ES6学习笔记-OOP面向对象编程

ES5中使用构造函数定义类

ES6之前定义一个类,都是通过定义构造函数实现:

function Rectangle(x,y){
  this.x = x;
  this.y = y;
}
Rectangle.prototype.area = function(){
  return x * y;
}
console.log(new Rectangle(1, 2));
// Rectangle {x: 1, y: 2}

为了和普通函数区分开来,构造函数首字母一般大写。

如果把构造函数当做普通函数调用了,没有new指令分配内存,函数中的this就会指向全局变量:

var r = Rectangle(1, 2);
console.log(r); // undefined
console.log(window.x) // 1
console.log(window.y) // 2

ES6学习笔记-OOP面向对象编程_第1张图片

1. 防止构造函数被当成普通函数调用

有两种方式可以防止构造函数被当成普通函数调用。

  1. 在构造函数中使用严格模式,构造函数第一行加上use strict

    function Rectangle(x,y) {
     'use strict'
     this.x = x;
     this.y = y;
    }
    // 当成普通函数调用时会报错
    Rectangle();
    // TypeError: Cannot set property 'x' of undefined

  2. 在构造函数中判断是否用了new指令,如果发现没有new,则内部创建一个对象返回

    function Rectangle(x,y) {
     if(!this instanceof Rectangle) {
       // this引用的不是Rectangle对象,说明没有使用new指令
       // 手动加上new指令
       return new Rectangle(x,y);
     }
     this.x = x;
     this.y = y;
    }

2. 构造函数中的return

function Rectangle(x,y) {
  this.x = x;
  this.y = y;
  return {};
}
console.log(new Rectangle(1,2)); // {}


function Rectangle(x,y) {
  this.x = x;
  this.y = y;
  return null;
}
console.log(new Rectangle(1,2)); // Rectangle {x: 1, y: 2}

function Rectangle(x,y) {
  this.x = x;
  this.y = y;
  return undefined;
}
console.log(new Rectangle(1,2)); // Rectangle {x: 1, y: 2}

function Rectangle(x,y) {
  this.x = x;
  this.y = y;
  return 10;
}
console.log(new Rectangle(1,2)); // Rectangle {x: 1, y: 2}

function Rectangle(x,y) {
  this.x = x;
  this.y = y;
  return 'Rectangle';
}
console.log(new Rectangle(1,2)); // Rectangle {x: 1, y: 2}

如果构造函数中返回的是对象类型,那么new指令会返回这个对象;如果是基本数据类型、nullundefined则返回new出来的对象。

3. new指令的执行原理

执行new指令,具体可以分为以下几步:

  1. 创建空对象initObj
  2. 将initObj的原型指向构造函数的prototype
  3. 将initObj绑定到构造函数的this变量中
  4. 开始执行构造函数

用代码表示上面的流程:

function _new_( _constructor_, ...params) {
  // 创建一个空对象,继承构造函数的 prototype 属性
  var initObj = Object.create(_constructor_.prototype);
  // 将initObj绑定到构造函数this变量中,传入参数执行构造函数
  var result = _constructor_.apply(initObj, params);
  // 如果返回结果是对象,就直接返回,否则返回 context 对象
  return (typeof result === 'object' && result != null) ? result : initObj;
}
console.log(_new_(Rectangle,1,2)); // Rectangle {x: 1, y: 2}

function _new_( _constructor_, ...params) {
  var initObj = {};
  initObj.__proto__ = _constructor_.prototype;
  var result = _constructor_.apply(initObj, params);
  return (typeof result === 'object' && result != null) ? result : initObj;
}
console.log(_new_(Rectangle,1,2)); // Rectangle {x: 1, y: 2}

测试prototype:

function Rectangle(x,y){
  'use strict'
  this.x = x;
  this.y = y;
}
var r = new Rectangle(1,2);
r.__proto__ == Rectangle.prototype; // true
r.__proto__ == Object.prototype; // false
var obj = new Object();
obj.__proto__ == Object.prototype; // true

ES6中使用class定义类

class Rectangle {
  constructor(height, width) {
    this.height = height;
    this.width = width;
  }
}
console.log(new Rectangle()); // Rectangle {height: 1, width: 2}

1. class定义的类没有变量提升

// class必须先声明在使用
var p = new Rectangle(); // ReferenceError

class Rectangle {}

//
// 构造函数会变量提升
new Rectangle();

function Rectangle() {}

2. 匿名类

// unnamed
var Rectangle = class {
  constructor(height, width) {
    this.height = height;
    this.width = width;
  }
};
console.log(new Rectangle(1,2));
// Rectangle {height: 1, width: 2}

///
// named
var Rectangle = class Rectangle {
  constructor(height, width) {
    this.height = height;
    this.width = width;
  }
};
console.log(new Rectangle(1,2));
// Rectangle {height: 1, width: 2}

3. 一个类不允许有多个构造函数

class Rectangle {
    // constructor
    constructor() {
        this.height = 1;
        this.width = 2;
    }
    // constructor
    constructor(height, width) {
        this.height = height;
        this.width = width;
    }
}
// SyntaxError: A class may only have one constructor

可以使用默认参数的方式提供默认值:

class Rectangle {
    // constructor
    constructor(height=1, width=2) {
        this.height = height;
        this.width = width;
    }
}

4. 类中定义方法

class Rectangle {
    // constructor
    constructor(height, width) {
        this.height = height;
        this.width = width;
    }
    area(){
        return this.width * this.height;
    }
}

5. 定义getter/setter方法

class Rectangle {
    // constructor
  constructor(height, width) {
    this.height = height;
    this.width = width;
  }
  // 语法糖而已
  get area(){
    return this.width * this.height;
  }
}
var r = new Rectangle(1,2);
console.log(r.area);

6. 定义类静态方法

class Point {
  constructor(x, y) {
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
  }

  move(deltaX,deltaY){
    this.x = this.x + deltaX;
    this.y = this.y + deltaY;
  }

  // 静态方法不能使用this访问类实例
  static distance(a, b) {
    const dx = a.x - b.x;
    const dy = a.y - b.y;

    return Math.hypot(dx, dy);
  }
}

const p1 = new Point(5, 5);
const p2 = new Point(10, 10);

console.log(Point.distance(p1, p2)); // 7.0710678118654755

// 相当于
Point.prototype.move = function(deltaX,deltaY){
    this.x = this.x + deltaX;
    this.y = this.y + deltaY;
}
Point.distance = function() {
    const dx = a.x - b.x;
    const dy = a.y - b.y;

    return Math.hypot(dx, dy);
  }

7. 类的继承

和原型链继承本质上是一样的

class Animal {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  speak() {
    console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise.');
  }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
  speak() {
    console.log(this.name + ' barks.');
  }
}

var d = new Dog('Mitzie');
d.speak(); // Mitzie barks.

8. 使用super关键字调用父类方法

class Animal {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  speak() {
    console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise.');
  }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
  speak() {
    super.speak();
    console.log(this.name + ' barks.');
  }
}

var d = new Dog('Mitzie');
d.speak();
// Mitzie makes a noise.
// Mitzie barks.

参考:

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/get

http://javascript.ruanyifeng.com/oop/basic.html

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