更多请看(www.omob.cc)
mysql> select now();
+---------------------+
| now() |
+---------------------+
| 2018-07-10 20:39:12 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
注: date:时间字段,format:日期格式
根据format字符串格式化date值:
mysql> select date_format(now(),'%y-%m-%d');
+-------------------------------+
| date_format(now(),'%y-%m-%d') |
+-------------------------------+
| 18-07-10 |
+-------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select date_format(now(),'%Y-%M-%D');
+-------------------------------+
| date_format(now(),'%Y-%M-%D') |
+-------------------------------+
| 2018-July-10th |
+-------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
除了 now() 函数能获得当前的日期时间外,MySQL 中还有下面的函数:
这些日期时间函数,都等同于now()。鉴于now()函数简短易记,建议总是使用now()来替代上面列出的函数。
例如:
mysql> select current_timestamp();
+---------------------+
| current_timestamp() |
+---------------------+
| 2018-07-10 20:46:29 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
sysdate() 日期时间函数跟 now() 类似,不同之处在于:now() 在执行开始时值就得到了, sysdate() 在函数执行时动态得到值。看下面的例子就明白了:
mysql> select now(), sleep(3), now();
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| now() | sleep(3) | now() |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2018-07-10 20:47:31 | 0 | 2018-07-10 20:47:31 |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
1 row in set (3.00 sec)
mysql> select sysdate(), sleep(3), sysdate();
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| sysdate() | sleep(3) | sysdate() |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2018-07-10 20:49:02 | 0 | 2018-07-10 20:49:05 |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
1 row in set (3.00 sec)
可以看到,虽然中途sleep3秒,但now()函数两次的时间值是相同的;sysdate()函数两次得到的时间值相差 3秒。MySQL Manual 中是这样描述 sysdate() 的:Return the time at which the functionexecutes
。
sysdate() 日期时间函数,一般情况下很少用到。
mysql> select curdate();
+------------+
| curdate() |
+------------+
| 2018-07-11 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
其中,下面的两个日期函数等同于 curdate():
- current_date()
- current_date
mysql> select curtime();
+-----------+
| curtime() |
+-----------+
| 09:34:05 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
其中,下面的两个时间函数等同于 curtime():
mysql> select utc_timestamp(), utc_date(), utc_time(), now();
+---------------------+------------+------------+---------------------+
| utc_timestamp() | utc_date() | utc_time() | now() |
+---------------------+------------+------------+---------------------+
| 2018-07-10 12:54:40 | 2018-07-10 | 12:54:40 | 2018-07-10 20:54:40 |
+---------------------+------------+------------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
因为我国位于东八时区,所以本地时间=UTC时间+8小时。UTC时间在业务涉及多个国家和地区的时候,非常有用。
mysql> set @dt =now();
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select date(@dt);
+------------+
| date(@dt) |
+------------+
| 2018-07-11 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select time(@dt);
+-----------+
| time(@dt) |
+-----------+
| 09:34:40 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select year(@dt);
+-----------+
| year(@dt) |
+-----------+
| 2018 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> set @dt=now();
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select extract(year from @dt);
+------------------------+
| extract(year from @dt) |
+------------------------+
| 2018 |
+------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL Extract() 函数除了没有date(),time()的功能外,其他功能一应具全。并且还具有选取‘day_microsecond’等功能。注意这里不是只选取 day 和 microsecond,而是从日期的 day 部分一直选取到 microsecond 部分。够强悍的吧!
MySQL Extract() 函数唯一不好的地方在于:你需要多敲几次键盘。
分别返回日期参数,在一周、一月、一年中的位置。
mysql> set @dt='2018-07-10';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select dayofweek(@dt);
+----------------+
| dayofweek(@dt) |
+----------------+
| 3 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select dayofmonth(@dt);
+-----------------+
| dayofmonth(@dt) |
+-----------------+
| 10 |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select dayofyear(@dt);
+----------------+
| dayofyear(@dt) |
+----------------+
| 191 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
日期 ‘2018-07-10’ 是一周中的第 3 天(1 = Sunday, 2 = Monday, …, 7 = Saturday);一月中的第10 天;一年中的第 191 天。
mysql> set @dt = '2018-07-10';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select week(@dt);
+-----------+
| week(@dt) |
+-----------+
| 27 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select week(@dt,3);
+-------------+
| week(@dt,3) |
+-------------+
| 28 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select weekofyear(@dt);
+-----------------+
| weekofyear(@dt) |
+-----------------+
| 28 |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select dayofyear(@dt);
+----------------+
| dayofyear(@dt) |
+----------------+
| 191 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select weekday(@dt);
+--------------+
| weekday(@dt) |
+--------------+
| 1 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select yearweek(@dt);
+---------------+
| yearweek(@dt) |
+---------------+
| 201827 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL week()
函数,可以有两个参数,具体可看手册。 weekofyear()
和 week()
一样,都是计算“某天”是位于一年中的第几周。 weekofyear(@dt)
等价于 week(@dt,3)
。
MySQL weekday()
函数和dayofweek()
类似,都是返回“某天”在一周中的位置。不同点在于参考的标准, weekday:(0 =Monday, 1 = Tuesday, …, 6 = Sunday); dayofweek:(1 = Sunday, 2 = Monday,…, 7 = Saturday)
MySQL yearweek() 函数,返回 year(2018) + week(27)。
mysql> set @dt = '2018-07-10';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select dayname(@dt);
+--------------+
| dayname(@dt) |
+--------------+
| Tuesday |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select monthname(@dt);
+----------------+
| monthname(@dt) |
+----------------+
| July |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
思考,如何返回中文的名称呢?
