如果你已经在以太坊上开发过DApp,那你在前端JavaScript中可能用过web3.js。Ethers.js则是一个轻量级的web3.js替代品,在本文中,我们将学习如何使用Ether.js构建一个简单的DApp。
与Web3.js相比,Ethers.js有很多优点,其中我最喜欢的一个特性是Ethers.js提供的状态和密钥管理。Web3的设计场景是DApp应该连接到一个本地节点,由这个节点负责保存密钥、签名交易并与以太坊区块链交互。现实并不是这样的,绝大多数用户不会在本地运行一个geth节点。Metamask在浏览器
应用中有效地模拟了这种节点环境,因此绝大多数web3应用需要使用Metamask来保存密钥、签名交易并完成与以太坊的交互。
Ethers.js采取了不同的设计思路,它提供给开发者更多的灵活性。Ethers.js将“节点”拆分为两个不同的角色:
要快速掌握以太坊区块链应用开发,推荐汇智网的在线互动教程:
- 以太坊DApp开发入门
- 以太坊电商DApp实战
- Web3j以太坊开发详解
- Php以太坊开发详解
- Python以太坊开发详解
- C#以太坊开发详解
- Flutter以太坊开发详解
- ERC721以太坊通证实战
在这个教程中我们将与一个ERC20智能合约交互,你需要在机器里先安装nodejs和npm。
首先创建一个文件夹ethers-template,然后再这个文件夹里再创建另一个contracts文件夹:
~$ mkdir -p ethers-template/contracts
然后进入ethers-template目录初始化npm配置:
~$ cd ethers-template
~/ethers-template$ npm init -y
接下来创建一个config.json文件保存你的项目配置:
{
"private_key": "24C4FE6063E62710EAD956611B71825B778B041B18ED53118CE5DA5F02E494BA",
"network": "kovan",
"ERC20": "0x0DEd9F7D82a24099F09AF7831CaB61B31Df10487",
"name": "Kanchan Coin",
"symbol": "SNK",
"total_supply": "1000000000000000000000000",
"decimals": 18
}
说明如下:
现在可以安装ethers.js:
~/ethers-template$ npm install --save ethers
为了编译合约,我们还需要安装solc和fs-extra:
~/ethers-template$ npm install [email protected] [email protected] --save
在contracts目录下创建文件erc20.sol:
~/ethers-template$ touch contracts/erc20.sol
并按如下内容修改:
pragma solidity ^0.5.0;
contract ERC20 {
using SafeMath for uint256;
event Approval(address indexed tokenOwner, address indexed spender, uint tokens);
event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint tokens);
mapping(address => uint256) balances;
mapping(address => mapping (address => uint256)) allowed;
string public symbol;
uint8 public decimals;
string public name;
uint256 private _totalSupply;
constructor(uint8 _decimals, string memory _symbol, string memory _name, uint256 _total_supply) public{
decimals = _decimals;
symbol = _symbol;
name = _name;
_totalSupply = _total_supply;
balances[msg.sender] = _totalSupply;
}
function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
return _totalSupply;
}
function balanceOf(address tokenOwner) public view returns (uint) {
return balances[tokenOwner];
}
function transfer(address receiver, uint numTokens) public returns (bool) {
require(numTokens <= balances[msg.sender]);
balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(numTokens);
balances[receiver] = balances[receiver].add(numTokens);
emit Transfer(msg.sender, receiver, numTokens);
return true;
}
function approve(address delegate, uint numTokens) public returns (bool) {
allowed[msg.sender][delegate] = numTokens;
emit Approval(msg.sender, delegate, numTokens);
return true;
}
function allowance(address owner, address delegate) public view returns (uint) {
return allowed[owner][delegate];
}
function transferFrom(address owner, address buyer, uint numTokens) public returns (bool) {
require(numTokens <= balances[owner]);
require(numTokens <= allowed[owner][msg.sender]);
balances[owner] = balances[owner].sub(numTokens);
allowed[owner][msg.sender] = allowed[owner][msg.sender].sub(numTokens);
balances[buyer] = balances[buyer].add(numTokens);
emit Transfer(owner, buyer, numTokens);
return true;
}
}
library SafeMath {
function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
assert(b <= a);
return a - b;
}
function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
