rsync 安装配置实践

前言

Rsync代表"remote sync",它是本地和远程主机文件同步工具。它只同步更改的文件,以此实现最小化传输数据。rsync的使用场景非常丰富,相信大家会经常使用,这里做下简单的总结。

rsync安装配置实践

更新历史

2019年03月01日 - 初稿

阅读原文 - https://wsgzao.github.io/post...

扩展阅读

rsync - https://www.samba.org/rsync/


rsync简介

rsync is a file transfer program capable of efficient remote update via a fast differencing algorithm.

rsync 是类 unix 系统下的数据镜像备份工具,从软件的命名上就可以看出来了 ——remote sync。它的特性如下:

  1. 可以镜像保存整个目录树和文件系统
  2. 可以很容易做到保持原来文件的权限、时间、软硬链接等等
  3. 无须特殊权限即可安装
  4. 优化的流程,文件传输效率高
  5. 可以使用 rsh、ssh 等方式来传输文件,当然也可以通过直接的 socket 连接
  6. 支持匿名传输

在使用 rsync 进行远程同步时,可以使用两种方式:远程 Shell 方式(用户验证由 ssh 负责)和 C/S 方式(即客户连接远程 rsync 服务器,用户验证由 rsync 服务器负责)。

无论本地同步目录还是远程同步数据,首次运行时将会把全部文件拷贝一次,以后再运行时将只拷贝有变化的文件(对于新文件)或文件的变化部分(对于原有文件)。

rsync源配置文件示例

# 编辑rsync配置文件
vim /etc/rsync.conf

# /etc/rsyncd: configuration file for rsync daemon mode

# See rsyncd.conf man page for more options.

# configuration example:

# uid = nobody
# gid = nobody
# use chroot = yes
# max connections = 4
# pid file = /var/run/rsyncd.pid
# exclude = lost+found/
# transfer logging = yes
# timeout = 900
# ignore nonreadable = yes
# dont compress   = *.gz *.tgz *.zip *.z *.Z *.rpm *.deb *.bz2

# [ftp]
#        path = /home/ftp
#        comment = ftp export area

rsyncd.conf 官方文档请参考
https://www.samba.org/ftp/rsy...

rsync常用参数

注: 在指定复制源时,路径是否有最后的 “/” 有不同的含义,例如:

/data 表示将整个 /data 目录复制到目标目录
/data/ 表示将 /data/ 目录中的所有内容复制到目标目录

rsync is a file transfer program capable of efficient remote update via a fast differencing algorithm.

Usage: rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... DEST
  or   rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST:DEST
  or   rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST::DEST
  or   rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/DEST
  or   rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST:SRC [DEST]
  or   rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST::SRC [DEST]
  or   rsync [OPTION]... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC [DEST]
The ':' usages connect via remote shell, while '::' & 'rsync://' usages connect
to an rsync daemon, and require SRC or DEST to start with a module name.

