内存溢出:实实在在的内存空间不足导致;
内存泄漏:该释放的对象没有释放,多见于自己使用容器保存元素的情况下。
常量池有很多说法,包括运行时常量池、class文件常量池、字符串常量池。
虚拟机规范只规定以上区域属于方法区,并没有规定虚拟机厂商的实现。
严格来说常量池只分为静态常量池和运行时常量池。JDK1.7版本之后,运行时常量池转移到堆内存中了,这里指的是物理空间,而逻辑上还是属于方法区(方法区是逻辑分区)。
一些概念:
字面量:
给基本类型变量赋值的方式就叫做字面量或者字面值
比如:int i=120; long j=10L;
符号引用:包括类和方法的全限定名(例如 String 这个类,它的全限定名就是 Java/lang/String,所以Java/lang/String就是一个符号引用)、字段的名称和描述符以及方法的名称和描述符。
直接引用:具体对象的索引值。
静态常量池是指class文件中的常量池,用于存放字符串字面量、符号引用以及类和方法的信息。
可以使用javap命令查看下面java代码对应的字节码中的常量池
/**
* @author King老师
* 栈帧执行对内存区域的影响
*/
public class Person {
public int work() throws Exception {//运行过程中,打包一个栈帧
int x = 1;//x是一个局部变量
int y = 2;
int z = (x + y) * 10;
return z;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Person person = new Person();//person是一个引用,存放在栈中,new Person()是创建一个对象,存放在堆中
person.work();//执行完了,出栈
person.hashCode();
int i = 12;
}
}
进入 Person.class所在目录,执行:javap -v Person.class
Last modified 2020年8月20日; size 731 bytes
SHA-256 checksum 326bd51b63d835ab4e480d26c8345b11db4d260c0da6a5a8770f3f6ca2867e28
Compiled from "Person.java"
public class com.example.javaadvanced.jvm.ex1.Person
minor version: 0
major version: 51
flags: (0x0021) ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
this_class: #2 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex1/Person
super_class: #6 // java/lang/Object
interfaces: 0, fields: 0, methods: 3, attributes: 1
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #6.#30 // java/lang/Object."":()V
#2 = Class #31 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex1/Person
#3 = Methodref #2.#30 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex1/Person."":()V
#4 = Methodref #2.#32 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex1/Person.work:()I
#5 = Methodref #6.#33 // java/lang/Object.hashCode:()I
#6 = Class #34 // java/lang/Object
#7 = Utf8 <init>
#8 = Utf8 ()V
#9 = Utf8 Code
#10 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#11 = Utf8 LocalVariableTable
#12 = Utf8 this
#13 = Utf8 Lcom/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex1/Person;
#14 = Utf8 work
#15 = Utf8 ()I
#16 = Utf8 x
#17 = Utf8 I
#18 = Utf8 y
#19 = Utf8 z
#20 = Utf8 Exceptions
#21 = Class #35 // java/lang/Exception
#22 = Utf8 main
#23 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#24 = Utf8 args
#25 = Utf8 [Ljava/lang/String;
#26 = Utf8 person
#27 = Utf8 i
#28 = Utf8 SourceFile
#29 = Utf8 Person.java
#30 = NameAndType #7:#8 // "":()V
#31 = Utf8 com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex1/Person
#32 = NameAndType #14:#15 // work:()I
#33 = NameAndType #36:#15 // hashCode:()I
#34 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#35 = Utf8 java/lang/Exception
#36 = Utf8 hashCode
{
public com.example.javaadvanced.jvm.ex1.Person();
descriptor: ()V
flags: (0x0001) ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 7: 0
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 5 0 this Lcom/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex1/Person;
public int work() throws java.lang.Exception;
descriptor: ()I
flags: (0x0001) ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=4, args_size=1
0: iconst_1
1: istore_1
2: iconst_2
3: istore_2
4: iload_1
5: iload_2
6: iadd
7: bipush 10
9: imul
10: istore_3
11: iload_3
12: ireturn
LineNumberTable:
line 10: 0
line 11: 2
line 12: 4
line 13: 11
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 13 0 this Lcom/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex1/Person;
2 11 1 x I
4 9 2 y I
11 2 3 z I
Exceptions:
throws java.lang.Exception
public static void main(java.lang.String[]) throws java.lang.Exception;
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: (0x0009) ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=3, args_size=1
0: new #2 // class com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex1/Person
3: dup
4: invokespecial #3 // Method "":()V
7: astore_1
8: aload_1
9: invokevirtual #4 // Method work:()I
12: pop
