Spring 框架参考文档(五)-The Web之Portlet MVC Framework

Spring 框架参考文档(五)-The Web之Portlet MVC Framework

Part V. The Web

这部分参考文档将介绍 spring 框架 对表现层的支持（特别是对 web 表现层的支持），和支持 web socket 形式式的web应用。

spring 框架拥有自己的 web 框架 —— Spring Web MVC，这部分将会在前两章介绍。后续章节将介绍 spring 框架与其他 web 技术的集成，如 JSF 等。

紧跟着介绍 Spring MVC 框架，portlet 框架。 Following that is coverage of Spring Framework’s MVC portlet framework.

结尾部分将全面覆盖 Spring 框架 Chapter 20, WebSocket 支持 (包括 Section 20.4, “STOMP Over WebSocket Messaging Architecture”)。

• Chapter 16, Web MVC 框架
• Chapter 17, 视图技术
• Chapter 18, 同其他web框架集成
• Chapter 19, Portlet MVC Framework
• Chapter 20, WebSocket 支持

19. Portlet MVC Framework

19.1 Introduction

JSR-168 The Java Portlet Specification

For more general information about portlet development, please review a whitepaper from Oracle entitled "Introduction to JSR 168", and of course the JSR-168 Specification itself.

In addition to supporting conventional (servlet-based) Web development, Spring also supports JSR-168 Portlet development. As much as possible, the Portlet MVC framework is a mirror image of the Web MVC framework, and also uses the same underlying view abstractions and integration technology. So, be sure to review the chapters entitled Chapter 16, Web MVC 框架 and Chapter 17, 视图技术 before continuing with this chapter.

	Bear in mind that while the concepts of Spring MVC are the same in Spring Portlet MVC, there are some notable differences created by the unique workflow of JSR-168 portlets.

The main way in which portlet workflow differs from servlet workflow is that the request to the portlet can have two distinct phases: the action phase and the render phase. The action phase is executed only once and is where any backend changes or actions occur, such as making changes in a database. The render phase then produces what is displayed to the user each time the display is refreshed. The critical point here is that for a single overall request, the action phase is executed only once, but the render phase may be executed multiple times. This provides (and requires) a clean separation between the activities that modify the persistent state of your system and the activities that generate what is displayed to the user.

Spring Web Flow

Spring Web Flow (SWF) aims to be the best solution for the management of web application page flow.

SWF integrates with existing frameworks like Spring MVC and JSF, in both Servlet and Portlet environments. If you have a business process (or processes) that would benefit from a conversational model as opposed to a purely request model, then SWF may be the solution.

SWF allows you to capture logical page flows as self-contained modules that are reusable in different situations, and as such is ideal for building web application modules that guide the user through controlled navigations that drive business processes.

For more information about SWF, consult the Spring Web Flow website.

The dual phases of portlet requests are one of the real strengths of the JSR-168 specification. For example, dynamic search results can be updated routinely on the display without the user explicitly rerunning the search. Most other portlet MVC frameworks attempt to completely hide the two phases from the developer and make it look as much like traditional servlet development as possible - we think this approach removes one of the main benefits of using portlets. So, the separation of the two phases is preserved throughout the Spring Portlet MVC framework. The primary manifestation of this approach is that where the servlet version of the MVC classes will have one method that deals with the request, the portlet version of the MVC classes will have two methods that deal with the request: one for the action phase and one for the render phase. For example, where the servlet version of AbstractController has the handleRequestInternal(..) method, the portlet version ofAbstractController has handleActionRequestInternal(..) and handleRenderRequestInternal(..) methods.

The framework is designed around a DispatcherPortlet that dispatches requests to handlers, with configurable handler mappings and view resolution, just as theDispatcherServlet in the web framework does. File upload is also supported in the same way.

Locale resolution and theme resolution are not supported in Portlet MVC - these areas are in the purview of the portal/portlet container and are not appropriate at the Spring level. However, all mechanisms in Spring that depend on the locale (such as internationalization of messages) will still function properly becauseDispatcherPortlet exposes the current locale in the same way as DispatcherServlet.

19.1.1 Controllers - MVC的C层

默认的静态处理器是一个非常简单的 Controller 接口,只提供了两个方法:

• void handleActionRequest(request,response)
• ModelAndView handleRenderRequest(request,response)

这个框架的实现层包含了很多相似的控制器, 例如 AbstractController, SimpleFormController 等等。数据绑定、命令对象的使用、模型处理和视图解析在servlet框架中都是一样的.

19.1.2 Views - MVC的V层

All the view rendering capabilities of the servlet framework are used directly via a special bridge servlet named ViewRendererServlet. By using this servlet, the portlet request is converted into a servlet request and the view can be rendered using the entire normal servlet infrastructure. This means all the existing renderers, such as JSP, Velocity, etc., can still be used within the portlet.

19.1.3 Web-scoped beans

Spring Portlet MVC supports beans whose lifecycle is scoped to the current HTTP request or HTTP Session (both normal and global). This is not a specific feature of Spring Portlet MVC itself, but rather of the WebApplicationContext container(s) that Spring Portlet MVC uses. These bean scopes are described in detail inSection 5.5.4, “请求作用域、会话作用域和全局会话作用域”

19.2 The DispatcherPortlet

Portlet MVC is a request-driven web MVC framework, designed around a portlet that dispatches requests to controllers and offers other functionality facilitating the development of portlet applications. Spring’s DispatcherPortlet however, does more than just that. It is completely integrated with the Spring ApplicationContextand allows you to use every other feature Spring has.

Like ordinary portlets, the DispatcherPortlet is declared in the portlet.xml file of your web application:

    sample
    org.springframework.web.portlet.DispatcherPortlet
    
        text/html
        view
    
    
        
    

The DispatcherPortlet now needs to be configured.