Options
 -v, --verbose               increase verbosity
     --info=FLAGS            fine-grained informational verbosity
     --debug=FLAGS           fine-grained debug verbosity
     --msgs2stderr           special output handling for debugging
 -q, --quiet                 suppress non-error messages
     --no-motd               suppress daemon-mode MOTD (see manpage caveat)
 -c, --checksum              skip based on checksum, not mod-time & size
 -a, --archive               archive mode; equals -rlptgoD (no -H,-A,-X)
     --no-OPTION             turn off an implied OPTION (e.g. --no-D)
 -r, --recursive             recurse into directories
 -R, --relative              use relative path names
     --no-implied-dirs       don't send implied dirs with --relative
 -b, --backup                make backups (see --suffix & --backup-dir)
     --backup-dir=DIR        make backups into hierarchy based in DIR
     --suffix=SUFFIX         set backup suffix (default ~ w/o --backup-dir)
 -u, --update                skip files that are newer on the receiver
     --inplace               update destination files in-place (SEE MAN PAGE)
     --append                append data onto shorter files
     --append-verify         like --append, but with old data in file checksum
 -d, --dirs                  transfer directories without recursing
 -l, --links                 copy symlinks as symlinks
 -L, --copy-links            transform symlink into referent file/dir
     --copy-unsafe-links     only "unsafe" symlinks are transformed
     --safe-links            ignore symlinks that point outside the source tree
     --munge-links           munge symlinks to make them safer (but unusable)
 -k, --copy-dirlinks         transform symlink to a dir into referent dir
 -K, --keep-dirlinks         treat symlinked dir on receiver as dir
 -H, --hard-links            preserve hard links
 -p, --perms                 preserve permissions
 -E, --executability         preserve the file's executability
     --chmod=CHMOD           affect file and/or directory permissions
 -A, --acls                  preserve ACLs (implies --perms)
 -X, --xattrs                preserve extended attributes
 -o, --owner                 preserve owner (super-user only)
 -g, --group                 preserve group
     --devices               preserve device files (super-user only)
     --copy-devices          copy device contents as regular file
     --specials              preserve special files
 -D                          same as --devices --specials
 -t, --times                 preserve modification times
 -O, --omit-dir-times        omit directories from --times
 -J, --omit-link-times       omit symlinks from --times
     --super                 receiver attempts super-user activities
     --fake-super            store/recover privileged attrs using xattrs
 -S, --sparse                handle sparse files efficiently
     --preallocate           allocate dest files before writing them
 -n, --dry-run               perform a trial run with no changes made
 -W, --whole-file            copy files whole (without delta-xfer algorithm)
 -x, --one-file-system       don't cross filesystem boundaries
 -B, --block-size=SIZE       force a fixed checksum block-size
 -e, --rsh=COMMAND           specify the remote shell to use
     --rsync-path=PROGRAM    specify the rsync to run on the remote machine
     --existing              skip creating new files on receiver
     --ignore-existing       skip updating files that already exist on receiver
     --remove-source-files   sender removes synchronized files (non-dirs)
     --del                   an alias for --delete-during
     --delete                delete extraneous files from destination dirs
     --delete-before         receiver deletes before transfer, not during
     --delete-during         receiver deletes during the transfer
     --delete-delay          find deletions during, delete after
     --delete-after          receiver deletes after transfer, not during
     --delete-excluded       also delete excluded files from destination dirs
     --ignore-missing-args   ignore missing source args without error
     --delete-missing-args   delete missing source args from destination
     --ignore-errors         delete even if there are I/O errors
     --force                 force deletion of directories even if not empty
     --max-delete=NUM        don't delete more than NUM files
     --max-size=SIZE         don't transfer any file larger than SIZE
     --min-size=SIZE         don't transfer any file smaller than SIZE
     --partial               keep partially transferred files
     --partial-dir=DIR       put a partially transferred file into DIR
     --delay-updates         put all updated files into place at transfer's end
 -m, --prune-empty-dirs      prune empty directory chains from the file-list
     --numeric-ids           don't map uid/gid values by user/group name
     --usermap=STRING        custom username mapping
     --groupmap=STRING       custom groupname mapping
     --chown=USER:GROUP      simple username/groupname mapping
     --timeout=SECONDS       set I/O timeout in seconds
     --contimeout=SECONDS    set daemon connection timeout in seconds
 -I, --ignore-times          don't skip files that match in size and mod-time
 -M, --remote-option=OPTION  send OPTION to the remote side only
     --size-only             skip files that match in size
     --modify-window=NUM     compare mod-times with reduced accuracy
 -T, --temp-dir=DIR          create temporary files in directory DIR
 -y, --fuzzy                 find similar file for basis if no dest file
     --compare-dest=DIR      also compare destination files relative to DIR
     --copy-dest=DIR         ... and include copies of unchanged files
     --link-dest=DIR         hardlink to files in DIR when unchanged
 -z, --compress              compress file data during the transfer
     --compress-level=NUM    explicitly set compression level
     --skip-compress=LIST    skip compressing files with a suffix in LIST
 -C, --cvs-exclude           auto-ignore files the same way CVS does
 -f, --filter=RULE           add a file-filtering RULE
 -F                          same as --filter='dir-merge /.rsync-filter'
                             repeated: --filter='- .rsync-filter'
     --exclude=PATTERN       exclude files matching PATTERN
     --exclude-from=FILE     read exclude patterns from FILE
     --include=PATTERN       don't exclude files matching PATTERN
     --include-from=FILE     read include patterns from FILE
     --files-from=FILE       read list of source-file names from FILE
 -0, --from0                 all *-from/filter files are delimited by 0s
 -s, --protect-args          no space-splitting; only wildcard special-chars
     --address=ADDRESS       bind address for outgoing socket to daemon
     --port=PORT             specify double-colon alternate port number
     --sockopts=OPTIONS      specify custom TCP options
     --blocking-io           use blocking I/O for the remote shell
     --stats                 give some file-transfer stats
 -8, --8-bit-output          leave high-bit chars unescaped in output
 -h, --human-readable        output numbers in a human-readable format
     --progress              show progress during transfer
 -P                          same as --partial --progress
 -i, --itemize-changes       output a change-summary for all updates
     --out-format=FORMAT     output updates using the specified FORMAT
     --log-file=FILE         log what we're doing to the specified FILE
     --log-file-format=FMT   log updates using the specified FMT
     --password-file=FILE    read daemon-access password from FILE
     --list-only             list the files instead of copying them
     --bwlimit=RATE          limit socket I/O bandwidth
     --outbuf=N|L|B          set output buffering to None, Line, or Block
     --write-batch=FILE      write a batched update to FILE
     --only-write-batch=FILE like --write-batch but w/o updating destination
     --read-batch=FILE       read a batched update from FILE
     --protocol=NUM          force an older protocol version to be used
     --iconv=CONVERT_SPEC    request charset conversion of filenames
     --checksum-seed=NUM     set block/file checksum seed (advanced)
 -4, --ipv4                  prefer IPv4
 -6, --ipv6                  prefer IPv6
     --version               print version number
(-h) --help                  show this help (-h is --help only if used alone)

