MySQL8.0 数据库安装实践

1 MySQL的安装方法介绍

        当今的互联网企业中，MySQL数据库大多运行在linux系列操作系统。若应用场景不同、版本不同，MySQL数据库的安装方法也会有区别，下面把常见的几种方法介绍给朋友们

1.1 yum、rpm方式安装

        MySQL官网提供了不同版本的rpm安装包，且针对不同操作系统平台的安装包也会有区别。

1.1.1 rpm包安装MySQL

        rpm包的安装方式相对简单，首先下载安装包

--- rpm包list
 
mysql-community-server-8.0.16-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-common-8.0.16-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-devel-8.0.16-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-libs-8.0.16-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-libs-compat-8.0.16-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-client-8.0.16-2.el7.x86_64.rpm
 
 
--- 查看系统中的rpm包
 
rpm -qa | grep mysql
 
--- 删除系统中的rpm包
 
rpm -e mysql-libs-5.1.73-7.el6.x86_64 --nodeps
 
--- 安装rpm包
 
rpm -ivh mysql-*.rpm --force

1.1.2 yum安装MySQL

        yum方式安装MySQL最便捷，只需执行一条命令'yum install mysql-server -y'即可。

--安装repository-rpm

sudo yum localinstall platform-and-version-specific-package-name.rpm

-- EL6

sudo yum localinstall mysql80-community-release-el6-{version-number}.noarch.rpm

-- EL7

sudo yum localinstall mysql80-community-release-el7-{version-number}.noarch.rpm

-- 核验mysql的repository list，新mysql的repository的安装情况

yum repolist enabled | grep "mysql.*-community.*"

-- 查看mysql的repository list

yum repolist all | grep mysql

-- 禁用repository中5.7版本，启用8.0

sudo yum-config-manager --disable mysql57-community
sudo yum-config-manager --disable mysql80-community

-- 配置repo文件

vi /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql-community.repo

# Enable to use MySQL 8.0
[mysql80-community]
name=MySQL 8.0 Community Server
baseurl=http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-8.0-community/el/7/$basearch/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql

-- 查看repository

yum repolist enabled | grep mysql

-- 安装mysql

sudo yum install mysql-community-server

1.2 cmake编译安装MySQL

        MySQL 5.4.xx及后续版本的特殊性，采用cmake或gmake编译安装。

--- 安装环境依赖包
 
yum install bc binutils compat-libcap1 compat-libstdc++-33 glibc glibc-devel ksh libaio libaio-devel libX11 libXau libXi libXtst libXrender-devel libXrender libgcc libstdc++  libstdc++-devel libxcb make nfs-utils net-tools python python-configshell8 python-rtslib python-six  smartmontools sysstat targetcli libgcc_s.so.1 libc.so.6
 
 
--- 解压软件包
 
tar -zxvf mysql-8.0.17.tar.gz
 
--- 进软件目录
 
cd mysql8.0
 
--- 配置&编译&安装
 
cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/app/mysql8.0 \
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/app/mysql8.0/data \
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/app/mysql8.0/tmp/mysql.sock \
-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \
-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \
-DWITH_EXTRA_CHARSETS=all \
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_FEDERATED_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITHOUT_EXAMPLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_ZLIB=bundled \
-DWITH_SSL=bundled \
-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
-DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 \
-DENABLE_DOWNLOADS=1 \
-DWITH_DEBUG=0
 
make
 
make install
 
ln -s /app/mysql8.0 /app/mysql

注：需安装cmake等编译工具

1.4 二进制免编译安装MySQL

        二进制方式免编译安装的方法和yum安装类似，适合各类MySQL产品，无需复杂编译配置及编译时间的等待，解压软件包后初始化数据库即可完成并启动。

2 安装配置MySQL数据库

2.1 安装Mysql软件 

2.1.1 依赖包和编译软件

        Linux环境情况如下

--- 查看linux版本
 
cat /etc/redhat-release
 
--- 查看内核版本
 
uname -r
 
--- 查看操作系统位数
 
uname -m

2.1.1.1 安装依赖包

        MySQL需要的依赖包，需提前安装

rpm -qa | grep ncurses libaio
 
yum install ncurses-devel libaio-devel -y

2.1.1.2 安装编译软件

        MySQL 5.5 及以上版本采用特殊的编译方法，需要安装编译工具cmake

rpm -qa | grep cmake
 
yum install cmake -y
 
yum install bc binutils compat-libcap1 compat-libstdc++-33 glibc glibc-devel ksh libaio libaio-devel libX11 libXau libXi libXtst libXrender-devel libXrender libgcc libstdc++  libstdc++-devel libxcb make nfs-utils net-tools python python-configshell8 python-rtslib python-six  smartmontools sysstat targetcli libgcc_s.so.1 libc.so.6 gcc gcc-c++