uint256 c = a + b;
assert(c >= a);
return c;
}
}
下面的代码使用solc编译合约文件,将其保存为compile.js:
const path = require('path');
const fs = require('fs-extra');
const solc = require('solc');
const config = require('./config.json');
const sourceFolderPath = path.resolve(__dirname, 'contracts');
const buildFolderPath = path.resolve(__dirname, 'build');
const getContractSource = contractFileName => {
const contractPath = path.resolve(__dirname, 'contracts', contractFileName);
const source = fs.readFileSync(contractPath, 'utf8');
return source;
};
let sources = {};
fs.readdirSync(sourceFolderPath).forEach(contractFileName => {
sources = {
...sources,
[contractFileName]: {
content: getContractSource(contractFileName)
}
}
});
const input = {
language: 'Solidity',
sources,
settings: {
outputSelection: {
'*': {
'*': [ '*' ]
}
}
}
}
console.log('\nCompiling contracts...');
const output = JSON.parse(solc.compile(JSON.stringify(input)));
console.log('Done');
let shouldBuild = true;
if (output.errors) {
console.error(output.errors);
// throw '\nError in compilation please check the contract\n';
for(error of output.errors) {
if(error.severity === 'error') {
shouldBuild = false;
throw 'Error found';
break;
}
}
}
if(shouldBuild) {
console.log('\nBuilding please wait...');
fs.removeSync(buildFolderPath);
fs.ensureDirSync(buildFolderPath);
for (let contractFile in output.contracts) {
for(let key in output.contracts[contractFile]) {
fs.outputJsonSync(
path.resolve(buildFolderPath, `${key}.json`),
{
abi: output.contracts[contractFile][key]["abi"],
bytecode: output.contracts[contractFile][key]["evm"]["bytecode"]["object"]
},
{
spaces:2,
EOL: "\n"
}
);
}
}
console.log('Build finished successfully!\n');
} else {
console.log('\nBuild failed\n');
}
上面的代码将读入并编译contracts目录中的所有合约文件,然后将编译得到的abi和字节码保存为json文件。
现在我们使用compile.js来编译erc20.sol合约:
~/ethers-template$ node compile.js
编译结束后,我们得到如下的目录结构;
+ethers-template
+compile.js
+contracts
-erc20.sol
+build
-ERC.json
-Context.json
-IERC20.sjon
-SafeMath.json
-package.json
创建文件deploy.js:
~/ethers-template$ touch deploy.js
然后按如下内容修改:
const startTimestamp = Date.now();
const ethers = require('ethers');
const config = require('./config.json');
const fs = require('fs-extra');
const provider = ethers.getDefaultProvider(config["network"]);
const wallet = new ethers.Wallet(config["private_key"], provider);
console.log(`Loaded wallet ${wallet.address}`);
let compiled = require(`./build/${process.argv[2]}.json`);
(async() => {
console.log(`\nDeploying ${process.argv[2]} in ${config["network"]}...`);
let contract = new ethers.ContractFactory(
compiled.abi,
compiled.bytecode,
wallet
);
let instance = await contract.deploy(config["decimals"], config["symbol"], config["name"], config["total_supply"]);
console.log(`deployed at ${instance.address}`)
config[`${process.argv[2]}`] = instance.address
console.log("Waiting for the contract to get mined...")
await instance.deployed()
console.log("Contract deployed")
fs.outputJsonSync(
'config.json',
config,
{
spaces:2,
EOL: "\n"
}
);
})();
注意:
运行deploy.js脚本时,需要在命令行传入要部署的合约名称ERC20:
~/ethers-template$ node deploy.js ERC20
输出结果如下:
Loaded wallet 0xC8e1F3B9a0CdFceF9fFd2343B943989A22517b26
Deploying ERC20 in kovan...
deployed at 0x77Bb3546f5ee356E4026BaA96b7DDf22141bd77B
Waiting for the contract to get mined...