Use "rsync --daemon --help" to see the daemon-mode command-line options.
Please see the rsync(1) and rsyncd.conf(5) man pages for full documentation.
See http://rsync.samba.org/ for updates, bug reports, and answers

# rsync常用参数
-v :展示详细的同步信息
-a :归档模式,相当于 -rlptgoD
    -r :递归目录
    -l :同步软连接文件
    -p :保留权限
    -t :将源文件的"modify time"同步到目标机器
    -g :保持文件属组
    -o :保持文件属主
    -D :和--devices --specials一样,保持设备文件和特殊文件
-z :发送数据前,先压缩再传输
-H :保持硬链接
-n :进行试运行,不作任何更改
-P same as --partial --progress
    --partial :支持断点续传
    --progress :展示传输的进度
--delete :如果源文件消失,目标文件也会被删除
--delete-excluded :指定要在目的端删除的文件
--delete-after :默认情况下,rsync是先清理目的端的文件再开始数据同步;如果使用此选项,则rsync会先进行数据同步,都完成后再删除那些需要清理的文件。
--exclude=PATTERN :排除匹配PATTERN的文件
--exclude-from=FILE :如果要排除的文件很多,可以统一写在某一文件中
-e ssh :使用SSH加密隧道传输

# 远程Shell方式
rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST:DEST # 执行“推”操作
or   rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST:SRC [DEST]   # 执行“拉”操作