In the Portlet MVC framework, each DispatcherPortlet has its own WebApplicationContext, which inherits all the beans already defined in the RootWebApplicationContext. These inherited beans can be overridden in the portlet-specific scope, and new scope-specific beans can be defined local to a given portlet instance.

The framework will, on initialization of a DispatcherPortlet, look for a file named [portlet-name]-portlet.xml in the WEB-INF directory of your web application and create the beans defined there (overriding the definitions of any beans defined with the same name in the global scope).

The config location used by the DispatcherPortlet can be modified through a portlet initialization parameter (see below for details).

The Spring DispatcherPortlet has a few special beans it uses, in order to be able to process requests and render the appropriate views. These beans are included in the Spring framework and can be configured in the WebApplicationContext, just as any other bean would be configured. Each of those beans is described in more detail below. Right now, we’ll just mention them, just to let you know they exist and to enable us to go on talking about the DispatcherPortlet. For most of the beans, defaults are provided so you don’t have to worry about configuring them.

Table 19.1. Special beans in the WebApplicationContext

Expression	Explanation
handler mapping(s)	(Section 19.5, “Handler mappings”) a list of pre- and post-processors and controllers that will be executed if they match certain criteria (for instance a matching portlet mode specified with the controller)
controller(s)	(Section 19.4, “Controllers”) the beans providing the actual functionality (or at least, access to the functionality) as part of the MVC triad
view resolver	(Section 19.6, “Views and resolving them”) capable of resolving view names to view definitions
multipart resolver	(Section 19.7, “Multipart (file upload) support”) offers functionality to process file uploads from HTML forms
handler exception resolver	(Section 19.8, “Handling exceptions”) offers functionality to map exceptions to views or implement other more complex exception handling code

When a DispatcherPortlet is setup for use and a request comes in for that specific DispatcherPortlet, it starts processing the request. The list below describes the complete process a request goes through if handled by a DispatcherPortlet:

1. The locale returned by PortletRequest.getLocale() is bound to the request to let elements in the process resolve the locale to use when processing the request (rendering the view, preparing data, etc.).
2. If a multipart resolver is specified and this is an ActionRequest, the request is inspected for multiparts and if they are found, it is wrapped in aMultipartActionRequest for further processing by other elements in the process. (See Section 19.7, “Multipart (file upload) support” for further information about multipart handling).
3. An appropriate handler is searched for. If a handler is found, the execution chain associated with the handler (pre-processors, post-processors, controllers) will be executed in order to prepare a model.
4. If a model is returned, the view is rendered, using the view resolver that has been configured with the WebApplicationContext. If no model is returned (which could be due to a pre- or post-processor intercepting the request, for example, for security reasons), no view is rendered, since the request could already have been fulfilled.

Exceptions that are thrown during processing of the request get picked up by any of the handler exception resolvers that are declared in the WebApplicationContext. Using these exception resolvers you can define custom behavior in case such exceptions get thrown.

You can customize Spring’s DispatcherPortlet by adding context parameters in the portlet.xml file or portlet init-parameters. The possibilities are listed below.

Table 19.2. DispatcherPortlet initialization parameters

Parameter	Explanation
contextClass	Class that implements WebApplicationContext, which will be used to instantiate the context used by this portlet. If this parameter isn’t specified, the XmlPortletApplicationContext will be used.
contextConfigLocation	String which is passed to the context instance (specified by contextClass) to indicate where context(s) can be found. The String is potentially split up into multiple Strings (using a comma as a delimiter) to support multiple contexts (in case of multiple context locations, for beans that are defined twice, the latest takes precedence).
namespace	The namespace of the WebApplicationContext. Defaults to [portlet-name]-portlet.
viewRendererUrl	The URL at which DispatcherPortlet can access an instance of ViewRendererServlet (see Section 19.3, “The ViewRendererServlet”).

19.3 The ViewRendererServlet

The rendering process in Portlet MVC is a bit more complex than in Web MVC. In order to reuse all the view technologies from Spring Web MVC, we must convert thePortletRequest / PortletResponse to HttpServletRequest / HttpServletResponse and then call the render method of the View. To do this,DispatcherPortlet uses a special servlet that exists for just this purpose: the ViewRendererServlet.

In order for DispatcherPortlet rendering to work, you must declare an instance of the ViewRendererServlet in the web.xml file for your web application as follows:

    ViewRendererServlet
    org.springframework.web.servlet.ViewRendererServlet



    ViewRendererServlet
    /WEB-INF/servlet/view

To perform the actual rendering, DispatcherPortlet does the following:

1. Binds the WebApplicationContext to the request as an attribute under the same WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE key that DispatcherServlet uses.
2. Binds the Model and View objects to the request to make them available to the ViewRendererServlet.
3. Constructs a PortletRequestDispatcher and performs an include using the /WEB- INF/servlet/view URL that is mapped to the ViewRendererServlet.

The ViewRendererServlet is then able to call the render method on the View with the appropriate arguments.

The actual URL for the ViewRendererServlet can be changed using DispatcherPortlet's viewRendererUrl configuration parameter.

19.4 Controllers

The controllers in Portlet MVC are very similar to the Web MVC Controllers, and porting code from one to the other should be simple.

The basis for the Portlet MVC controller architecture is the org.springframework.web.portlet.mvc.Controller interface, which is listed below.

public interface Controller {

    /**
     * Process the render request and return a ModelAndView object which the
     * DispatcherPortlet will render.
     */
    ModelAndView handleRenderRequest(RenderRequest request,
            RenderResponse response) throws Exception;

    /**
     * Process the action request. There is nothing to return.
     */
    void handleActionRequest(ActionRequest request,
            ActionResponse response) throws Exception;

}

As you can see, the Portlet Controller interface requires two methods that handle the two phases of a portlet request: the action request and the render request. The action phase should be capable of handling an action request, and the render phase should be capable of handling a render request and returning an appropriate model and view. While the Controller interface is quite abstract, Spring Portlet MVC offers several controllers that already contain a lot of the functionality you might need; most of these are very similar to controllers from Spring Web MVC. The Controller interface just defines the most common functionality required of every controller: handling an action request, handling a render request, and returning a model and a view.

