[245]python之six用法

six.PY2 返回一个表示当前运行环境是否为python2的boolean值

six.PY3 返回一个表示当前运行环境是否为python3的boolean值

import six,sys

print(six.PY2)    #python2结果为True
print(six.PY3)    #python3结果为True

sys.version_info[0]    #PY2 = 2
sys.version_info[0]    #PY3 = 3
sys.version_info[0:2]  #PY34>= (3, 4)

常量

  • six.class_types

这里主要是针对python中的old-style和new-style, new-style为type, old-style为 types.ClassType。

python2中同时有old-style和new-style,python3中只有new-style。

  • six.integer_types

这里针对python2和python3中各自支持的int类型进行了区分:在python2中,存在 int 和 long 两种整数类型;在python3中,仅存在一种类型int。

  • six.string_types

这里针对python2和python3中各自的string类型进行了区分:在python2中,使用的为basestring;在python3中,使用的为str。

  • six.text_type

这里针对python2和python3中的文本字符进行了区分:在python2中,使用的文本字符的类型为unicode;在python3中使用的文本字符的类型为str。

具体可以参考Python2 与 Python3 的编码对比

  • six.MAXSIZE

list、string、dict以及其他的容器所能支持的最大尺寸。

if PY3:
    string_types = str,
    integer_types = int,
    class_types = type,
    text_type = str
    binary_type = bytes

    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
else:
    string_types = basestring,
    integer_types = (int, long)
    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
    text_type = unicode
    binary_type = str

    if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
    else:
        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
        class X(object):

            def __len__(self):
                return 1 << 31
        try:
            len(X())
        except OverflowError:
            # 32-bit
            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
        else:
            # 64-bit
            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
        del X

对象模型兼容

  • six.get_unbound_function(meth)

针对python2和python3中unbound function的支持不同,在python2中存在unbound function,在python3中不存在unbound function。

if PY3:
    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
        return unbound
else:
    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
        return unbound.im_func

有关的测试代码如下:

>>> class Foo():
...     def bar():
...             print(1)
...     def too(self):
...             print(2)
...
>>>

在python2的环境中:

>>> Foo.bar

>>> Foo().bar
>
>>> Foo.too

>>> Foo().too
>

在python3的环境中:

>>> Foo.bar

>>> Foo().bar
>
>>> Foo.too

>>> Foo().bar
>

使用six.get_unbound_function(meth):

在python2环境中:

>>> import six
>>> six.get_unbound_function(Foo.too)

>>> six.get_unbound_function(Foo.bar)

在python3环境中:

>>> import six
>>> six.get_unbound_function(Foo.too)

>>> six.get_unbound_function(Foo.bar)

  • six.get_method_function(meth)

此方法可以在方法对象之外得到函数。在python2中使用im_func, 在python3中使用__func__

if PY3:
    _meth_func = "__func__"
else:
    _meth_func = "im_func"
get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)

有关的测试代码如下:

>>> class Foo():
...     def bar():
...             print(1)
...     def too(self):
...             print(2)
...
>>>

在python2环境中:

>>> import six
>>> six.get_method_function(Foo().bar)

>>> six.get_method_function(Foo.bar)

>>> six.get_method_function(Foo().too)

>>> six.get_method_function(Foo.too)

在python3环境中:

>>> import six
>>> six.get_method_function(Foo.bar)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute '__func__'
>>> six.get_method_function(Foo().bar)

>>> six.get_method_function(Foo.too)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute '__func__'
>>> six.get_method_function(Foo().too)

  • six.get_method_self(meth)

针对python2以及python3中的不同,返回bound method的self。其中:python2中使用im_self,python3中使用__self__。

if PY3:
    _meth_self = "__self__"
else:
    _meth_self = "im_self"
get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)

有关的测试代码如下:

>>> class Foo():
...     def bar():
...             print(1)
...     def too(self):
...             print(2)
...
>>>

在python2的环境中:

>>> import six
>>> six.get_method_self(Foo.bar)
>>> a = six.get_method_self(Foo.bar)
>>> a
>>> six.get_method_self(Foo().bar)
<__main__.Foo instance at 0x10563da70>
>>> a = six.get_method_self(Foo().bar)
>>> a
<__main__.Foo instance at 0x10563dd88>
>>> six.get_method_self(Foo.too)
>>> a = six.get_method_self(Foo.too)
>>> a
>>> six.get_method_self(Foo().too)
<__main__.Foo instance at 0x10563da28>
>>> a = six.get_method_self(Foo().too)
>>> a
<__main__.Foo instance at 0x10563da70>

在python3的环境中:

>>> import six
>>> six.get_method_self(Foo.bar)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute '__self__'
>>> six.get_method_self(Foo().bar)
<__main__.Foo object at 0x1059bbb00>
>>> six.get_method_self(Foo.too)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute '__self__'
>>> six.get_method_self(Foo().too)
<__main__.Foo object at 0x1059bbb38>
  • six.get_function_closure(func)

