gentoo 升级小记

    我很早就想对gentoo进行升级。因为我的gentoo版本太老了。以至于很多软件都装不上，动不动就跳出一个：
    [blocks B     ] <=x11-base/xorg-x11-6.9 (is blocking x11-drivers/xf86-video-tga-1.1.0, x11-libs/libXdamage-1.1.1, x11-proto/xf86vidmodeproto-2.2.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-fbdev-0.3.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-nsc-2.8.2, x11-proto/xf86driproto-2.0.3, x11-libs/libXrandr-1.2.1, x11-apps/setxkbmap-1.0.2, x11-proto/glproto-1.4.8, x11-libs/libXfont-1.2.7-r1, media-fonts/encodings-1.0.2, x11-proto/bigreqsproto-1.0.2, x11-apps/xauth-1.0.2, x11-libs/libXdmcp-1.0.2, x11-apps/xkbcomp-1.0.3, x11-libs/libXinerama-1.0.2, x11-wm/twm-1.0.3, x11-libs/libXfixes-4.0.3, x11-proto/xcmiscproto-1.1.2, x11-apps/xclock-1.0.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-ark-0.6.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-s3virge-1.9.1, x11-libs/libXmu-1.0.3, x11-proto/xproto-7.0.10, x11-proto/xf86rushproto-1.1.2, x11-libs/libXxf86vm-1.0.1, app-doc/xorg-docs-1.4, x11-base/xorg-server-1.2.0-r3, x11-proto/damageproto-1.1.0, x11-libs/libXScrnSaver-1.1.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-neomagic-1.1.1, x11-apps/mkfontdir-1.0.3, x11-libs/libXp-1.0.0, x11-apps/rgb-1.0.1, x11-proto/recordproto-1.13.2, x11-apps/luit-1.0.2, x11-libs/libXi-1.1.0, x11-proto/xf86dgaproto-2.0.2, x11-apps/xhost-1.0.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-sisusb-0.8.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-vesa-1.3.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-ati-6.6.3, x11-drivers/xf86-video-s3-0.5.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-i810-1.7.4, media-fonts/font-adobe-utopia-type1-1.0.1, x11-proto/printproto-1.0.3, x11-apps/xrdb-1.0.3, x11-proto/xf86miscproto-0.9.2, x11-proto/fontcacheproto-0.1.2, x11-libs/libXpm-3.5.6, x11-libs/libXau-1.0.3, x11-apps/xrandr-1.2.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-tdfx-1.3.0, x11-libs/libxkbfile-1.0.4, x11-proto/resourceproto-1.0.2, x11-proto/kbproto-1.0.3, x11-libs/libXt-1.0.5, x11-proto/renderproto-0.9.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-cirrus-1.1.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-chips-1.1.1, x11-libs/libXvMC-1.0.4, x11-drivers/xf86-video-imstt-1.1.0, x11-libs/libXcursor-1.1.8, x11-apps/mkfontscale-1.0.3, media-fonts/font-cursor-misc-1.0.0, x11-proto/videoproto-2.2.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-v4l-0.1.