19.4.1 AbstractController and PortletContentGenerator

Of course, just a Controller interface isn’t enough. To provide a basic infrastructure, all of Spring Portlet MVC’s Controllers inherit from AbstractController, a class offering access to Spring’s ApplicationContext and control over caching.

Table 19.3. Features offered by the AbstractController

Parameter	Explanation
requireSession	Indicates whether or not this Controller requires a session to do its work. This feature is offered to all controllers. If a session is not present when such a controller receives a request, the user is informed using a SessionRequiredException.
synchronizeSession	Use this if you want handling by this controller to be synchronized on the user’s session. To be more specific, the extending controller will override the handleRenderRequestInternal(..) and handleActionRequestInternal(..) methods, which will be synchronized on the user’s session if you specify this variable.
renderWhenMinimized	If you want your controller to actually render the view when the portlet is in a minimized state, set this to true. By default, this is set to false so that portlets that are in a minimized state don’t display any content.
cacheSeconds	When you want a controller to override the default cache expiration defined for the portlet, specify a positive integer here. By default it is set to -1, which does not change the default caching. Setting it to 0 will ensure the result is never cached.

The requireSession and cacheSeconds properties are declared on the PortletContentGenerator class, which is the superclass of AbstractController) but are included here for completeness.

When using the AbstractController as a base class for your controllers (which is not recommended since there are a lot of other controllers that might already do the job for you) you only have to override either the handleActionRequestInternal(ActionRequest, ActionResponse) method or thehandleRenderRequestInternal(RenderRequest, RenderResponse) method (or both), implement your logic, and return a ModelAndView object (in the case ofhandleRenderRequestInternal).

The default implementations of both handleActionRequestInternal(..) and handleRenderRequestInternal(..) throw a PortletException. This is consistent with the behavior of GenericPortlet from the JSR- 168 Specification API. So you only need to override the method that your controller is intended to handle.

Here is short example consisting of a class and a declaration in the web application context.

package samples;

import javax.portlet.RenderRequest;
import javax.portlet.RenderResponse;

import org.springframework.web.portlet.mvc.AbstractController;
import org.springframework.web.portlet.ModelAndView;

public class SampleController extends AbstractController {

    public ModelAndView handleRenderRequestInternal(RenderRequest request, RenderResponse response) {
        ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView("foo");
        mav.addObject("message", "Hello World!");
        return mav;
    }

}

 id="sampleController" class="samples.SampleController">
     name="cacheSeconds" value="120"/>

The class above and the declaration in the web application context is all you need besides setting up a handler mapping (see Section 19.5, “Handler mappings”) to get this very simple controller working.

19.4.2 Other simple controllers

Although you can extend AbstractController, Spring Portlet MVC provides a number of concrete implementations which offer functionality that is commonly used in simple MVC applications.

The ParameterizableViewController is basically the same as the example above, except for the fact that you can specify the view name that it will return in the web application context (no need to hard-code the view name).

The PortletModeNameViewController uses the current mode of the portlet as the view name. So, if your portlet is in View mode (i.e. PortletMode.VIEW) then it uses "view" as the view name.

19.4.3 Command Controllers

Spring Portlet MVC has the exact same hierarchy of command controllers as Spring Web MVC. They provide a way to interact with data objects and dynamically bind parameters from the PortletRequest to the data object specified. Your data objects don’t have to implement a framework-specific interface, so you can directly manipulate your persistent objects if you desire. Let’s examine what command controllers are available, to get an overview of what you can do with them:

• AbstractCommandController - a command controller you can use to create your own command controller, capable of binding request parameters to a data object you specify. This class does not offer form functionality, it does however offer validation features and lets you specify in the controller itself what to do with the command object that has been filled with the parameters from the request.
• AbstractFormController - an abstract controller offering form submission support. Using this controller you can model forms and populate them using a command object you retrieve in the controller. After a user has filled the form, AbstractFormController binds the fields, validates, and hands the object back to the controller to take appropriate action. Supported features are: invalid form submission (resubmission), validation, and normal form workflow. You implement methods to determine which views are used for form presentation and success. Use this controller if you need forms, but don’t want to specify what views you’re going to show the user in the application context.
• SimpleFormController - a concrete AbstractFormController that provides even more support when creating a form with a corresponding command object. The SimpleFormController lets you specify a command object, a viewname for the form, a viewname for the page you want to show the user when form submission has succeeded, and more.
• AbstractWizardFormController — a concrete AbstractFormController that provides a wizard-style interface for editing the contents of a command object across multiple display pages. Supports multiple user actions: finish, cancel, or page change, all of which are easily specified in request parameters from the view.

These command controllers are quite powerful, but they do require a detailed understanding of how they operate in order to use them efficiently. Carefully review the javadocs for this entire hierarchy and then look at some sample implementations before you start using them.

19.4.4 PortletWrappingController

Instead of developing new controllers, it is possible to use existing portlets and map requests to them from a DispatcherPortlet. Using thePortletWrappingController, you can instantiate an existing Portlet as a Controller as follows:

 id="myPortlet" class="org.springframework.web.portlet.mvc.PortletWrappingController">
     name="portletClass" value="sample.MyPortlet"/>
     name="portletName" value="my-portlet"/>
     name="initParameters">
        config=/WEB-INF/my-portlet-config.xml
    

This can be very valuable since you can then use interceptors to pre-process and post-process requests going to these portlets. Since JSR-168 does not support any kind of filter mechanism, this is quite handy. For example, this can be used to wrap the Hibernate OpenSessionInViewInterceptor around a MyFaces JSF Portlet.

