// 这里的代码最后执行
console.log('request done')
}
}
xhr.send(null)
console.log('after ajax')演示同步异步差异。
一定在发送请求 send() 之前注册 readystatechange （不管同步或者异步）
为了让这个事件可以更加可靠（一定触发），一定是先注册
了解同步模式即可，切记不要使用同步模式。
至此，我们已经大致了解了 AJAX 的基本 API 。
3.4. 响应数据格式
提问：如果希望服务端返回一个复杂数据，该如何处理？
关心的问题就是服务端发出何种格式的数据，这种格式如何在客户端用 JavaScript 解析。
3.4.1. XML
一种数据描述手段
老掉牙的东西，简单演示一下，不在这里浪费时间，基本现在的项目不用了。
淘汰的原因：数据冗余太多
3.4.2. JSON
也是一种数据描述手段，类似于 JavaScript 字面量方式
服务端采用 JSON 格式返回数据，客户端按照 JSON 格式解析数据。
不管是 JSON 也好，还是 XML，只是在 AJAX 请求过程中用到，并不代表它们之间有必然的联系，它们只是
数据协议罢了
3.5. 处理响应数据渲染
模板引擎：
artTemplate：https://aui.github.io/art-template/
模板引擎实际上就是一个 API，模板引擎有很多种，使用方式大同小异，目的为了可以更容易的将数据渲染到
HTML中。
3.6. 兼容方案
XMLHttpRequest 在老版本浏览器（IE5/6）中有兼容问题，可以通过另外一种方式代替
var xhr = window.XMLHttpRequest ? new XMLHttpRequest() : new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP') 4. 封装
4.1. AJAX 请求封装
函数就可以理解为一个想要做的事情，函数体中约定了这件事情做的过程，直到调用时才开始工作。
将函数作为参数传递就像是将一个事情交给别人，这就是委托的概念。
/**
* 发送一个 AJAX 请求
* @param {String} method 请求方法
* @param {String} url 请求地址
* @param {Object} params 请求参数
* @param {Function} done 请求完成过后需要做的事情（委托/回调）
*/
function ajax (method, url, params, done) {
// 统一转换为大写便于后续判断
method = method.toUpperCase()
// 对象形式的参数转换为 urlencoded 格式
var pairs = []
for (var key in params) {
pairs.push(key + '=' + params[key])
}
var querystring = pairs.join('&')
var xhr = window.XMLHttpRequest ? new XMLHttpRequest() : new
ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP')
xhr.addEventListener('readystatechange', function () {
if (this.readyState !== 4) return
// 尝试通过 JSON 格式解析响应体
try {
done(JSON.parse(this.responseText))
} catch (e) {
done(this.responseText)
}
})
// 如果是 GET 请求就设置 URL 地址 问号参数
if (method === 'GET') {
url += '?' + querystring
}
xhr.open(method, url)
// 如果是 POST 请求就设置请求体
var data = null
if (method === 'POST') {
xhr.setRequestHeader('Content‐Type', 'application/x‐www‐form‐urlencoded')
data = querystring
}
xhr.send(data)
}
ajax('get', './get.php', { id: 123 }, function (data) {
console.log(data)
})
ajax('post', './post.php', { foo: 'posted data' }, function (data) {
console.log(data)
})4.2. jQuery 中的 AJAX
jQuery 中有一套专门针对 AJAX 的封装，功能十分完善，经常使用，需要着重注意。
参考：
http://www.jquery123.com/category/ajax/
http://www.w3school.com.cn/jquery/jquery_ref_ajax.asp
4.2.1. $.ajax
$.ajax({
url: './get.php',
type: 'get',
dataType: 'json',
data: { id: 1 },
beforeSend: function (xhr) {
console.log('before send')
},
success: function (data) {
console.log(data)
},
error: function (err) {
console.log(err)
},
complete: function () {
console.log('request completed')
}
})常用选项参数介绍：
url：请求地址
type：请求方法，默认为 get
dataType：服务端响应数据类型
contentType：请求体内容类型，默认 application/x-www-form-urlencoded
data：需要传递到服务端的数据，如果 GET 则通过 URL 传递，如果 POST 则通过请求体传递
timeout：请求超时时间
beforeSend：请求发起之前触发
success：请求成功之后触发（响应状态码 200）
error：请求失败触发
complete：请求完成触发（不管成功与否）
4.2.2. $.get
GET 请求快捷方法
4.2.3. $.post
POST 请求快捷方法
4.2.4. 全局事件处理