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-vmware-10.15.0, x11-apps/xinit-1.0.3-r3, x11-apps/xsm-1.0.1, x11-proto/compositeproto-0.3.1, x11-drivers/xf86-input-keyboard-1.1.1, x11-libs/libXxf86misc-1.0.1, x11-libs/libXft-2.1.12, x11-libs/xtrans-1.0.3, x11-drivers/xf86-input-mouse-1.2.1, x11-libs/libXtst-1.0.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-i128-1.2.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-sis-0.9.1-r1, x11-proto/randrproto-1.2.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-dummy-0.2.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-siliconmotion-1.5.1, media-libs/mesa-6.5.2-r1, x11-libs/libXcomposite-0.3.1, x11-drivers/xf86-input-evdev-1.1.5-r1, media-fonts/font-adobe-75dpi-1.0.0, x11-proto/dmxproto-2.2.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-trident-1.2.3, x11-drivers/xf86-video-nv-1.2.2.1, media-fonts/font-misc-misc-1.0.0, x11-libs/libdrm-2.3.0, x11-libs/libXaw-1.0.3, x11-drivers/xf86-video-vga-4.1.0, x11-misc/util-macros-1.1.5, x11-proto/xineramaproto-1.1.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-voodoo-1.1.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-i740-1.1.0, x11-proto/scrnsaverproto-1.1.0, x11-libs/liblbxutil-1.0.1, x11-apps/iceauth-1.0.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-via-0.2.2, x11-proto/evieext-1.0.2, x11-libs/libXrender-0.9.2, x11-proto/fixesproto-4.0, x11-proto/fontsproto-2.0.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-apm-1.1.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-glint-1.1.1, x11-libs/libSM-1.0.2, media-fonts/font-adobe-100dpi-1.0.0, x11-apps/xprop-1.0.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-rendition-4.1.3, x11-apps/xmodmap-1.0.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-savage-2.1.2-r1, x11-proto/xextproto-7.0.2, x11-libs/libXext-1.0.3, media-fonts/font-util-1.0.1, x11-misc/makedepend-1.0.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-cyrix-1.1.0, x11-proto/xf86bigfontproto-1.1.2, x11-proto/trapproto-3.4.3, x11-apps/sessreg-1.0.2, x11-proto/inputproto-1.4.1, media-fonts/font-alias-1.0.1, x11-libs/libdmx-1.0.2, x11-libs/libICE-1.0.3, x11-libs/libXres-1.0.3, x11-libs/libfontenc-1.0.4, x11-apps/xdpyinfo-1.0.2, x11-libs/libXxf86dga-1.0.1, x11-misc/xbitmaps-1.0.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-tseng-1.1.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-mga-1.4.6.1, x11-libs/libXv-1.0.3, media-fonts/font-bh-type1-1.0.0, x11-apps/bdftopcf-1.0.0, x11-libs/libxkbui-1.0.2, x11-libs/libX11-1.1.1-r1)