19.5 Handler mappings

Using a handler mapping you can map incoming portlet requests to appropriate handlers. There are some handler mappings you can use out of the box, for example, thePortletModeHandlerMapping, but let’s first examine the general concept of a HandlerMapping.

Note: We are intentionally using the term "Handler" here instead of "Controller". DispatcherPortlet is designed to be used with other ways to process requests than just Spring Portlet MVC’s own Controllers. A Handler is any Object that can handle portlet requests. Controllers are an example of Handlers, and they are of course the default. To use some other framework with DispatcherPortlet, a corresponding implementation of HandlerAdapter is all that is needed.

The functionality a basic HandlerMapping provides is the delivering of a HandlerExecutionChain, which must contain the handler that matches the incoming request, and may also contain a list of handler interceptors that are applied to the request. When a request comes in, the DispatcherPortlet will hand it over to the handler mapping to let it inspect the request and come up with an appropriate HandlerExecutionChain. Then the DispatcherPortlet will execute the handler and interceptors in the chain (if any). These concepts are all exactly the same as in Spring Web MVC.

The concept of configurable handler mappings that can optionally contain interceptors (executed before or after the actual handler was executed, or both) is extremely powerful. A lot of supporting functionality can be built into a custom HandlerMapping. Think of a custom handler mapping that chooses a handler not only based on the portlet mode of the request coming in, but also on a specific state of the session associated with the request.

In Spring Web MVC, handler mappings are commonly based on URLs. Since there is really no such thing as a URL within a Portlet, we must use other mechanisms to control mappings. The two most common are the portlet mode and a request parameter, but anything available to the portlet request can be used in a custom handler mapping.

The rest of this section describes three of Spring Portlet MVC’s most commonly used handler mappings. They all extend AbstractHandlerMapping and share the following properties:

• interceptors: The list of interceptors to use. HandlerInterceptors are discussed in Section 19.5.4, “Adding HandlerInterceptors”.
• defaultHandler: The default handler to use, when this handler mapping does not result in a matching handler.
• order: Based on the value of the order property (see the org.springframework.core.Ordered interface), Spring will sort all handler mappings available in the context and apply the first matching handler.
• lazyInitHandlers: Allows for lazy initialization of singleton handlers (prototype handlers are always lazily initialized). Default value is false. This property is directly implemented in the three concrete Handlers.

19.5.1 PortletModeHandlerMapping

This is a simple handler mapping that maps incoming requests based on the current mode of the portlet (e.g. view, edit, help). An example:

 class="org.springframework.web.portlet.handler.PortletModeHandlerMapping">
     name="portletModeMap">
        
             key="view" value-ref="viewHandler"/>
             key="edit" value-ref="editHandler"/>
             key="help" value-ref="helpHandler"/>
        
    

19.5.2 ParameterHandlerMapping

If we need to navigate around to multiple controllers without changing portlet mode, the simplest way to do this is with a request parameter that is used as the key to control the mapping.

ParameterHandlerMapping uses the value of a specific request parameter to control the mapping. The default name of the parameter is 'action', but can be changed using the 'parameterName' property.

The bean configuration for this mapping will look something like this:

 class="org.springframework.web.portlet.handler.ParameterHandlerMapping">
     name="parameterMap">
        
             key="add" value-ref="addItemHandler"/>
             key="edit" value-ref="editItemHandler"/>
             key="delete" value-ref="deleteItemHandler"/>
        
    

19.5.3 PortletModeParameterHandlerMapping

The most powerful built-in handler mapping, PortletModeParameterHandlerMapping combines the capabilities of the two previous ones to allow different navigation within each portlet mode.

Again the default name of the parameter is "action", but can be changed using the parameterName property.

By default, the same parameter value may not be used in two different portlet modes. This is so that if the portal itself changes the portlet mode, the request will no longer be valid in the mapping. This behavior can be changed by setting the allowDupParameters property to true. However, this is not recommended.

The bean configuration for this mapping will look something like this:

 class="org.springframework.web.portlet.handler.PortletModeParameterHandlerMapping">
     name="portletModeParameterMap">
        
             key="view"> 
                
                     key="add" value-ref="addItemHandler"/>
                     key="edit" value-ref="editItemHandler"/>
                     key="delete" value-ref="deleteItemHandler"/>
                
            
             key="edit"> 
                
                     key="prefs" value-ref="prefsHandler"/>
                     key="resetPrefs" value-ref="resetPrefsHandler"/>
                
            
        
    

This mapping can be chained ahead of a PortletModeHandlerMapping, which can then provide defaults for each mode and an overall default as well.

19.5.4 Adding HandlerInterceptors

Spring’s handler mapping mechanism has a notion of handler interceptors, which can be extremely useful when you want to apply specific functionality to certain requests, for example, checking for a principal. Again Spring Portlet MVC implements these concepts in the same way as Web MVC.

Interceptors located in the handler mapping must implement HandlerInterceptor from the org.springframework.web.portlet package. Just like the servlet version, this interface defines three methods: one that will be called before the actual handler will be executed ( preHandle), one that will be called after the handler is executed ( postHandle), and one that is called after the complete request has finished ( afterCompletion). These three methods should provide enough flexibility to do all kinds of pre- and post- processing.

The preHandle method returns a boolean value. You can use this method to break or continue the processing of the execution chain. When this method returns true, the handler execution chain will continue. When it returns false, the DispatcherPortlet assumes the interceptor itself has taken care of requests (and, for example, rendered an appropriate view) and does not continue executing the other interceptors and the actual handler in the execution chain.