http://www.jquery123.com/category/ajax/global-ajax-event-handlers/
4.2.5. 自学内容（作业）
$(selector).load()
$.getJSON()
$.getScript()简单概括以上方法的作用和基本用法。
5. 跨域
5.1. 相关概念
同源策略是浏览器的一种安全策略，所谓同源是指域名，协议，端口完全相同，只有同源的地址才可以相互通过
AJAX 的方式请求。
同源或者不同源说的是两个地址之间的关系，不同源地址之间请求我们称之为 跨域请求
什么是同源？例如：http://www.example.com/detail.html 与一下地址对比
5.2. 解决方案
现代化的 Web 应用中肯定会有不同源的现象，所以必然要解决这个问题，从而实现跨域请求。
参考：http://rickgray.me/solutions-to-cross-domain-in-browser
5.2.1. JSONP
JSON with Padding，是一种借助于 script 标签发送跨域请求的技巧。
其原理就是在客户端借助 script 标签请求服务端的一个动态网页（php 文件），服务端的这个动态网页返回一
段带有函数调用的 JavaScript 全局函数调用的脚本，将原本需要返回给客户端的数据传递进去。
以后绝大多数情况都是采用 JSONP 的手段完成不同源地址之间的跨域请求
客户端 http://www.zce.me/users-list.html
服务端 http://api.zce.me/users.php?callback=foo 返回的结果
foo(['我', '是', '你', '原', '本', '需', '要', '的', '数', '据'])总结一下：由于 XMLHttpRequest 无法发送不同源地址之间的跨域请求，所以我们必须要另寻他法，script 这种方
案就是我们最终选择的方式，我们把这种方式称之为 JSONP，如果你不了解原理，先记住怎么用，多用一段时间再
来看原理。
问题：
1. JSONP 需要服务端配合，服务端按照客户端的要求返回一段 JavaScript 调用客户端的函数
2. 只能发送 GET 请求
注意：JSONP 用的是 script 标签，更 AJAX 提供的 XMLHttpRequest 没有任何关系！！！
jQuery 中使用 JSONP 就是将 dataType 设置为 jsonp
其他常见的 AJAX 封装 库：Axios
5.2.2. CORS
Cross Origin Resource Share，跨域资源共享
// 允许远端访问
header('Access‐Control‐Allow‐Origin: *');这种方案无需客户端作出任何变化（客户端不用改代码），只是在被请求的服务端响应的时候添加一个 Access-
Control-Allow-Origin 的响应头，表示这个资源是否允许指定域请求。
6. XMLHttpRequest 2.0
暂作了解，无需着重看待
更易用，更强大
6.1. onload / onprogress
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest()
xhr.open('GET', './time.php')
xhr.onload = function () {
// onload readyState === 4
console.log(this.readyState)
}
xhr.onprogress = function () {
// onload readyState === 3
console.log(this.readyState)
}
xhr.send(null)6.2. FormData
以前 AJAX 只能提交字符串，现在可以提交 二进制 的数据。
6.3. 案例
异步上传文件
7、参考链接
http://www.w3school.com.cn/ajax/index.asp
https://aui.github.io/art-template/zh-cn
附注：Ajax案例
01-ajax-basic
AJAX 的快速上手（发送请求）
02-ajax-basic
AJAX 的快速上手（接收响应）
03-ready-state
readyState
04-onload
online
05-ajax-http
遵循HTTP协议
06-form
Document
07-ajax-get
AJAX发送GET请求并传递参数
08-ajax-post
AJAX发送POST请求
用户名
密码
09-ajax-async-vs-sync
Document
10-ajax-sync
同步模式的AJAX
11-ajax-xml
AJAX 请求 XML 格式的数据
12-ajax-table
动态渲染数据到表格中
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
add.php
ext-console
Document
login.php
test.php
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time.php
users.php
id 为 1 的用户信息
$data = array(
array(
'id' => 1,
'name' => '张三',
'age' => 18
),
array(
'id' => 2,
'name' => '李四',
'age' => 20
),
array(
'id' => 3,
'name' => '二傻子',
'age' => 18
),
array(
'id' => 4,
'name' => '三愣子',
'age' => 19
)
);
if (empty($_GET['id'])) {
// 没有 ID 获取全部
// 因为 HTTP 中约定报文的内容就是字符串，而我们需要传递给客户端的信息是一个有结构的数据
// 这种情况下我们一般采用 JSON 作为数据格式
$json = json_encode($data); // => [{"id":1,"name":"张三"},{...}]
echo $json;
} else {
// 传递了 ID 只获取一条
foreach ($data as $item) {
if ($item['id'] != $_GET['id']) continue;
$json = json_encode($item); // => [{"id":1,"name":"张三"},{...}]
echo $json;
}
}
xml.php
石羊
16
男