mysql> select last_day('2018-07-10');
+------------------------+
| last_day('2018-07-10') |
+------------------------+
| 2018-07-31 |
+------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select last_day('2018-08-01');
+------------------------+
| last_day('2018-08-01') |
+------------------------+
| 2018-08-31 |
+------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL last_day() 函数非常有用,比如我想得到当前月份中有多少天,可以这样来计算:
mysql> select now(), day(last_day(now())) as days;
+---------------------+------+
| now() | days |
+---------------------+------+
| 2018-07-10 23:37:52 | 31 |
+---------------------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL adddate()
,addtime()
函数,可以用date_add()
来替代。下面是date_add()
实现addtime()
功能示例:
mysql> set @dt=now();
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select date_add(@dt, interval '01:15:30' hour_second);
+------------------------------------------------+
| date_add(@dt, interval '01:15:30' hour_second) |
+------------------------------------------------+
| 2018-07-11 00:59:08 |
+------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select date_add(@dt, interval '1 01:15:30' day_second);
+-------------------------------------------------+
| date_add(@dt, interval '1 01:15:30' day_second) |
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 2018-07-12 00:59:08 |
+-------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
date_add()
函数,分别为@dt
增加了“1小时 15分 30秒” 和 “1天 1小时 15分 30秒”。建议:总是使用date_add()
日期时间函数来替代adddate()
,addtime()
。
mysql> set @dt=now();
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select date_sub(@dt, interval '1 1:1:1' day_second);
+----------------------------------------------+
| date_sub(@dt, interval '1 1:1:1' day_second) |
+----------------------------------------------+
| 2018-07-09 22:44:58 |
+----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL date_sub()
日期时间函数 和date_add()
用法一致,不再赘述。另外,MySQL 中还有两个函数subdate()
, subtime()
,建议,用 date_sub() 来替代。
函数参数“P” 的格式为“YYYYMM” 或者 “YYMM”,第二个参数“N” 表示增加或减去 N month(月)。
MySQL period_add(P,N)
:日期加/减去N月。
mysql> select period_add(201807,2), period_add(20180710,-2);
+----------------------+-------------------------+
| period_add(201807,2) | period_add(20180710,-2) |
+----------------------+-------------------------+
| 201809 | 20180708 |
+----------------------+-------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL period_diff(P1,P2)
:日期 P1-P2,返回 N 个月。
mysql> select period_diff(201708, 201807);
+-----------------------------+
| period_diff(201708, 201807) |
+-----------------------------+
| -11 |
+-----------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在 MySQL 中,这两个日期函数,一般情况下很少用到。
MySQL datediff(date1,date2)
:两个日期相减 date1 - date2,返回天数。
mysql> select datediff('2018-07-10', '2018-08-01');
+--------------------------------------+
| datediff('2018-07-10', '2018-08-01') |
+--------------------------------------+
| -22 |
+--------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select datediff('2018-07-10', '2018-06-01');
+--------------------------------------+
| datediff('2018-07-10', '2018-06-01') |
+--------------------------------------+
| 39 |
+--------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL timediff(time1,time2)
:两个日期相减 time1 - time2,返回 time 差值。
mysql> select timediff('2018-07-10 08:08:08', '2018-07-11 00:00:00');
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| timediff('2018-07-10 08:08:08', '2018-07-11 00:00:00') |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| -15:51:52 |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select timediff('08:08:08', '00:00:00');
+----------------------------------+
| timediff('08:08:08', '00:00:00') |
+----------------------------------+
| 08:08:08 |
+----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
注意:timediff(time1,time2)
函数的两个参数类型必须相同。
mysql> select time_to_sec('01:00:05');
+-------------------------+
| time_to_sec('01:00:05') |
+-------------------------+
| 3605 |
+-------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select sec_to_time(3605);
+-------------------+
| sec_to_time(3605) |
+-------------------+
| 01:00:05 |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select to_days('0000-00-00');
+-----------------------+
| to_days('0000-00-00') |
+-----------------------+
| NULL |
+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql> select from_days(0);
+--------------+
| from_days(0) |
+--------------+
| 0000-00-00 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> set @dt = now();