13: aload_1
14: invokevirtual #5 // Method java/lang/Object.hashCode:()I
17: pop
18: bipush 12
20: istore_2
21: return
LineNumberTable:
line 17: 0
line 18: 8
line 19: 13
line 20: 18
line 21: 21
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 22 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
8 14 1 person Lcom/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex1/Person;
21 1 2 i I
Exceptions:
throws java.lang.Exception
}
SourceFile: "Person.java"
上面信息中的Constant pool:里面的内容就是静态常量池中的数据。
而运行时常量池存放的是运行时的直接引用和字符串常量池。
在类加载完成之后,将静态常量池中的符号引用替换成直接引用放入运行时常量池,将静态常量池中的字符串放入运行时常量池。
重要其实还是String。
了解了 String 对象的实现后,你有没有发现在实现代码中 String 类被 final 关键字修饰了,而且变量 char 数组也被 final 修饰了。我们知道类被 final 修饰代表该类不可继承,而 char[]被 final+private 修饰,代表了 String 对象不可被更改。Java 实现的这个特性叫作 String 对象的不可变性,即 String 对象一旦创建成功,就不能再对它进行改变。
一种是通过字符串常量的方式创建,如 String str=“abc”;
这种方式,首先在代码编译时,字符串常量“abc”将会放入class文件的静态常量池中,在类加载时,“abc"将会在运行时常量池中创建;
运行时返回常量池中的字符串对象的引用。
这种方式可以减少同一个值的字符串对象的重复创建,节约内存。
另一种是字符串变量通过 new 形式的创建,如 String str = new String(“abc”)
这种方式,首先在代码编译时,字符串常量"abc"将会放入class文件的静态常量池中,在类加载时,“abc"将会在运行时常量池中创建;
其次,在调用 new 时,JVM 命令将会在堆内存中创建一个 String 对象,调用 String 的构造函数,String对象的char数组会引用常量池中的"abc” 字符串对象;最后,str 将引用堆中创建的 String 对象。
如果调用String 的 intern 方法,会去查看字符串常量池中是否有等于该字符串对象的字符串(通过 equals(Object)方法判断),如果没有,则会把该字符串对象添加到常量池中,并返回常量池中该字符串对象的引用;如果有,就返回常量池中的字符串对象的引用。(这个版本都是基于JDK1.7及以后版本)
public class Location {
private String city;
private String region;
public static void testStringCreate() {
Location location = new Location();
location.setCity("深圳");//"深圳"和"南山"两个字符串在常量池中创建
location.setRegion("南山");
//JVM首先会检查该对象是否在字符串常量池中,如果在,就返回该对象引用,否则新的字符串将在常量池中被创建。
//这种方式可以减少同一个值的字符串对象的重复创建,节约内存。
String str = "abc";
//首先在编译类文件时,"abcd"常量字符串将会放入到常量结构中,在类加载时,“abcd"将会在常量池中创建;
//其次,在调用 new 时,JVM 命令将会调用 String 的构造函数,同时引用常量池中的"abcd” 字符串,
// 在堆内存中创建一个 String 对象;最后,str 将引用 String 对象。
String str1 = new String("abcd");
}
/**
* String的intern()方法
*/
public static void testStringIntern() {
//new Sting() 会在堆内存中创建一个a的String对象,
// “king"将会在常量池中创建
// 在调用intern方法之后,会去常量池中查找是否有等于该字符串对象的字符串(通过equals(Object)判断是否相等),
// 有就返回常量池中该字符串对象的引用。 否则就将该字符串"king"加入常量池中,并返回该字符串的引用4
String a = new String("king").intern();
//调用 new Sting() 会在堆内存中创建一个b的String 对象,。
// 在调用intern方法之后,会去常量池中查找是否有等于该字符串对象的字符串(通过equals(Object)判断是否相等),
// 有就返回常量池中该字符串对象的引用。 否则就将该字符串"king"加入常量池中,并返回该字符串的引用
String b = new String("king").intern();
//所以 a 和 b 引用的是同一个对象, 都是指string pool中的"king"
if (a == b) {
System.out.println("a==b");
} else {
System.out.println("a!=b");
}
}
/**
* 字符串拼接
*
* String的+操作的实现原理
*/
public static void testStringConcat() {
String hello = "hello";
String hel = "hel";
String lo = "lo";
// + 两边都是常量,编译时会在class常量池中放置拼接后的字符串"hello",类加载后放入运行时常量池,
// hello1指向的是运行时常量池中的"hello"字符串对象。
String hello1 = "hel" + "lo";
System.out.println(hello == hello1); //true
// + 两边有一个不是常量
String hello2 = "hel" + lo;
System.out.println(hello == hello2);//false
String hello3 = hel + lo;
System.out.println(hello == hello3);//false
System.out.println(hello2 == hello3);//false
//常量池中只有"appleorange"字符串对象,没有"apple"字符串对象,也没有"orange"字符串对象
String str = "apple" + "orange";
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
testStringCreate();
testStringConcat();
testStringIntern();
}
public String getCity() {
return city;
}
public void setCity(String city) {
this.city = city;
}
public String getRegion() {
return region;
}
public void setRegion(String region) {
this.region = region;
}
}
执行:javap -v Location.class
Last modified 2020年8月21日; size 2265 bytes
SHA-256 checksum 177a9cc73d0d275d8f200e7104d1b12c6e404d32d7d52bee8f5095134225db58
Compiled from "Location.java"
public class com.example.javaadvanced.jvm.ex2.Location
minor version: 0
major version: 51
flags: (0x0021) ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
this_class: #2 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location
super_class: #32 // java/lang/Object
interfaces: 0, fields: 2, methods: 9, attributes: 1