The postHandle method is only called on a RenderRequest. The preHandle and afterCompletion methods are called on both an ActionRequest and aRenderRequest. If you need to execute logic in these methods for just one type of request, be sure to check what kind of request it is before processing it.

19.5.5 HandlerInterceptorAdapter

As with the servlet package, the portlet package has a concrete implementation of HandlerInterceptor called HandlerInterceptorAdapter. This class has empty versions of all the methods so that you can inherit from this class and implement just one or two methods when that is all you need.

19.5.6 ParameterMappingInterceptor

The portlet package also has a concrete interceptor named ParameterMappingInterceptor that is meant to be used directly with ParameterHandlerMapping andPortletModeParameterHandlerMapping. This interceptor will cause the parameter that is being used to control the mapping to be forwarded from an ActionRequestto the subsequent RenderRequest. This will help ensure that the RenderRequest is mapped to the same Handler as the ActionRequest. This is done in thepreHandle method of the interceptor, so you can still modify the parameter value in your handler to change where the RenderRequest will be mapped.

Be aware that this interceptor is calling setRenderParameter on the ActionResponse, which means that you cannot call sendRedirect in your handler when using this interceptor. If you need to do external redirects then you will either need to forward the mapping parameter manually or write a different interceptor to handle this for you.

19.6 Views and resolving them

As mentioned previously, Spring Portlet MVC directly reuses all the view technologies from Spring Web MVC. This includes not only the various View implementations themselves, but also the ViewResolver implementations. For more information, refer to Chapter 17, 视图技术 and Section 16.5, “视图解析” respectively.

A few items on using the existing View and ViewResolver implementations are worth mentioning:

• Most portals expect the result of rendering a portlet to be an HTML fragment. So, things like JSP/JSTL, Velocity, FreeMarker, and XSLT all make sense. But it is unlikely that views that return other document types will make any sense in a portlet context.
• There is no such thing as an HTTP redirect from within a portlet (the sendRedirect(..) method of ActionResponse cannot be used to stay within the portal). So,RedirectView and use of the 'redirect:' prefix will not work correctly from within Portlet MVC.
• It may be possible to use the 'forward:' prefix from within Portlet MVC. However, remember that since you are in a portlet, you have no idea what the current URL looks like. This means you cannot use a relative URL to access other resources in your web application and that you will have to use an absolute URL.

Also, for JSP development, the new Spring Taglib and the new Spring Form Taglib both work in portlet views in exactly the same way that they work in servlet views.

19.7 Multipart (file upload) support

Spring Portlet MVC has built-in multipart support to handle file uploads in portlet applications, just like Web MVC does. The design for the multipart support is done with pluggable PortletMultipartResolver objects, defined in the org.springframework.web.portlet.multipart package. Spring provides aPortletMultipartResolver for use with Commons FileUpload. How uploading files is supported will be described in the rest of this section.

By default, no multipart handling will be done by Spring Portlet MVC, as some developers will want to handle multiparts themselves. You will have to enable it yourself by adding a multipart resolver to the web application’s context. After you have done that, DispatcherPortlet will inspect each request to see if it contains a multipart. If no multipart is found, the request will continue as expected. However, if a multipart is found in the request, the PortletMultipartResolver that has been declared in your context will be used. After that, the multipart attribute in your request will be treated like any other attribute.

	Any configured PortletMultipartResolver bean must have the following id (or name): " portletMultipartResolver". If you have defined yourPortletMultipartResolver with any other name, then the DispatcherPortlet will not find your PortletMultipartResolver, and consequently no multipart support will be in effect.

19.7.1 Using the PortletMultipartResolver

The following example shows how to use the CommonsPortletMultipartResolver:

 id="portletMultipartResolver"
        class="org.springframework.web.portlet.multipart.CommonsPortletMultipartResolver">
    
     name="maxUploadSize" value="100000"/>

Of course you also need to put the appropriate jars in your classpath for the multipart resolver to work. In the case of the CommonsMultipartResolver, you need to usecommons-fileupload.jar. Be sure to use at least version 1.1 of Commons FileUpload as previous versions do not support JSR-168 Portlet applications.

Now that you have seen how to set Portlet MVC up to handle multipart requests, let’s talk about how to actually use it. When DispatcherPortlet detects a multipart request, it activates the resolver that has been declared in your context and hands over the request. What the resolver then does is wrap the current ActionRequest in a MultipartActionRequest that has support for multipart file uploads. Using the MultipartActionRequest you can get information about the multiparts contained by this request and actually get access to the multipart files themselves in your controllers.

Note that you can only receive multipart file uploads as part of an ActionRequest, not as part of a RenderRequest.

19.7.2 Handling a file upload in a form

After the PortletMultipartResolver has finished doing its job, the request will be processed like any other. To use the PortletMultipartResolver, create a form with an upload field (see example below), then let Spring bind the file onto your form (backing object). To actually let the user upload a file, we have to create a (JSP/HTML) form:

Please upload a file
 method="post" action="" enctype="multipart/form-data">
     type="file" name="file"/>
     type="submit"/>

As you can see, we’ve created a field named "file" that matches the property of the bean that holds the byte[] array. Furthermore we’ve added the encoding attribute (enctype="multipart/form-data"), which is necessary to let the browser know how to encode the multipart fields (do not forget this!).

Just as with any other property that’s not automagically convertible to a string or primitive type, to be able to put binary data in your objects you have to register a custom editor with the PortletRequestDataBinder. There are a couple of editors available for handling files and setting the results on an object. There’s aStringMultipartFileEditor capable of converting files to Strings (using a user-defined character set), and there is a ByteArrayMultipartFileEditor which converts files to byte arrays. They function analogous to the CustomDateEditor.