    然而升级有较大风险，尤其是更新X，更新失败的话连X都没有了。最后还是下定决心，更新一把。
    第一步自然是更新软件包数据库
    emerge --sync
    为了防止网络不好，更新到一半就失败。我先用以下命令预先把源代码包下载下来。
    emerge -fuDv world
    Total: 562 packages (269 upgrades, 1 downgrade, 268 new, 24 in new slots, 13 blocks), Size of downloads: 0 kB
    发现要更新的软件包达500多个，没办法，这就是长期不升级的后果。大概花了整整一天，终于把所有源代码包下载到了/usr/portage/下。
    终于可以升级了。
    emerge -uDv world
    还是不行。提示有很多软件包block了其它软件包（所谓block，简单地理解就是软件包之间的冲突，解决办法是把冲突的软件包卸载掉，然后系统会自动安装新的不冲突的软件包）：
[blocks B     ] >=sys-fs/udev-089 (is blocking sys-apps/coldplug-20040920-r1)
[blocks B     ] app-admin/eselect-esd (is blocking media-sound/esound-0.2.36-r1)
[blocks B     ] sys-libs/libutempter (is blocking sys-apps/utempter-0.5.5.6)
[blocks B     ] virtual/xft (is blocking x11-base/xorg-x11-6.8.2-r6)
[blocks B     ] <=x11-base/xorg-x11-6.9 (is blocking x11-drivers/xf86-video-tga-1.1.0, x11-libs/libXdamage-1.1.1, x11-proto/xf86vidmodeproto-2.2.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-fbdev-0.3.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-nsc-2.8.2, x11-proto/xf86driproto-2.0.3, x11-libs/libXrandr-1.2.1, x11-apps/setxkbmap-1.0.2, x11-proto/glproto-1.4.8, x11-libs/libXfont-1.2.7-r1, media-fonts/encodings-1.0.2, x11-proto/bigreqsproto-1.0.2, x11-apps/xauth-1.0.2, x11-libs/libXdmcp-1.0.2, x11-apps/xkbcomp-1.0.3, x11-libs/libXinerama-1.0.2, x11-wm/twm-1.0.3, x11-libs/libXfixes-4.0.3, x11-proto/xcmiscproto-1.1.2, x11-apps/xclock-1.0.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-ark-0.6.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-s3virge-1.9.1, x11-libs/libXmu-1.0.3, x11-proto/xproto-7.0.10, x11-proto/xf86rushproto-1.1.2, x11-libs/libXxf86vm-1.0.1, app-doc/xorg-docs-1.4, x11-base/xorg-server-1.2.0-r3, x11-proto/damageproto-1.1.0, x11-libs/libXScrnSaver-1.1.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-neomagic-1.1.1, x11-apps/mkfontdir-1.0.3, x11-libs/libXp-1.0.0, x11-apps/rgb-1.0.1, x11-proto/recordproto-1.13.2, x11-apps/luit-1.0.2, x11-libs/libXi-1.1.0, x11-proto/xf86dgaproto-2.0.2, x11-apps/xhost-1.0.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-sisusb-0.8.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-vesa-1.3.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-ati-6.6.3, x11-drivers/xf86-video-s3-0.5.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-i810-1.7.4, media-fonts/font-adobe-utopia-type1-1.0.1, x11-proto/printproto-1.0.3, x11-apps/xrdb-1.0.3, x11-proto/xf86miscproto-0.9.2, x11-proto/fontcacheproto-0.1.2, x11-libs/libXpm-3.5.6, x11-libs/libXau-1.0.3, x11-apps/xrandr-1.2.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-tdfx-1.3.0, x11-libs/libxkbfile-1.0.4, x11-proto/resourceproto-1.0.2, x11-proto/kbproto-1.0.3, x11-libs/libXt-1.0.5, x11-proto/renderproto-0.9.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-cirrus-1.1.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-chips-1.1.1, x11-libs/libXvMC-1.0.4, x11-drivers/xf86-video-imstt-1.1.0, x11-libs/libXcursor-1.1.8, x11-apps/mkfontscale-1.0.3, media-fonts/font-cursor-misc-1.0.0, x11-proto/videoproto-2.2.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-v4l-0.1.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-vmware-10.15.0, x11-apps/xinit-1.0.3-r3, x11-apps/xsm-1.0.1, x11-proto/compositeproto-0.3.1, x11-drivers/xf86-input-keyboard-1.1.1, x11-libs/libXxf86misc-1.0.1, x11-libs/libXft-2.1.12, x11-libs/xtrans-1.0.3, x11-drivers/xf86-input-mouse-1.2.1, x11-libs/libXtst-1.0.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-i128-1.2.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-sis-0.9.1-r1, x11-proto/randrproto-1.2.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-dummy-0.2.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-siliconmotion-1.5.1, media-libs/mesa-6.5.2-r1, x11-libs/libXcomposite-0.3.1, x11-drivers/xf86-input-evdev-1.1.5-r1, media-fonts/font-adobe-75dpi-1.0.0, x11-proto/dmxproto-2.2.