# 远程C/S方式
rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST::DEST                    # 执行“推”操作
or   rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/DEST # 执行“推”操作
or   rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST::SRC [DEST]                      # 执行“拉”操作
or   rsync [OPTION]... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC [DEST]        # 执行“拉”操作

rsync同步方式

Rsync 远程同步主要有两种方式:使用远程 shell(ssh或rsh) 或使用 rsync 的 daemon 方式

rsync 命令和 ssh,scp 命令有点相似。

我们创建两个测试目录和一些文件:

mkdir dir1
mkdir dir2
touch dir1/somefile{1..100}
# dir1 中有 100 文件,dir2 中为空。使用 rsync 把 dir1 内容同步到 dir2,-r 选项代表递归,在同步目录时使用。
rsync -r dir1/ dir2
# 你也可以使用 -a 选项,代表同步所有,包括修改时间、群组、权限、特殊文件、也包括递归。
rsync -anv dir1/ dir2
# 注意上面的 dir1 / 中的 “/” 不能少,它代表同步目录下文件, 如果没有 “/” 代表同步这个目录。

# 和远程主机进行同步目录首先,你要确保有远程主机的 SSH 访问权限

# 把本地目录同步到远程主机:
rsync -a dir1/ root@linux:~/dir2
# 把远程主机目录同步到本地:
rsync -a root@linux:~/dir2/ dir1

本地文件同步

# 如果没有desc目录,会自动创建
rsync -avH /opt/resource/ /tmp/desc/

远程文件同步 --shell 方式

# 从本地传到远端,目标文件会被写成ssh登录用户的属组和属主(如下 www)
rsync -avH /opt/nginx-1.12.1/ [email protected]:/tmp/nginx/

# 使用 ssh 加密隧道方式传输,保障数据的安全性
rsync -avHe ssh /opt/nginx-1.12.1/ [email protected]:/tmp/nginx/

# 从远端传到本地,只要对目标文件有读的权限,就可以同步到本地
rsync -avH [email protected]:/tmp/nginx/ /tmp/nginx/

# 如果远程服务器ssh端口不是默认的22
rsync -avHe "ssh -p 11222" /opt/nginx-1.12.1/ [email protected]:/tmp/nginx/

远程文件同步 --daemon 方式

rsync服务端配置
# 创建 rsync 服务的目录和配置文件 (可选)
mkdir /etc/rsync 
cd /etc/rsync
touch rsyncd.conf
touch rsyncd.secrets
touch rsyncd.motd
chmod 600 rsyncd.secrets

### rsyncd.conf 文件的配置
vim /etc/rsync/rsyncd.conf
# /etc/rsyncd: configuration file for rsync daemon mode
# See rsyncd.conf man page for more options.
# 传输文件使用的用户和用户组,如果是从服务器=>客户端,要保证www用户对文件有读取的权限;如果是从客户端=>服务端,要保证www对文件有写权限。
uid = www
gid = www
# 允许chroot,提升安全性,客户端连接模块,首先chroot到模块path参数指定的目录下,chroot为yes时必须使用root权限,且不能备份path路径外的链接文件
use chroot = yes
# 只读
read only = no
# 只写
write only = no
# 设定白名单,可以指定IP段(172.18.50.1/255.255.255.0),各个Ip段用空格分开
hosts allow = 172.18.50.110 172.18.50.111
hosts deny = *
# 允许的客户端最大连接数
max connections = 4
# 欢迎文件的路径,非必须
motd file = /etc/rsync/rsyncd.motd
# pid文件路径
pid file = /var/run/rsyncd.pid
# 记录传输文件日志
transfer logging = yes
# 日志文件格式
log format = %t %a %m %f %b
# 指定日志文件
log file = /var/log/rsync.log
# 剔除某些文件或目录,不同步
exclude = lost+found/
# 设置超时时间
timeout = 900
ignore nonreadable = yes
# 设置不需要压缩的文件
dont compress   = *.gz *.tgz *.zip *.z *.Z *.rpm *.deb *.bz2