2.1.2 安装MySQL软件

        此次实例采用相对复杂的源代码安装方式

2.1.2.1 创建MySQL账号

useradd -s /sbin/nologin -M mysql
 
id mysql

2.1.2.2 获取MySQL软件包

        MySQL下载地址：https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/community/

        MySQL 源码包：mysql-5.7.24.tar.gz

2.1.2.3 编译&安装MySQL

        配置、编译安装步骤如下：

        1. 下载mysql软件包 

mkdir -p /opt/media
 
cd /opt/media
 
wget -q https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-8.0.17.tar.gz
 
ls -rtlh

        2. 解压、配置mysql

tar -zxvf mysql-8.0.17.tar.gz -C /opt/media
 
cd /opt/media/mysql-8.0.17
 
cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/app/mysql8.0 \
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/app/mysql8.0/data \
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/app/mysql8.0/tmp/mysql.sock \
-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \
-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \
-DWITH_EXTRA_CHARSETS=all \
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_FEDERATED_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITHOUT_EXAMPLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_BOOST=/usr/local/boost \
-DWITH_ZLIB=bundled \
-DWITH_SSL=bundled \
-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
-DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 \
-DENABLE_DOWNLOADS=1 \
-DWITH_DEBUG=0 \
-DFORCE_INSOURCE_BUILD=1

        3. 编译、安装mysql

--- 编译，启用4核并行编译
 
make -j 4
 
make install

        4. 配置安装目录的软连接

ln -s /app/mysql8.0 /app/mysql
 
ls -lrth /app
 
ls /app/mysql

        完成上述步骤，mysql软件安装完成

2.2 创建MySQL数据库配置文件、目录授权

        MySQL 5.5 及以前版本默认提供多个配置文件模板，MySQL 5.6的support-files目录中没有提供模板

--- 查看模板信息
 
ls -rtlh /app/mysql8.0/support-files/*.cnf
 
ls -rtlh /app/mysql/support-files/*
 
--- 备份配置文件
 
mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/cnf.bak
 
--- 生成新配置文件(5.7版本没有my-default.cnf)
 
cp /app/mysql8.0/support-files/my-default.cnf /etc/my.cnf
 
--- 配置my.cnf
 
vi /etc/my.cnf
 
[mysqld]
 
basedir=/app/mysql8.0
datadir=/app/mysql8.0/data
socket=/app/mysql8.0/tmp/mysql.sock
port=3306
plugin_dir=/app/mysql8.0/lib/plugin
log-error=/app/mysql8.0/logs/error.log
 
skip-name-resolve
server-id = 10
default-storage-engine = innodb
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 512M
character_set_server = utf8
relay-log-space-limit = 2048M
 
 
max-connections = 320
query_cache_limit = 4M
query_cache_size = 64M
query_cache_type = 1
wait_timeout = 9000
connect_timeout = 20
thread_cache_size = 256
key_buffer_size = 16M
 
join_buffer_size = 2M
max_heap_table_size = 16M
low_priority_updates = 1
max_seeks_for_key = 100
sort_buffer_size = 16M
read_buffer_size = 16M
max_connect_errors = 10
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M
tmp_table_size = 64M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 1M
 
 
 
 
--- 软件目录授权
 
chown -R mysql.mysql /app/mysql

2.3 初始化MySQL数据库文件

2.3.1 初始化

--- MySQL 5.6及以前版本
 
/app/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --basedir=/app/mysql --datadir=/app/mysql/data --user=mysql
 
--- MySQL 5.7版本
 
/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --no-defaults --initialize --basedir=/app/mysql --datadir=/app/mysql/data --user=mysql

--- MySQL 8.0版本

/app/mysql8/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/app/mysql8/my.cnf  --initialize --basedir=/app/mysql8 --datadir=/app/mysql8/data --lower-case-table-names=1 --user=mysql

/app/mysql8/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/app/mysql8/my.cnf --initialize --basedir=/app/mysql8 --datadir=/app/mysql8/data --user=mysql

2.3.2 初始化原理、结果说明

        初始化是创建基础的库文件，例如，生成mysql库表等。初始化后查看数据目录

ls -rlth /app/mysql/data
 
yum install tree -y
 
tree /app/mysql/data

2.3.3 MySQL初始化故障排错

        初始化出现的故障都必须排除，必须出现两个yes字样，否则后面数据库服务可以启动，也会出现登录不了MySQL数据库等各种问题。 

2.4 配置并启动MySQL数据库 

2.4.1 配置启动脚本

--- 复制启动脚本至启动目录
 
cp /app/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
 
chmod 700 /etc/init.d/mysqld
 
ls -l /etc/init.d/mysqld

2.4.2 启动MySQL数据库

--- 启动MySQL数据库方法1
 
/etc/init.d/mysqld start
 
--- 停止MySQL数据库
 
/etc/init.d/mysqld stop
 
--- 启动MySQL数据库方法2
 
/app/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
 
# “&”表示后台运行mysql服务

注：MySQL启动报错：mysqld_safe directory '/app/mysql/tmp' for UNIX socket file don't exists.需创建tmp目录