Contract deployed
在与合约交互时需要合约部署地址,上面的代码会自动将合约部署地址保存到config.json文件中。
在这个教程中,我们使用ES6来编写合约交互代码,然后使用webpack和babel将ES6代码转换为ES5代码。
首先安装这些依赖项:
~/ethers-template$ npm i webpack webpack-cli @babel/core \
@babel/plugin-proposal-object-rest-spread \
@babel/preset-env babel-loader \
babel-polyfill -D
创建一个文件app.js:
~/ethers-template$ touch app.js
然后按照如下代码修改:
const ethers = require('ethers');
const config = require('./config.json');
// Import the json file from build to get the abi
const erc_json = require('./build/ERC20.json'); //import the json of the contract which you want to interact
// You can use any standard network name
// - "homestead"
// - "rinkeby"
// - "ropsten"
// - "kovan"
// - "goerli"
const provider = ethers.getDefaultProvider(config['network']);
// Make a wallet instance using private key and provider
const wallet = new ethers.Wallet(config['private_key'] , provider);
const address = config["ERC20"];
const abi = erc_json.abi;
erc20 = new ethers.Contract( address , abi , wallet );
document.getElementById("send").onsubmit = async function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
let address = document.getElementById("address").value;
document.getElementById("status").innerText = "Waiting for transaction to get published...";
let tx = await erc20.functions.transfer(address, "1000000000000000000");
let tx_hash = tx.hash;
let node = document.createElement("LI");
let link = document.createElement("A");
link.target = "_blank";
link.href = `https://${config["network"]}.etherscan.io/tx/` + tx_hash;
let textnode = document.createTextNode(tx_hash);
link.appendChild(textnode);
node.appendChild(link);
document.getElementById("transactions").appendChild(node);
document.getElementById("status").innerText = "Waiting for transaction to be mined...";
await tx.wait();
document.getElementById("status").innerText = "Transaction confirmed";
return false;
};
首先我们需要指定要使用的网络/提供器:
const provider = ethers.getDefaultProvider(config['network']);
为了与合约交互,我们需要2个东西:
在上面app.js中,我们从配置文件引入了合约地址,从合约编译结果目录中引入了合约ABI:
//import the json of the contract which you want to interact
const erc_json = require('./build/ERC20.json');
const config = require('./config.json');
const address = config["ERC20"];
const abi = erc_json.abi;
为了创建合约实例,我们需要先创建一个钱包实例,这样不管什么时候调用setter方法,都需要一个私钥来签名交易。在ethers.js中,你只需要创建钱包,所有的setter方法就会由这个钱包签名。
const wallet = new ethers.Wallet(config['private_key'] , provider);
你也可以使用keystore和助记词来创建一个钱包。如果你希望用这个钱包与智能合约交互,你还需要传入提供器。如果你只是想用私钥签名消息,那么就不需要提供器了。
erc20 = new ethers.Contract( address , abi , wallet );
上面的代码创建了一个合约实例,然后你就可以像这样调用合约函数:
erc20.functions.function_name_in_smart_contract(parameters);
小白备注:在ERC20中定义了一个函数transfer,它的参数是转账地址和代币数量。下面的代码调用了合约的transfer函数,钱包将签名这个交易,然后发布到指定的网络中:
erc20.functions.transfer(address, "1000000000000000000");
注意:无论任何时候你要创建一个交易,钱包里都需要以太币来支付交易手续费。
在package.json中添加如下内容:
"deploy": "node compile.js && node deploy.js ERC20",
"build": "webpack — mode production',
修改后的package.json看起来是这样:
{
"name": "ethers-template",
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "",
"main": "webpack.config.js",
"scripts": {
"deploy": "node compile.js && node deploy.js ERC20",
"build": "webpack --mode production",
"test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
},
"keywords": [],
"author": "",
"license": "ISC",
"dependencies": {
"ethers": "^4.0.37",
"fs-extra": "^8.1.0",
"solc": "^0.5.11"
},
"devDependencies": {
"@babel/core": "^7.6.0",
"@babel/plugin-proposal-object-rest-spread": "^7.5.5",
"@babel/preset-env": "^7.6.0",
"babel-loader": "^8.0.6",
"babel-polyfill": "^6.26.0",
"webpack": "^4.40.2",
"webpack-cli": "^3.3.9",
"webpack-dev-server": "^3.8.1"
}
}
如果你后续修改了智能合约,就需要重新编译和部署。可以用一个命令来完成合约的编译和部署:
~/ethers-template$ npm run deploy
这个命令会自动修改配置文件和合约构件文件。这样在与合约交互时,你就不需要修改合约地址或者ABI接口了。
如果你修改了app.js,也需要重新构建前端代码:
~/ethers-template$ npm run build
这会生成新的发布版本:dist/bundle.js。
创建一个新的文件index.html:
~/ethers-template$ touch index.html
按如下内容修改:
Ethers Template
Ethers Template
Status:
Transactions
现在你的文件夹看起来就是这样了:
其中build文件夹将在运行compile.js之后自动创建,而dist
文件夹是在npm run build
执行后自动创建。
用浏览器访问看起来是这样:
原文链接:Ethers.js简明教程 - 汇智网