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-trident-1.2.3, x11-drivers/xf86-video-nv-1.2.2.1, media-fonts/font-misc-misc-1.0.0, x11-libs/libdrm-2.3.0, x11-libs/libXaw-1.0.3, x11-drivers/xf86-video-vga-4.1.0, x11-misc/util-macros-1.1.5, x11-proto/xineramaproto-1.1.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-voodoo-1.1.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-i740-1.1.0, x11-proto/scrnsaverproto-1.1.0, x11-libs/liblbxutil-1.0.1, x11-apps/iceauth-1.0.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-via-0.2.2, x11-proto/evieext-1.0.2, x11-libs/libXrender-0.9.2, x11-proto/fixesproto-4.0, x11-proto/fontsproto-2.0.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-apm-1.1.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-glint-1.1.1, x11-libs/libSM-1.0.2, media-fonts/font-adobe-100dpi-1.0.0, x11-apps/xprop-1.0.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-rendition-4.1.3, x11-apps/xmodmap-1.0.2, x11-drivers/xf86-video-savage-2.1.2-r1, x11-proto/xextproto-7.0.2, x11-libs/libXext-1.0.3, media-fonts/font-util-1.0.1, x11-misc/makedepend-1.0.0, x11-drivers/xf86-video-cyrix-1.1.0, x11-proto/xf86bigfontproto-1.1.2, x11-proto/trapproto-3.4.3, x11-apps/sessreg-1.0.2, x11-proto/inputproto-1.4.1, media-fonts/font-alias-1.0.1, x11-libs/libdmx-1.0.2, x11-libs/libICE-1.0.3, x11-libs/libXres-1.0.3, x11-libs/libfontenc-1.0.4, x11-apps/xdpyinfo-1.0.2, x11-libs/libXxf86dga-1.0.1, x11-misc/xbitmaps-1.0.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-tseng-1.1.1, x11-drivers/xf86-video-mga-1.4.6.1, x11-libs/libXv-1.0.3, media-fonts/font-bh-type1-1.0.0, x11-apps/bdftopcf-1.0.0, x11-libs/libxkbui-1.0.2, x11-libs/libX11-1.1.1-r1)
[blocks B     ] app-admin/fam (is blocking app-admin/gamin-0.1.8)
[blocks B     ] sys-apps/pam-login (is blocking sys-apps/shadow-4.0.18.1)
[blocks B     ] kde-base/kde-env (is blocking kde-base/kdelibs-3.5.5-r10)
[blocks B     ] sys-apps/coldplug (is blocking sys-fs/udev-104-r12)
[blocks B     ] [blocks B     ] sys-apps/utempter (is blocking sys-libs/libutempter-1.1.5)
[blocks B     ] [blocks B     ] app-admin/gamin (is blocking app-admin/fam-2.7.0-r2, app-admin/fam-2.7.0-r4)
    其中最为可恨的是x11-base/xorg-x11-6.9这个软件包。不过干掉它，会使很多X应用程序运行不了。所以，需要用到的软件，如firefox之类，一定要打开。因为一关闭，在升级成功之前，就再也打不开啦。
    安全起见，先运行：
    emerge --pretend --unmerge xorg-x11
    确认没有重要的包被删除，才真正动手（以前不小心把python删除了，结果连emerge都跑不起来，最后重装了事。）
    运行：
    emerge --unmerge xorg-x11
    删除总是比安装顺利:P
    然后重新安装xorg-x11
    emerge xorg-x11
    出了点问题
>>> Emerging (94 of 143) x11-misc/xkeyboard-config-0.8-r1 to /
 * xkeyboard-config-0.8.tar.bz2 RMD160 ;-) ...                                                                                         [ ok ] * xkeyboard-config-0.8.tar.bz2 SHA1 ;-) ...                                                                                           [ ok ] * xkeyboard-config-0.8.tar.bz2 SHA256 ;-) ...                                                                                         [ ok ] * xkeyboard-config-0.8.tar.bz2 size ;-) ...                                                                                           [ ok ] * checking ebuild checksums ;-) ...                                                                                                   [ ok ] * checking auxfile checksums ;-) ...                                                                                                  [ ok ] * checking miscfile checksums ;-) ...                                                                                                 [ ok ] * checking xkeyboard-config-0.8.tar.bz2 ;-) ...                                                                                       [ ok ] * Directory /usr/lib/X11/xkb should be
 * manually deleted/renamed/relocated before installing!