解决方案

--- 创建tmp目录
 
mkdir -p /app/mysql/tmp
 
chown -R mysql.mysql /app/mysql/tmp

2.4.3 检查mysql端口状态

netstat -lntup | grep mysql

2.4.4 查看mysql启动日志

tail -500f /app/mysql/data/ocean.err

2.4.5 配置MySQL开机自启动

--- 方案一
 
chkconfig --add mysqld
 
chkconfig --list | grep mysqld
 
--- 方案二
 
vi /etc/rc.local
 
/etc/init.d/mysqld start

2.5 MySQL命令添加到全局路径

        之前配置启动和停止mysql都使用的绝对路径‘/app/mysql/bin/mysql’，很繁琐。添加全局路径后可直接敲mysql。下面来看看配置方法

2.5.1 确认mysql路径

ls /app/mysql/bin/mysql

2.5.2 PATH变量中加入mysql路径

--- profile中添加mysql路径
 
echo 'export PATH=/app/mysql/bin:$PATH' >> /etc/profile
 
--- 查看profile配置
 
tail -l /etc/profile
 
--- 生效变更的配置
 
source /etc/profile
 
--- 查看PATH
 
echo $PATH

2.5.3 软连接方式

--- mysql所有命令软连接到全局路径下
 
ln -s /app/mysql/bin/* /usr/local/sbin

2.6 登录mysql，验证服务状态

--- 使用临时密码登录
 
mysql -uroot -p'eFhu7agc5A%W'
 
--- 首次登录后需更改密码才能查询数据
 
ALTER USER USER() IDENTIFIED BY 'root1234';

查看数据库配置

--- 查看当前数据库
 
show databases;
 
--- 查看当前用户
 
select user();
 
--- 退出
 
ctrl + d
 
quit
 
exit

2.7 MySQL 安全配置

2.7.1 root配置密码

        MySQL管理员root密码默认为空，通过mysqladmin配置密码

--- root用户配置密码
 
mysqladmin -u root password 'ocean123'
 
--- 登录验证
 
mysql -uroot -p 
 
键入 ocean123
 
--- 交互模式配置密码
 
mysql_secure_installation

2.7.2 清理mysql无用账户

--- 查看用户信息
 
select user,host from mysql.user;
 
--- 删除无用账户
 
drop user root@'::1';
 
drop user root@'node1';
 
drop user ''@'node1';
 
drop user ''@'localhost';
 
--- 验证用户信息
 
select user,host from mysql.user;
 
--- DML删除无用账户
 
delete from mysql.user where user='' and host='MySQL';
 
flush privileges;

2.7.3 清理无用库

--- 删除无用库
 
drop database test;
 
--- 查看库信息
 
show databases;

 

FAQ

1. 系统最小化安装，很多组件包没有安装

yum install bc binutils compat-libcap1 compat-libstdc++-33 glibc glibc-devel ksh libaio libaio-devel libX11 libXau libXi libXtst libXrender-devel libXrender libgcc libstdc++  libstdc++-devel libxcb make nfs-utils net-tools python python-configshell8 python-rtslib python-six  smartmontools sysstat targetcli libgcc_s.so.1 libc.so.6 gcc gcc-c++

2. 高版本mysql需要boots库的安装才可以正常运行

        cmake的报错信息

CMake Error at cmake/boost.cmake:81 (MESSAGE):
  You can download it with -DDOWNLOAD_BOOST=1 -DWITH_BOOST=
 
  This CMake script will look for boost in .  If it is not there,
  it will download and unpack it (in that directory) for you.
 
  If you are inside a firewall, you may need to use an http proxy:
 
  export http_proxy=http://example.com:80
 
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  cmake/boost.cmake:238 (COULD_NOT_FIND_BOOST)
  CMakeLists.txt:507 (INCLUDE)

        下载boost包，创建目录

mkdir -p /usr/local/boost
 
tar -zxvf boost_1_59_0.tar.gz -C /usr/local/boost
 

       cmake需要添加“-DWITH_BOOST=/usr/local/boost \”

 3. 缺少bison组件包

        cmake报错信息

CMake Warning at cmake/bison.cmake:20 (MESSAGE):
  Bison executable not found in PATH
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  sql/CMakeLists.txt:562 (INCLUDE)
 
 
CMake Warning at cmake/bison.cmake:20 (MESSAGE):
  Bison executable not found in PATH
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  libmysqld/CMakeLists.txt:194 (INCLUDE)

        yum install bison