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #32.#72 // java/lang/Object."":()V
#2 = Class #73 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location
#3 = Methodref #2.#72 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location."":()V
#4 = String #74 // 深圳
#5 = Methodref #2.#75 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location.setCity:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#6 = String #76 // 南山
#7 = Methodref #2.#77 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location.setRegion:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#8 = String #78 // abc
#9 = Class #79 // java/lang/String
#10 = String #80 // abcd
#11 = Methodref #9.#81 // java/lang/String."":(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#12 = String #82 // king
#13 = Methodref #9.#83 // java/lang/String.intern:()Ljava/lang/String;
#14 = Fieldref #84.#85 // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#15 = String #86 // a==b
#16 = Methodref #87.#88 // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#17 = String #89 // a!=b
#18 = String #53 // hello
#19 = String #54 // hel
#20 = String #55 // lo
#21 = Methodref #87.#90 // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
#22 = Class #91 // java/lang/StringBuilder
#23 = Methodref #22.#72 // java/lang/StringBuilder."":()V
#24 = Methodref #22.#92 // java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#25 = Methodref #22.#93 // java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
#26 = String #94 // appleorange
#27 = Methodref #2.#95 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location.testStringCreate:()V
#28 = Methodref #2.#96 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location.testStringConcat:()V
#29 = Methodref #2.#97 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location.testStringIntern:()V
#30 = Fieldref #2.#98 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location.city:Ljava/lang/String;
#31 = Fieldref #2.#99 // com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location.region:Ljava/lang/String;
#32 = Class #100 // java/lang/Object
#33 = Utf8 city
#34 = Utf8 Ljava/lang/String;
#35 = Utf8 region
#36 = Utf8 <init>
#37 = Utf8 ()V
#38 = Utf8 Code
#39 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#40 = Utf8 LocalVariableTable
#41 = Utf8 this
#42 = Utf8 Lcom/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location;
#43 = Utf8 testStringCreate
#44 = Utf8 location
#45 = Utf8 str
#46 = Utf8 str1
#47 = Utf8 testStringIntern
#48 = Utf8 a
#49 = Utf8 b
#50 = Utf8 StackMapTable
#51 = Class #79 // java/lang/String
#52 = Utf8 testStringConcat
#53 = Utf8 hello
#54 = Utf8 hel
#55 = Utf8 lo
#56 = Utf8 hello1
#57 = Utf8 hello2
#58 = Utf8 hello3
#59 = Class #101 // java/io/PrintStream
#60 = Utf8 main
#61 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#62 = Utf8 args
#63 = Utf8 [Ljava/lang/String;
#64 = Utf8 getCity
#65 = Utf8 ()Ljava/lang/String;
#66 = Utf8 setCity
#67 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)V
#68 = Utf8 getRegion
#69 = Utf8 setRegion
#70 = Utf8 SourceFile
#71 = Utf8 Location.java
#72 = NameAndType #36:#37 // "":()V
#73 = Utf8 com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location
#74 = Utf8 深圳
#75 = NameAndType #66:#67 // setCity:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#76 = Utf8 南山
#77 = NameAndType #69:#67 // setRegion:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#78 = Utf8 abc
#79 = Utf8 java/lang/String
#80 = Utf8 abcd
#81 = NameAndType #36:#67 // "":(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#82 = Utf8 king
#83 = NameAndType #102:#65 // intern:()Ljava/lang/String;
#84 = Class #103 // java/lang/System
#85 = NameAndType #104:#105 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#86 = Utf8 a==b
#87 = Class #101 // java/io/PrintStream