!!! ERROR: x11-misc/xkeyboard-config-0.8-r1 failed.
Call stack:
  ebuild.sh, line 1631:   Called dyn_setup
  ebuild.sh, line 703:   Called qa_call 'pkg_setup'
  ebuild.sh, line 44:   Called pkg_setup
  xkeyboard-config-0.8-r1.ebuild, line 26:   Called die

!!! Manually remove /usr/lib/X11/xkb
!!! If you need support, post the topmost build error, and the call stack if relevant.
!!! A complete build log is located at '/var/tmp/portage/x11-misc/xkeyboard-config-0.8-r1/temp/build.log'.

    不过这个简单，把/usr/lib/X11/xkb/重命名一下就行了（不要删除，这样不安全）
    之后一切顺利。少了一个最可恨的block包
    其它的包也类似，凡是block的一律unmerge掉。
    有几个包是互相冲突的，如app-admin/fam和app-admin/gamin-0.1.8，有我没你，有你没我。于是统统卸载掉。
    最后，所有的block包都被干掉了，终于可以开始升级了。别急，麻烦还在后头呢。
    emerge -uDv world
    开始时一切顺利，看着满屏的“g++ -I ”之类，我感到莫名的兴奋。
    好景不长   
>>> Merging sys-apps/dbus-1.0.2-r2 to /
 WARN=BAD=HILITE=BRACKET=* Adding group 'messagebus' to your system ...
 WARN=BAD=HILITE=BRACKET=*  - Groupid: next available
/usr/portage/eclass/eutils.eclass: line 708: groupadd: command not found

!!! ERROR: sys-apps/dbus-1.0.2-r2 failed.
Call stack:
  ebuild.sh, line 1631:   Called dyn_preinst
  ebuild.sh, line 1079:   Called pkg_preinst
  dbus-1.0.2-r2.ebuild, line 99:   Called enewgroup 'messagebus'
  eutils.eclass, line 708:   Called die

!!! enewgroup failed
!!! If you need support, post the topmost build error, and the call stack if relevant.
!!! A complete build log is located at '/var/tmp/portage/sys-apps/dbus-1.0.2-r2/temp/build.log'.

!!! FAILED preinst: 1
    没有groupadd命令。
    安装gentoolkit，用equery belongs groupadd,发现我把sys-apps/shadow给删除了。
    原来我在开始时unmerge得太兴奋，把sys-apps/shadow也删除了。


    之后有些包是和内核相关的，所以要建一个/usr/src/linux链接，指向linux内核源代码。该源代码一定要make menuconfig过。

    之后出现了一个编译错误。google之，找到一个patch .修改之。
    由于emerge时解压到/var/tmp/portage/所以：
    ebuild /var/tmp/portage/XXX/.../XXX.ebuild compile(编译)
    ebuild /var/tmp/portage/XXX/.../XXX.ebuild install（安装）
    ebuild /var/tmp/portage/XXX/.../XXX.ebuild qmerge（告诉系统，这个包已经安装完毕了。）

    在安装最后50多个包时，又出了一次问题：
    安装gnome-extra/gnome-keyring-manager-2.16.0-r1 时，出现如下错误：
http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/ent/iso-box.ent:1: parser error : Content error in the external subset
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
^
http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/ent/iso-box.ent:1: parser error : Content error in the external subset
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
   ^
http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/ent/iso-box.ent:1: parser error : Content error in the external subset
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      ^
unable to parse es/gnome-keyring-manager.xml
make[2]: *** [gnome-keyring-manager-es.omf] Error 6
make[2]: Leaving directory `/var/tmp/portage/gnome-extra/gnome-keyring-manager-2.16.0-r1/work/gnome-keyring-manager-2.16.0/docs'
make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory `/var/tmp/portage/gnome-extra/gnome-keyring-manager-2.16.0-r1/work/gnome-keyring-manager-2.16.0'
make: *** [all] Error 2

!!! ERROR: gnome-extra/gnome-keyring-manager-2.16.0-r1 failed.
Call stack:
  ebuild.sh, line 1615:   Called dyn_compile
  ebuild.sh, line 972:   Called qa_call 'src_compile'
  ebuild.sh, line 44:   Called src_compile
  ebuild.sh, line 1305:   Called gnome2_src_compile
  gnome2.eclass, line 71:   Called die

!!! compile failure
!!! If you need support, post the topmost build error, and the call stack if relevant.
!!! A complete build log is located at '/var/tmp/portage/gnome-extra/gnome-keyring-manager-2.16.0-r1/temp/build.log'.
    经查，是由于app-text/docbook-xml-dtd这个软件包已经装了4.4-r1 4.3 4.1.2-r6这三个版本，但还缺少4.2-r1。这个软件包没有做到向下兼容。所以解析文件时出错了。

    经过千辛万苦，三天三夜的战斗，终于把系统升级到最新状态。

    最赞的是在把软件包卸载以后，原来打开的对应的软件还能继续跑。当时把xorg-x11删除后，X继续运行没有问题。怎样做到的？（当然把X关掉再启动就运行不了了。）windows下根本不允许你卸载，它会提示“程序正在运行，拒绝访问”之类，不过这样虽然不方便，的确是比较安全的做法。