针对python2和python3中的不同,返回函数当中的闭包。其中,python2使用func_closure,python3使用 closure

if PY3:
    _func_closure = "__closure__"
else:
    _func_closure = "func_closure"
    
get_function_closure = operator.attrgetter(_func_closure)

关于闭包的理解可以参考:

  1. 浅显理解 Python 闭包
  2. 闭包的概念、形式与应用

有关的测试代码如下:

>>> def foo(n):
...     a = 1
...     def bar(n):
...             return a-n
...     return bar

此处需要注意的是foo函数返回的是bar函数,而不是具体的值。

在python2的环境当中:

>>> foo.__closure__
>>> foo(1)

>>> foo(1).__closure__
(,)
>>> foo(1).func_closure
(,)

在python3的环境当中:

>>> foo.__closure__
>>> foo(1)
.bar at 0x10c46dbf8>
>>> foo(1).__closure__
(,)
>>> foo(1).func_closure
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute 'func_closure'
  • six.get_function_code(func)

针对python2和python3中获取func中的code对象,将使用不同的方式进行获取。在python2中,将使用func_code;在python3中,将使用__code__。

if PY3:
    _func_code = "__code__"
else:
    _func_code = "func_code"
get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)

如果你对其中的code object是什么比较感兴趣,可以参考下面的资料:

  1. Exploring Python Code Objects

有关的测试代码如下:

>>> def boo():
...     return 1

在python2的环境当中:

>>> boo.func_code
", line 1>
>>> boo().func_code
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'func_code'

在python3的环境当中:

>>> boo.__code__
", line 1>
>>> boo().__code__
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute '__code__'

  • six.get_function_defaults(func)

针对python2和python3中的区别,获取func中的默认元组。在python2中,使用func_defaults;在python3中,使用__defaults__

if PY3:
    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
else:
    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)

有关的测试代码如下:

>>> def boo(a=1):
...     return a
...

在python2环境中:

>>> boo.func_defaults
(1,)
>>> boo.__defaults__
(1,)
>>> boo().func_defaults
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'func_defaults'
>>> boo().__defaults__
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute '__defaults__'

在python3环境中:

>>> boo.__defaults__
(1,)
>>> boo.func_defaults
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute 'func_defaults'
>>> boo().__defaults__
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute '__defaults__'
>>> boo().func_defaults
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'func_defaults'

  • six.get_function_globals(func)

获取函数当中的全局变量。在python2中,使用func_globals;在python3中,使用__globals__

if PY3:
    _func_globals = "__globals__"
else:
    _func_globals = "func_globals"
get_function_globals = operator.attrgetter(_func_globals)

有关的测试代码:

>>> def boo(a=1):
...     x = 100
...     b = x - a
...     return b

在python2环境中:

>>> boo.__globals__
{'__builtins__': , '__name__': '__main__', 'boo': , '__doc__': None, '__package__': None}
>>> boo.func_globals
{'__builtins__': , '__name__': '__main__', 'boo': , '__doc__': None, '__package__': None}

在python3环境中:

>>> boo.__globals__
{'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__package__': None, '__loader__': , '__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {}, '__builtins__': , 'boo': }
>>> boo.func_globals
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute 'func_globals'

  • six.next(it) or six.advance_iterator(it)

获取到迭代器的下一个。在python2环境中,使用it.next();在python3环境中,使用next(it)

try:
    advance_iterator = next
except NameError:
    def advance_iterator(it):
        return it.next()
next = advance_iterator

关于迭代器的内容可以参考一下文件:

  1. 迭代器

在python2环境中:

>>> it = iter([1,2,3,4,5])
>>> while True:
...     try:
...             x = it.next()
...     except NameError:
...             print "name error"
...     except StopIteration:
...             print "end"
...             break
...
end

>>> it = iter([1,2,3,4,5])
>>> while True:
...     try:
...             x = next(it)
...     except NameError:
...             print "name error"
...     except StopIteration:
...             print "end"
...             break
...
end

在python3环境中:

>>> it = iter([1,2,3,4,5])
>>> while True:
...     try:
...             x = it.next()
...     except NameError:
...             print("name error")
...     except StopIteration:
...             print("end")
...             break
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 3, in 
AttributeError: 'list_iterator' object has no attribute 'next'

>>> it = iter([1,2,3,4,5])
>>> while True:
...     try:
...             x = next(it)
...     except NameError:
...             print("name error")
...     except StopIteration:
...             print("end")
...             break
...
end

  • six.callable(obj)

该方法用来检验obj是否可以进行调用。

关于python的callable属性,请参考一下文件:

  1. python函数每日一讲 - callable(object)
try:
    callable = callable
except NameError:
    def callable(obj):
        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)

有关的测试代码:

>>> def add(x, y):
...     return x + y
...

在python2环境中:

>>> callable(add)
True

在python 3.1环境中:

>>> callable(add)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
NameError: name 'callable' is not defined

在python3.2之后的环境中:

>>> callable(add)
True

来源:https://www.jianshu.com/p/62a6e3f2d1ca

你可能感兴趣的:(python前行者)