#88 = NameAndType #106:#67 // println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#89 = Utf8 a!=b
#90 = NameAndType #106:#107 // println:(Z)V
#91 = Utf8 java/lang/StringBuilder
#92 = NameAndType #108:#109 // append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#93 = NameAndType #110:#65 // toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
#94 = Utf8 appleorange
#95 = NameAndType #43:#37 // testStringCreate:()V
#96 = NameAndType #52:#37 // testStringConcat:()V
#97 = NameAndType #47:#37 // testStringIntern:()V
#98 = NameAndType #33:#34 // city:Ljava/lang/String;
#99 = NameAndType #35:#34 // region:Ljava/lang/String;
#100 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#101 = Utf8 java/io/PrintStream
#102 = Utf8 intern
#103 = Utf8 java/lang/System
#104 = Utf8 out
#105 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#106 = Utf8 println
#107 = Utf8 (Z)V
#108 = Utf8 append
#109 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#110 = Utf8 toString
{
public com.example.javaadvanced.jvm.ex2.Location();
descriptor: ()V
flags: (0x0001) ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 3: 0
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 5 0 this Lcom/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location;
public static void testStringCreate();
descriptor: ()V
flags: (0x0009) ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=3, args_size=0
0: new #2 // class com/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location
3: dup
4: invokespecial #3 // Method "":()V
7: astore_0
8: aload_0
9: ldc #4 // String 深圳
11: invokevirtual #5 // Method setCity:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
14: aload_0
15: ldc #6 // String 南山
17: invokevirtual #7 // Method setRegion:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
20: ldc #8 // String abc
22: astore_1
23: new #9 // class java/lang/String
26: dup
27: ldc #10 // String abcd
29: invokespecial #11 // Method java/lang/String."":(Ljava/lang/String;)V
32: astore_2
33: return
LineNumberTable:
line 11: 0
line 12: 8
line 13: 14
line 17: 20
line 23: 23
line 26: 33
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
8 26 0 location Lcom/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location;
23 11 1 str Ljava/lang/String;
33 1 2 str1 Ljava/lang/String;
public static void testStringIntern();
descriptor: ()V
flags: (0x0009) ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=2, args_size=0
0: new #9 // class java/lang/String
3: dup
4: ldc #12 // String king
6: invokespecial #11 // Method java/lang/String."":(Ljava/lang/String;)V
9: invokevirtual #13 // Method java/lang/String.intern:()Ljava/lang/String;
12: astore_0
13: new #9 // class java/lang/String
16: dup
17: ldc #12 // String king
19: invokespecial #11 // Method java/lang/String."":(Ljava/lang/String;)V
22: invokevirtual #13 // Method java/lang/String.intern:()Ljava/lang/String;
25: astore_1
26: aload_0
27: aload_1
28: if_acmpne 42
31: getstatic #14 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
34: ldc #15 // String a==b
36: invokevirtual #16 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
39: goto 50
42: getstatic #14 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
45: ldc #17 // String a!=b
47: invokevirtual #16 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
50: return
LineNumberTable:
line 36: 0
line 41: 13
line 43: 26
line 44: 31
line 46: 42
line 49: 50
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
13 38 0 a Ljava/lang/String;
26 25 1 b Ljava/lang/String;
StackMapTable: number_of_entries = 2
frame_type = 253 /* append */
offset_delta = 42
locals = [ class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
frame_type = 7 /* same */
public static void testStringConcat();
descriptor: ()V
flags: (0x0009) ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=7, args_size=0
0: ldc #18 // String hello
2: astore_0
3: ldc #19 // String hel
5: astore_1
6: ldc #20 // String lo
8: astore_2