So, to be able to upload files using a form, declare the resolver, a mapping to a controller that will process the bean, and the controller itself.

 id="portletMultipartResolver"
        class="org.springframework.web.portlet.multipart.CommonsPortletMultipartResolver"/>

 class="org.springframework.web.portlet.handler.PortletModeHandlerMapping">
     name="portletModeMap">
        
             key="view" value-ref="fileUploadController"/>
        
    


 id="fileUploadController" class="examples.FileUploadController">
     name="commandClass" value="examples.FileUploadBean"/>
     name="formView" value="fileuploadform"/>
     name="successView" value="confirmation"/>

After that, create the controller and the actual class to hold the file property.

public class FileUploadController extends SimpleFormController {

    public void onSubmitAction(ActionRequest request, ActionResponse response,
            Object command, BindException errors) throws Exception {

        // cast the bean
        FileUploadBean bean = (FileUploadBean) command;

        // let's see if there's content there
        byte[] file = bean.getFile();
        if (file == null) {
            // hmm, that's strange, the user did not upload anything
        }

        // do something with the file here
    }

    protected void initBinder(PortletRequest request,
            PortletRequestDataBinder binder) throws Exception {
        // to actually be able to convert Multipart instance to byte[]
        // we have to register a custom editor
        binder.registerCustomEditor(byte[].class, new ByteArrayMultipartFileEditor());
        // now Spring knows how to handle multipart object and convert
    }

}

public class FileUploadBean {

    private byte[] file;

    public void setFile(byte[] file) {
        this.file = file;
    }

    public byte[] getFile() {
        return file;
    }

}

As you can see, the FileUploadBean has a property of type byte[] that holds the file. The controller registers a custom editor to let Spring know how to actually convert the multipart objects the resolver has found to properties specified by the bean. In this example, nothing is done with the byte[] property of the bean itself, but in practice you can do whatever you want (save it in a database, mail it to somebody, etc).

An equivalent example in which a file is bound straight to a String-typed property on a form backing object might look like this:

public class FileUploadController extends SimpleFormController {

    public void onSubmitAction(ActionRequest request, ActionResponse response,
            Object command, BindException errors) throws Exception {

        // cast the bean
        FileUploadBean bean = (FileUploadBean) command;

        // let's see if there's content there
        String file = bean.getFile();
        if (file == null) {
            // hmm, that's strange, the user did not upload anything
        }

        // do something with the file here
    }

    protected void initBinder(PortletRequest request,
            PortletRequestDataBinder binder) throws Exception {

        // to actually be able to convert Multipart instance to a String
        // we have to register a custom editor
        binder.registerCustomEditor(String.class, new StringMultipartFileEditor());
        // now Spring knows how to handle multipart objects and convert
    }
}

public class FileUploadBean {

    private String file;

    public void setFile(String file) {
        this.file = file;
    }

    public String getFile() {
        return file;
    }
}

Of course, this last example only makes (logical) sense in the context of uploading a plain text file (it wouldn’t work so well in the case of uploading an image file).

The third (and final) option is where one binds directly to a MultipartFile property declared on the (form backing) object’s class. In this case one does not need to register any custom property editor because there is no type conversion to be performed.

public class FileUploadController extends SimpleFormController {

    public void onSubmitAction(ActionRequest request, ActionResponse response,
            Object command, BindException errors) throws Exception {

        // cast the bean
        FileUploadBean bean = (FileUploadBean) command;

        // let's see if there's content there
        MultipartFile file = bean.getFile();
        if (file == null) {
            // hmm, that's strange, the user did not upload anything
        }

        // do something with the file here
    }
}

public class FileUploadBean {

    private MultipartFile file;

    public void setFile(MultipartFile file) {
        this.file = file;
    }

    public MultipartFile getFile() {
        return file;
    }

}

19.8 Handling exceptions

Just like Servlet MVC, Portlet MVC provides HandlerExceptionResolvers to ease the pain of unexpected exceptions that occur while your request is being processed by a handler that matched the request. Portlet MVC also provides a portlet-specific, concrete SimpleMappingExceptionResolver that enables you to take the class name of any exception that might be thrown and map it to a view name.

19.9 Annotation-based controller configuration

Spring 2.5 introduced an annotation-based programming model for MVC controllers, using annotations such as @RequestMapping, @RequestParam,@ModelAttribute, etc. This annotation support is available for both Servlet MVC and Portlet MVC. Controllers implemented in this style do not have to extend specific base classes or implement specific interfaces. Furthermore, they do not usually have direct dependencies on Servlet or Portlet API’s, although they can easily get access to Servlet or Portlet facilities if desired.

The following sections document these annotations and how they are most commonly used in a Portlet environment.

19.9.1 Setting up the dispatcher for annotation support

`@RequestMapping` will only be processed if a corresponding HandlerMapping (for type level annotations) and/or HandlerAdapter (for method level annotations) is present in the dispatcher. This is the case by default in both DispatcherServlet and DispatcherPortlet.

However, if you are defining custom HandlerMappings or HandlerAdapters, then you need to make sure that a corresponding customDefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping and/or AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter is defined as well - provided that you intend to use @RequestMapping.

 xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

     class="org.springframework.web.portlet.mvc.annotation.DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping"/>

     class="org.springframework.web.portlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter"/>

    // ... (controller bean definitions) ...

Defining a DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping and/or AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter explicitly also makes sense if you would like to customize the mapping strategy, e.g. specifying a custom WebBindingInitializer (see below).

19.9.2 Defining a controller with @Controller

The @Controller annotation indicates that a particular class serves the role of a controller. There is no need to extend any controller base class or reference the Portlet API. You are of course still able to reference Portlet-specific features if you need to.

The basic purpose of the @Controller annotation is to act as a stereotype for the annotated class, indicating its role. The dispatcher will scan such annotated classes for mapped methods, detecting @RequestMapping annotations (see the next section).

