spring-boot-test详解

一、基本介绍

spring-boot-test是SpringBoot的一个功能特性,对众多的单元测试技术进行了集成,我们可以通过在项目中添加下面的依赖引入这项特性:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
    <scope>test</scope>
    <exclusions>
        <exclusion>
            <groupId>org.junit.vintage</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit-vintage-engine</artifactId>
        </exclusion>
    </exclusions>
</dependency>

其中exclusions的目的只是为了排除junit4而采用Junit5,可根据自己使用的junit版本来确认是否要配置这一项。
当我们依赖了spring-boot-starter-test之后,会自动的引入以下几种常见的单元测试技术:

  • junit5
  • Mockito
  • Hamcrest
  • AssertJ
  • JSONassert
  • JsonPath
  • Spring Test(用于SpringBoot项目的测试)

本篇会对常用的功能进行讲解,如果想了解所有功能,请来这里:【spring-boot-test官网】

二、测试Bean

对于普通的JAVA代码的测试,通过Junit和Mockito就可以完成,这里我们看看怎么测试spring容易中的Bean,比如:Service。

1. 常用注解

  • @SpringBootTest:表明这是一个springboot的测试用例,默认情况下,是不会开启一个服务的,可以通过配置webEnvironment来改变运行模式;
  • @MockBean:mock出一个javabean,注入到spring容器中,会替代原始Spring容器中对应的Bean。
  • @SpyBean:对容易中已有的Bean进行包装,构建一个监控对象,这样的话,如果没有进行mock的时候,会走真实方法。

2. 示例

Service代码:

package com.firewolf.busi.example.springtest;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;

import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.util.List;

@Service
public class UserService {

    @Resource
    private UserMapper userMapper;

    public void addUser(User user) {
        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(user.getAccount()) || user.getAccount().length() < 4) {
            throw new RuntimeException("account is too short");
        }
        int i = userMapper.selectCount(User.builder().account(user.getAccount()).build());
        if (i > 0) {
            throw new RuntimeException("account can not repeat");
        }
        userMapper.insertSelective(user);
    }

    public List<User> selectUser() {
        return userMapper.selectAll();
    }
}

    ....

我们现在想测试addUser方法的逻辑是否正确,而我们又不需要访问数据库,这个时候,我们可以Mock出UserMapper,来测试addUser的逻辑
测试代码:

@SpringBootTest
class UserServiceTest {
    @Autowired
    private UserService userService;
    //我们不关心UserMapper的逻辑,直接mock出来
    @MockBean
    private UserMapper userMapper;
    @Test
    void addUser() {
        assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> userService.addUser(User.builder().name("周扒皮").password("1111").build()), "account is too short");
        assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> userService.addUser(User.builder().account("abc").name("周扒皮").password("1111").build()), "account is too short");

        String name = "myname";
        when(userMapper.selectCount(eq(User.builder().account(name).build()))).thenReturn(1);
        assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> userService.addUser(User.builder().account(name).build()));
        assertDoesNotThrow(() -> userService.addUser(User.builder().account("wangba").build()));
    }

如果这个UserMapper不是mock出来的,那么,就会走自己的真实逻辑。
可以看到,其他的地方的写法,和junit是类似的。

三、测试web

有时候,我们需要测试我们的web controller,来判断我们的请求是否能正常处理

1. 核心注解

  • @AutoConfigureMockMvc:自动装配mockmvc,来进行web方法的测试,一般用于测试controller;然后我们就可以直接注入MockMvc来模拟发起web请求了;

2. 核心API

  • RequestBuilder/MockMvcRequestBuilders:
    //根据uri模板和uri变量值得到一个GET请求方式的MockHttpServletRequestBuilder;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder get(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables)
    //同get类似,但是是POST方法;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder post(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables)
    //同get类似,但是是PUT方法;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder put(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables)
    //同get类似,但是是DELETE方法;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder delete(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables)
    //同get类似,但是是OPTIONS方法;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder options(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables)
    //提供自己的Http请求方法及uri模板和uri变量,如上API都是委托给这个API;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder request(HttpMethod httpMethod, String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables)
    //提供文件上传方式的请求,得到MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder;
    MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder fileUpload(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables)
    //创建一个从启动异步处理的请求的MvcResult进行异步分派的RequestBuilder;
    RequestBuilder asyncDispatch(final MvcResult mvcResult)
    