9: ldc #18 // String hello
11: astore_3
12: getstatic #14 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
15: aload_0
16: aload_3
17: if_acmpne 24
20: iconst_1
21: goto 25
24: iconst_0
25: invokevirtual #21 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
28: new #22 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
31: dup
32: invokespecial #23 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."":()V
35: ldc #19 // String hel
37: invokevirtual #24 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
40: aload_2
41: invokevirtual #24 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
44: invokevirtual #25 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
47: astore 4
49: getstatic #14 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
52: aload_0
53: aload 4
55: if_acmpne 62
58: iconst_1
59: goto 63
62: iconst_0
63: invokevirtual #21 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
66: new #22 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
69: dup
70: invokespecial #23 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."":()V
73: aload_1
74: invokevirtual #24 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
77: aload_2
78: invokevirtual #24 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
81: invokevirtual #25 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
84: astore 5
86: getstatic #14 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
89: aload_0
90: aload 5
92: if_acmpne 99
95: iconst_1
96: goto 100
99: iconst_0
100: invokevirtual #21 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
103: getstatic #14 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
106: aload 4
108: aload 5
110: if_acmpne 117
113: iconst_1
114: goto 118
117: iconst_0
118: invokevirtual #21 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
121: ldc #26 // String appleorange
123: astore 6
125: return
LineNumberTable:
line 58: 0
line 59: 3
line 60: 6
line 64: 9
line 65: 12
line 68: 28
line 69: 49
line 71: 66
line 72: 86
line 73: 103
line 76: 121
line 77: 125
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
3 123 0 hello Ljava/lang/String;
6 120 1 hel Ljava/lang/String;
9 117 2 lo Ljava/lang/String;
12 114 3 hello1 Ljava/lang/String;
49 77 4 hello2 Ljava/lang/String;
86 40 5 hello3 Ljava/lang/String;
125 1 6 str Ljava/lang/String;
StackMapTable: number_of_entries = 8
frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
offset_delta = 24
locals = [ class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream ]
frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
offset_delta = 0
locals = [ class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream, int ]
frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
offset_delta = 36
locals = [ class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream ]
frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
offset_delta = 0
locals = [ class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream, int ]
frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
offset_delta = 35
locals = [ class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream ]
frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
offset_delta = 0
locals = [ class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream, int ]
frame_type = 80 /* same_locals_1_stack_item */
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream ]
frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
offset_delta = 0
locals = [ class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/String ]
stack = [ class java/io/PrintStream, int ]
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: (0x0009) ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=0, locals=1, args_size=1
0: invokestatic #27 // Method testStringCreate:()V
3: invokestatic #28 // Method testStringConcat:()V
6: invokestatic #29 // Method testStringIntern:()V
9: return
LineNumberTable:
line 82: 0
line 83: 3
line 84: 6
line 86: 9
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 10 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
public java.lang.String getCity();
descriptor: ()Ljava/lang/String;
flags: (0x0001) ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: getfield #30 // Field city:Ljava/lang/String;
4: areturn
LineNumberTable:
line 89: 0
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 5 0 this Lcom/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location;
public void setCity(java.lang.String);
descriptor: (Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: (0x0001) ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2
0: aload_0
1: aload_1
2: putfield #30 // Field city:Ljava/lang/String;
5: return
LineNumberTable:
line 93: 0
line 94: 5
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 6 0 this Lcom/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location;
0 6 1 city Ljava/lang/String;
public java.lang.String getRegion();
descriptor: ()Ljava/lang/String;
flags: (0x0001) ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: getfield #31 // Field region:Ljava/lang/String;
4: areturn
LineNumberTable:
line 97: 0
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 5 0 this Lcom/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location;
public void setRegion(java.lang.String);
descriptor: (Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: (0x0001) ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2
0: aload_0
1: aload_1
2: putfield #31 // Field region:Ljava/lang/String;
5: return
LineNumberTable:
line 101: 0
line 102: 5
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 6 0 this Lcom/example/javaadvanced/jvm/ex2/Location;
0 6 1 region Ljava/lang/String;
}
SourceFile: "Location.java"
因为新生代使用的是复制算法,大部分对象都是朝生夕死的,如果只有两个区域,则会有50%的内存空间是浪费的,分为三个区域可以提高空间利用率,三个区域的比例是8:1:1,空间利用率由50%提高到90%
开放式题目,具体可见章节 运行时数据区域
一般从两个维度出发:线程私有和线程共享。到每一个内存区域的细节点。
Java 虚拟机栈是基于线程的。哪怕你只有一个 main() 方法,也是以线程的方式运行的。在线程的生命周期中,参与计算的数据会频繁地入栈和出栈,栈的生命周期是和线程一样的。
栈里的每条数据,就是栈帧。在每个 Java 方法被调用的时候,都会创建一个栈帧,并入栈。一旦完成相应的调用,则出栈。所有的栈帧都出栈后,线程也就结束了。每个栈帧,都包含四个区域:局部变量表、操作数栈、动态连接、返回地址
本地方法栈是和虚拟机栈非常相似的一个区域,它服务的对象是 native 方法。
程序计数器是一块较小的内存空间,它的作用可以看作是当前线程所执行的字节码的行号指示器。
堆是 JVM 上最大的内存区域,我们申请的几乎所有的对象,都是在这里存储的。我们常说的垃圾回收,操作的对象就是堆。
方法区,这个区域存储的内容,包括:类的信息、常量池、方法数据、方法代码。
java.lang.StackOverflowError : 如果出现了可能会是无限递归。
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError:不断建立线程,JVM不断申请栈内存,当机器没有足够的栈内存时。
可以,如果这个对象不满足逃逸分析,即如果对象发生了逃逸,那么虚拟机在特定的情况下会走栈上分配。
引用计数法和根可达性分析两种,用得最多是根可达性分析。
复制算法、标记清除算法、标记整理算法。
复制算法速度快,不会产生内存碎片,但是要浪费内存空间。
标记清除算法空间利用率高,不需要移动对象,但是有内存碎片产生。
标记整理算法没有产生内存碎片,但是要移动对象,性能较低。
三种算法各有所长,各有所短。
对象优先在新生代区中分配,若没有足够空间,Minor GC;
大对象(需要大量连续内存空间)直接进入老年态;长期存活的对象进入老年态。
如果对象在新生代出生并经过第一次MGC后仍然存活,年龄+1,若年龄超过一定限制(15),则被晋升到老年态。
强引用
一般的Object obj = new Object() ,就属于强引用。在任何情况下,只有有强引用关联(与根可达)还在,垃圾回收器就永远不会回收掉被引用的对象。
软引用 SoftReference
一些有用但是并非必需,用软引用关联的对象,系统将要发生内存溢出(OuyOfMemory)之前,这些对象就会被回收(如果这次回收后还是没有足够的空间,才会抛出内存溢出)。
弱引用 WeakReference
一些有用(程度比软引用更低)但是并非必需,用弱引用关联的对象,只能生存到下一次垃圾回收之前,GC发生时,不管内存够不够,都会被回收。
虚引用 PhantomReference
幽灵引用,最弱(随时会被回收掉)
对象被垃圾回收的时候收到一个通知。
final
在java中,final可以用来修饰类,方法和变量(成员变量或局部变量)
当用final修饰类的时,表明该类不能被其他类所继承。当我们需要让一个类永远不被继承,此时就可以用final修饰,但要注意:
final类中所有的成员方法都会隐式的定义为final方法。
使用final方法的原因主要有两个:
(1) 把方法锁定,以防止继承类对其进行更改。
(2) 效率,在早期的java版本中,会将final方法转为内嵌调用。但若方法过于庞大,可能在性能上不会有多大提升。因此在最近版本中,不需要final方法进行这些优化了。
final成员变量表示常量,只能被赋值一次,赋值后其值不再改变。
finally
finally作为异常处理的一部分,它只能用在try/catch语句中,并且附带一个语句块,表示这段语句最终一定会被执行(不管有没有抛出异常),经常被用在需要释放资源的情况下
finalize
Object中的Finalize()方法:即使通过可达性分析判断不可达的对象,也不是“非死不可”,它还会处于“缓刑”阶段,真正要宣告一个对象死亡,需要经过两次标记过程,一次是没有找到与GCRoots的引用链,它将被第一次标记。随后进行一次筛选(如果对象覆盖了finalize),我们可以在finalize中去拯救。
所以建议大家尽量不要使用finalize,因为这个方法太不可靠。在生产中你很难控制方法的执行或者对象的调用顺序,建议大家忘了finalize方法!因为在finalize方法能做的工作,java中有更好的,比如try-finally或者其他方式可以做得更好。
2个:
1、在一开始字符串"xxx"会在加载类时,在常量池中创建一个字符串对象。
2、调用 new时 会在堆内存中创建一个 String 对象,String 对象中的 char 数组将会引用常量池中的字符串对象。