Annotated controller beans may be defined explicitly, using a standard Spring bean definition in the dispatcher’s context. However, the @Controller stereotype also allows for autodetection, aligned with Spring 2.5’s general support for detecting component classes in the classpath and auto-registering bean definitions for them.

To enable autodetection of such annotated controllers, you have to add component scanning to your configuration. This is easily achieved by using the spring-contextschema as shown in the following XML snippet:

 xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

     base-package="org.springframework.samples.petportal.portlet"/>

    // ...

19.9.3 Mapping requests with @RequestMapping

The @RequestMapping annotation is used to map portlet modes like VIEW/EDIT onto an entire class or a particular handler method. Typically the type-level annotation maps a specific mode (or mode plus parameter condition) onto a form controller, with additional method-level annotations narrowing the primary mapping for specific portlet request parameters.

@RequestMapping at the type level may be used for plain implementations of the Controller interface as well. In this case, the request processing code would follow the traditional handle(Action|Render)Request signature, while the controller’s mapping would be expressed through an@RequestMapping annotation. This works for pre-built Controller base classes, such as SimpleFormController, too. In the following discussion, we’ll focus on controllers that are based on annotated handler methods.

The following is an example of a form controller from the PetPortal sample application using this annotation:

@Controller
@RequestMapping("EDIT")
@SessionAttributes("site")
public class PetSitesEditController {

    private Properties petSites;

    public void setPetSites(Properties petSites) {
        this.petSites = petSites;
    }

    @ModelAttribute("petSites")
    public Properties getPetSites() {
        return this.petSites;
    }

    @RequestMapping // default (action=list)
    public String showPetSites() {
        return "petSitesEdit";
    }

    @RequestMapping(params = "action=add") // render phase
    public String showSiteForm(Model model) {
        // Used for the initial form as well as for redisplaying with errors.
        if (!model.containsAttribute("site")) {
            model.addAttribute("site", new PetSite());
        }

        return "petSitesAdd";
    }

    @RequestMapping(params = "action=add") // action phase
    public void populateSite(@ModelAttribute("site") PetSite petSite,
            BindingResult result, SessionStatus status, ActionResponse response) {
        new PetSiteValidator().validate(petSite, result);
        if (!result.hasErrors()) {
            this.petSites.put(petSite.getName(), petSite.getUrl());
            status.setComplete();
            response.setRenderParameter("action", "list");
        }
    }

    @RequestMapping(params = "action=delete")
    public void removeSite(@RequestParam("site") String site, ActionResponse response) {
        this.petSites.remove(site);
        response.setRenderParameter("action", "list");
    }
}

19.9.4 Supported handler method arguments

Handler methods which are annotated with @RequestMapping are allowed to have very flexible signatures. They may have arguments of the following types, in arbitrary order (except for validation results, which need to follow right after the corresponding command object, if desired):

• Request and/or response objects (Portlet API). You may choose any specific request/response type, e.g. PortletRequest / ActionRequest / RenderRequest. An explicitly declared action/render argument is also used for mapping specific request types onto a handler method (in case of no other information given that differentiates between action and render requests).
• Session object (Portlet API): of type PortletSession. An argument of this type will enforce the presence of a corresponding session. As a consequence, such an argument will never be null.
• org.springframework.web.context.request.WebRequest or org.springframework.web.context.request.NativeWebRequest. Allows for generic request parameter access as well as request/session attribute access, without ties to the native Servlet/Portlet API.
• java.util.Locale for the current request locale (the portal locale in a Portlet environment).
• java.util.TimeZone / java.time.ZoneId for the current request time zone.
• java.io.InputStream / java.io.Reader for access to the request’s content. This will be the raw InputStream/Reader as exposed by the Portlet API.
• java.io.OutputStream / java.io.Writer for generating the response’s content. This will be the raw OutputStream/Writer as exposed by the Portlet API.
• @RequestParam annotated parameters for access to specific Portlet request parameters. Parameter values will be converted to the declared method argument type.
• java.util.Map / org.springframework.ui.Model / org.springframework.ui.ModelMap for enriching the implicit model that will be exposed to the web view.
• Command/form objects to bind parameters to: as bean properties or fields, with customizable type conversion, depending on @InitBinder methods and/or the HandlerAdapter configuration - see the " webBindingInitializer" property on AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter. Such command objects along with their validation results will be exposed as model attributes, by default using the non-qualified command class name in property notation (e.g. "orderAddress" for type "mypackage.OrderAddress"). Specify a parameter-level ModelAttribute annotation for declaring a specific model attribute name.
• org.springframework.validation.Errors / org.springframework.validation.BindingResult validation results for a preceding command/form object (the immediate preceding argument).
• org.springframework.web.bind.support.SessionStatus status handle for marking form processing as complete (triggering the cleanup of session attributes that have been indicated by the @SessionAttributes annotation at the handler type level).

The following return types are supported for handler methods:

• A ModelAndView object, with the model implicitly enriched with command objects and the results of @ModelAttribute annotated reference data accessor methods.
• A Model object, with the view name implicitly determined through a RequestToViewNameTranslator and the model implicitly enriched with command objects and the results of @ModelAttribute annotated reference data accessor methods.
• A Map object for exposing a model, with the view name implicitly determined through a RequestToViewNameTranslator and the model implicitly enriched with command objects and the results of @ModelAttribute annotated reference data accessor methods.
• A View object, with the model implicitly determined through command objects and @ModelAttribute annotated reference data accessor methods. The handler method may also programmatically enrich the model by declaring a Model argument (see above).
• A String value which is interpreted as view name, with the model implicitly determined through command objects and @ModelAttribute annotated reference data accessor methods. The handler method may also programmatically enrich the model by declaring a Model argument (see above).
• void if the method handles the response itself (e.g. by writing the response content directly).
• Any other return type will be considered a single model attribute to be exposed to the view, using the attribute name specified through @ModelAttribute at the method level (or the default attribute name based on the return type’s class name otherwise). The model will be implicitly enriched with command objects and the results of @ModelAttribute annotated reference data accessor methods.