  • MockHttpServletRequestBuilder
    //:添加头信息;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder header(String name, Object... values)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder headers(HttpHeaders httpHeaders)
    //:指定请求的contentType头信息;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder contentType(MediaType mediaType)
    //:指定请求的Accept头信息;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder accept(MediaType... mediaTypes)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder accept(String... mediaTypes)
    //:指定请求Body体内容;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder content(byte[] content)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder content(String content)
    //:请求传入参数
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder param(String name,String... values)
    //:指定请求的Cookie;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder cookie(Cookie... cookies)
    //:指定请求的Locale;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder locale(Locale locale)
    //:指定请求字符编码;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder characterEncoding(String encoding)
    //:设置请求属性数据;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder requestAttr(String name, Object value) 
    //:设置请求session属性数据;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder sessionAttr(String name, Object value)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder sessionAttrs(Map<string, object=""> sessionAttributes)
    //指定请求的flash信息,比如重定向后的属性信息;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder flashAttr(String name, Object value)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder flashAttrs(Map<string, object=""> flashAttributes)
    //:指定请求的Session;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder session(MockHttpSession session) 
    // :指定请求的Principal;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder principal(Principal principal)
    //:指定请求的上下文路径,必须以“/”开头,且不能以“/”结尾;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder contextPath(String contextPath) 
    //:请求的路径信息,必须以“/”开头;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder pathInfo(String pathInfo) 
    //:请求是否使用安全通道;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder secure(boolean secure)
    //:请求的后处理器,用于自定义一些请求处理的扩展点;
    MockHttpServletRequestBuilder with(RequestPostProcessor postProcessor)
    
  • MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder
    //:指定要上传的文件;
    MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder file(String name, byte[] content)/MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder file(MockMultipartFile file)
    
  • ResultActions
    //:添加验证断言来判断执行请求后的结果是否是预期的;
    ResultActions andExpect(ResultMatcher matcher) 
    //:添加结果处理器,用于对验证成功后执行的动作,如输出下请求/结果信息用于调试;
    ResultActions andDo(ResultHandler handler) 
    //:返回验证成功后的MvcResult;用于自定义验证/下一步的异步处理;
    MvcResult andReturn()
    
  • ResultMatcher/MockMvcResultMatchers
    //:请求的Handler验证器,比如验证处理器类型/方法名;此处的Handler其实就是处理请求的控制器;
    HandlerResultMatchers handler()
    //:得到RequestResultMatchers验证器;
    RequestResultMatchers request()
    //:得到模型验证器;
    ModelResultMatchers model()
    //:得到视图验证器;
    ViewResultMatchers view()
    //:得到Flash属性验证;
    FlashAttributeResultMatchers flash()
    //:得到响应状态验证器;
    StatusResultMatchers status()
    //:得到响应Header验证器;
    HeaderResultMatchers header()
    //:得到响应Cookie验证器;
    CookieResultMatchers cookie()
    //:得到响应内容验证器;
    ContentResultMatchers content()
    //:得到Json表达式验证器;
    JsonPathResultMatchers jsonPath(String expression, Object ... args)/ResultMatcher jsonPath(String expression, Matcher matcher)
    //:得到Xpath表达式验证器;
    XpathResultMatchers xpath(String expression, Object... args)/XpathResultMatchers xpath(String expression, Map<string, string=""> namespaces, Object... args)
    //:验证处理完请求后转发的url(绝对匹配);
    ResultMatcher forwardedUrl(final String expectedUrl)
    //:验证处理完请求后转发的url(Ant风格模式匹配,@since spring4);
    ResultMatcher forwardedUrlPattern(final String urlPattern)
    //:验证处理完请求后重定向的url(绝对匹配);
    ResultMatcher redirectedUrl(final String expectedUrl)
    //:验证处理完请求后重定向的url(Ant风格模式匹配,@since spring4);
    ResultMatcher redirectedUrlPattern(final String expectedUrl)
    

3. 使用案例

package com.firewolf.busi.example.springtest;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.AutoConfigureMockMvc;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.SpyBean;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MvcResult;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.ResultHandler;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultHandlers;

import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.*;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.*;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
@SpringBootTest
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
class UserControllerTest {
    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;
    @MockBean
    private UserService userService;

    @Test
    void addUser() throws Exception {
        doNothing().when(userService).addUser(any(User.class));
        MvcResult mockResult = mockMvc
                .perform(post("/users").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_FORM_URLENCODED)
                .param("account","liuxing").param("password","123345")) //传入参数
                .andExpect(status().isOk()) // 断言状态
                .andReturn(); //返回结果
        assertEquals("success",mockResult.getResponse().getContentAsString()); //断言结果
    }

}

4. 使用JsonPath解析结果并进行断言

我们可以使用jsonpath来解析结果并进行断言,关于jsonpath的使用,可以来这里:【JsonPath官网】
示例:

package com.firewolf.busi.example.springtest;

import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.AutoConfigureMockMvc;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebMvcTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.MockBean;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.SpyBean;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MvcResult;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultHandlers;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.post;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;

@SpringBootTest
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
class UserControllerTest {
    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;
    @MockBean
    private UserService userService;
    @Test
    void testSelectUser() throws Exception {
        List<User> users = Arrays.asList(
                User.builder().account("lx").build(),
                User.builder().account("liuxing").build()
        );

        doReturn(users).when(userService).selectUser();

        //使用JsonPath解析结果并进行断言
        mockMvc.perform(get("/users"))
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.size()").value(2))
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$..account").isArray())
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.[0].account").value("lx"))
                .andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print(System.out))
                .andDo(mvcResult -> assertTrue(mvcResult.getResponse().getContentAsString().contains("liuxing")));
    }
}

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