# 模块,可以配置多个,使用如: [email protected]::125to110
[125to110]
# 模块的根目录,同步目录,要注意权限
path = /tmp/nginx
# 是否允许列出模块内容
list = no
# 忽略错误
ignore errors
# 添加注释
comment = ftp export area
# 模块验证的用户名称,可使用空格或者逗号隔开多个用户名
auth users = sate
# 模块验证密码文件 可放在全局配置里
secrets file = /etc/rsync/rsyncd.secrets
# 剔除某些文件或目录,不同步
exclude = lost+found/ conf/ man/

### rsyncd.secrets 文件的配置
cat rsyncd.secrets 
# 用户名:密码
sate:111111

### rsync启动
rsync --daemon --config=/etc/rsync/rsyncd.conf
rsync客户端配置
# 从 服务端 => 客户端 同步数据,会提示输入密码
rsync -avzP --delete [email protected]::125to110 /tmp/sync/

# 从 客户端 => 服务端 同步数据,会提示输入密码
rsync -avzP --delete /tmp/sync/ [email protected]::125to110

# 注: 如果是 /tmp/sync,则同步sync目录;如果 /tmp/sync/,则同步sync目录下的文件

# 免密码同步,将密码写到文件,再通过 --password-file 指定该文件,注:该文件的权限必须是 600
echo "111111" > /tmp/secrets.file
chmod 600 /tmp/secrets.file
rsync -avzP --delete --password-file=/tmp/secrets.file [email protected]::125to110 /tmp/sync/

# --exclude 排除文件目录时,如果有多个同名目录的情况
# 目录结构
tree
.
├── dir1
│   └── test
│       ├── 3.file
│       ├── 4.file
│       └── 5.file
├── dir2
└── test
    ├── 1.file
    ├── 2.file
    └── 3.file

# 情况一 : 排除 /test 目录,同步其他目录(同步的是/tmp/sync/ 下边的文件)
rsync -avP --delete --password-file=/tmp/secrets.file --exclude=test  /tmp/sync/ [email protected]::125to110 

# 会发现,该目录下所有 test 目录都被排除了,如果想只排除第一层目录的 test,可以如下(/ 代表所同步目录第一层):
rsync -avP --delete --password-file=/tmp/secrets.file --exclude=/test/  /tmp/sync/ [email protected]::125to110 

# 情况二 : 和情况一不同的是 同步的 /tmp/sync 这个目录(同步的是/tmp/sync 目录本身,导致 exclude 后边的参数也会变化)
rsync -avP --delete --password-file=/tmp/secrets.file --exclude=/sync/test/  /tmp/sync [email protected]::125to110 

rsync简化配置实践

# 配置服务端rsyncd.conf
vim /etc/rsyncd.conf

read only = no
list = yes
uid = root
gid = root

[backup]
path= /data/
hosts allow = 10.71.12.0/23

# 设置服务
systemctl start rsyncd
systemctl enable rsyncd

# 配置rsync客户端

# 编辑backup.sh同步脚本
vim backup.sh

#!/bin/sh
SOURCE=$1
DEST=$2

CMD="rsync -ravz --bwlimit=2000 $1 rsync://{{log_server_ip}}:873/backup/$2"

PROCS=$(pgrep -f "{{log_server_ip}}:873/backup/$2")

if [ "x" != "x$PROCS" ]; then
       echo "not finished"
       exit
fi

$CMD

# 修改crontab
vim /etc/crontab
15 * * * * root cd /opt/sa_scripts/ && ./backup.sh /var/log/ocha/pos_python_server/  10.71.12.89/$(date +\%Y-\%m) 

rsync 有用的选项

-z 选项,压缩传输的文件

rsync -az source dest

-P 选项非常有用,它是 -progress 和 -partial 的组合。第一个选项是用来显示传输进度条,第二个选项允许断点续传和增量传输:

rsync -azP source dest

--bwlimit选项,限制传输带宽,参数值的默认单位是 KBPS,也就是每秒多少 KB

rsync -avzP --bwlimit=100

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