19.9.5 Binding request parameters to method parameters with @RequestParam

The @RequestParam annotation is used to bind request parameters to a method parameter in your controller.

The following code snippet from the PetPortal sample application shows the usage:

@Controller
@RequestMapping("EDIT")
@SessionAttributes("site")
public class PetSitesEditController {

    // ...

    public void removeSite(@RequestParam("site") String site, ActionResponse response) {
        this.petSites.remove(site);
        response.setRenderParameter("action", "list");
    }

    // ...

}

Parameters using this annotation are required by default, but you can specify that a parameter is optional by setting @RequestParam's required attribute to false(e.g., @RequestParam(value="id", required=false)).

19.9.6 Providing a link to data from the model with @ModelAttribute

@ModelAttribute has two usage scenarios in controllers. When placed on a method parameter, @ModelAttribute is used to map a model attribute to the specific, annotated method parameter (see the populateSite() method below). This is how the controller gets a reference to the object holding the data entered in the form. In addition, the parameter can be declared as the specific type of the form backing object rather than as a generic java.lang.Object, thus increasing type safety.

@ModelAttribute is also used at the method level to provide reference data for the model (see the getPetSites() method below). For this usage the method signature can contain the same types as documented above for the @RequestMapping annotation.

@ModelAttribute annotated methods will be executed before the chosen @RequestMapping annotated handler method. They effectively pre-populate the implicit model with specific attributes, often loaded from a database. Such an attribute can then already be accessed through @ModelAttributeannotated handler method parameters in the chosen handler method, potentially with binding and validation applied to it.

The following code snippet shows these two usages of this annotation:

@Controller
@RequestMapping("EDIT")
@SessionAttributes("site")
public class PetSitesEditController {

    // ...

    @ModelAttribute("petSites")
    public Properties getPetSites() {
        return this.petSites;
    }

    @RequestMapping(params = "action=add") // action phase
    public void populateSite( @ModelAttribute("site") PetSite petSite, BindingResult result, SessionStatus status, ActionResponse response) {
        new PetSiteValidator().validate(petSite, result);
        if (!result.hasErrors()) {
            this.petSites.put(petSite.getName(), petSite.getUrl());
            status.setComplete();
            response.setRenderParameter("action", "list");
        }
    }
}

19.9.7 Specifying attributes to store in a Session with @SessionAttributes

The type-level @SessionAttributes annotation declares session attributes used by a specific handler. This will typically list the names of model attributes or types of model attributes which should be transparently stored in the session or some conversational storage, serving as form-backing beans between subsequent requests.

The following code snippet shows the usage of this annotation:

@Controller
@RequestMapping("EDIT")
@SessionAttributes("site")
public class PetSitesEditController {
    // ...
}

19.9.8 Customizing WebDataBinder initialization

To customize request parameter binding with PropertyEditors, etc. via Spring’s WebDataBinder, you can either use @InitBinder-annotated methods within your controller or externalize your configuration by providing a custom WebBindingInitializer.

Customizing data binding with @InitBinder

Annotating controller methods with @InitBinder allows you to configure web data binding directly within your controller class. @InitBinder identifies methods which initialize the WebDataBinder which will be used for populating command and form object arguments of annotated handler methods.

Such init-binder methods support all arguments that @RequestMapping supports, except for command/form objects and corresponding validation result objects. Init-binder methods must not have a return value. Thus, they are usually declared as void. Typical arguments include WebDataBinder in combination with WebRequest orjava.util.Locale, allowing code to register context-specific editors.

The following example demonstrates the use of @InitBinder for configuring a CustomDateEditor for all java.util.Date form properties.

@Controller
public class MyFormController {

    @InitBinder
    public void initBinder(WebDataBinder binder) {
    SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");
        dateFormat.setLenient(false);
        binder.registerCustomEditor(Date.class, new CustomDateEditor(dateFormat, false));
    }

    // ...

}

Configuring a custom WebBindingInitializer

To externalize data binding initialization, you can provide a custom implementation of the WebBindingInitializer interface, which you then enable by supplying a custom bean configuration for an AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter, thus overriding the default configuration.

19.10 Portlet application deployment

The process of deploying a Spring Portlet MVC application is no different than deploying any JSR-168 Portlet application. However, this area is confusing enough in general that it is worth talking about here briefly.

Generally, the portal/portlet container runs in one webapp in your servlet container and your portlets run in another webapp in your servlet container. In order for the portlet container webapp to make calls into your portlet webapp it must make cross-context calls to a well-known servlet that provides access to the portlet services defined in your portlet.xml file.

The JSR-168 specification does not specify exactly how this should happen, so each portlet container has its own mechanism for this, which usually involves some kind of "deployment process" that makes changes to the portlet webapp itself and then registers the portlets within the portlet container.

At a minimum, the web.xml file in your portlet webapp is modified to inject the well-known servlet that the portlet container will call. In some cases a single servlet will service all portlets in the webapp, in other cases there will be an instance of the servlet for each portlet.

Some portlet containers will also inject libraries and/or configuration files into the webapp as well. The portlet container must also make its implementation of the Portlet JSP Tag Library available to your webapp.

The bottom line is that it is important to understand the deployment needs of your target portal and make sure they are met (usually by following the automated deployment process it provides). Be sure to carefully review the documentation from your portal for this process.

Once you have deployed your portlet, review the resulting web.xml file for sanity. Some older portals have been known to corrupt the definition of theViewRendererServlet, thus breaking the rendering of your portlets.

文章摘自： http://spring.cndocs.tk/index.html