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select to_days(@dt);
+--------------+
| to_days(@dt) |
+--------------+
| 737251 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select from_days(737251);
+-------------------+
| from_days(737251) |
+-------------------+
| 2018-07-11 |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select str_to_date('07/10/2018', '%m/%d/%Y');
+---------------------------------------+
| str_to_date('07/10/2018', '%m/%d/%Y') |
+---------------------------------------+
| 2018-07-10 |
+---------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select str_to_date('08/09/18' , '%m/%d/%y');
+--------------------------------------+
| str_to_date('08/09/18' , '%m/%d/%y') |
+--------------------------------------+
| 2018-08-09 |
+--------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select str_to_date('08.09.2018', '%m.%d.%Y');
+---------------------------------------+
| str_to_date('08.09.2018', '%m.%d.%Y') |
+---------------------------------------+
| 2018-08-09 |
+---------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select str_to_date('08:09:30', '%h:%i:%s');
+-------------------------------------+
| str_to_date('08:09:30', '%h:%i:%s') |
+-------------------------------------+
| NULL |
+-------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> select str_to_date('08.09.2018 08:09:30', '%m.%d.%Y %h:%i:%s');
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| str_to_date('08.09.2018 08:09:30', '%m.%d.%Y %h:%i:%s') |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 2018-08-09 08:09:30 |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
可以看到,str_to_date(str,format)
转换函数,可以把一些杂乱无章的字符串转换为日期格式。另外,它也可以转换为时间。“format” 可以参看 MySQL 手册。
mysql> select date_format('2018-08-08 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y');
+------------------------------------------------+
| date_format('2018-08-08 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y') |
+------------------------------------------------+
| Wednesday August 2018 |
+------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select date_format('2018-08-08 22:23:01', '%Y%m%d%H%i%s');
+----------------------------------------------------+
| date_format('2018-08-08 22:23:01', '%Y%m%d%H%i%s') |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| 20180808222301 |
+----------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select time_format('22:23:01', '%H.%i.%s');
+-------------------------------------+
| time_format('22:23:01', '%H.%i.%s') |
+-------------------------------------+
| 22.23.01 |
+-------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL 日期、时间转换函数:date_format(date,format)
, time_format(time,format)
能够把一个日期/时间转换成各种各样的字符串格式。它是 str_to_date(str,format)
函数的 一个逆转换。
MySQL get_format() 语法:
get_format(date|time|datetime, 'eur'|'usa'|'jis'|'iso'|'internal'
MySQL get_format()
用法的全部示例:
select get_format(date,'usa') ; -- '%m.%d.%Y'
select get_format(date,'jis') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d'
select get_format(date,'iso') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d'
select get_format(date,'eur') ; -- '%d.%m.%Y'
select get_format(date,'internal') ; -- '%Y%m%d'
select get_format(datetime,'usa') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d %H.%i.%s'
select get_format(datetime,'jis') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s'
select get_format(datetime,'iso') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s'
select get_format(datetime,'eur') ; -- '%Y-%m-%d %H.%i.%s'
select get_format(datetime,'internal') ; -- '%Y%m%d%H%i%s'
select get_format(time,'usa') ; -- '%h:%i:%s %p'
select get_format(time,'jis') ; -- '%H:%i:%s'
select get_format(time,'iso') ; -- '%H:%i:%s'
select get_format(time,'eur') ; -- '%H.%i.%s'
select get_format(time,'internal') ; -- '%H%i%s'
MySQL get_format() 函数在实际中用到机会的比较少。
mysql> select makedate(2018,32);
+-------------------+
| makedate(2018,32) |
+-------------------+
| 2018-02-01 |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select makedate(2018,31);
+-------------------+
| makedate(2018,31) |
+-------------------+
| 2018-01-31 |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select maketime(12,15,30);
+--------------------+
| maketime(12,15,30) |
+--------------------+
| 12:15:30 |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select current_timestamp, current_timestamp();
+---------------------+---------------------+
| current_timestamp | current_timestamp() |
+---------------------+---------------------+
| 2018-07-11 09:47:57 | 2018-07-11 09:47:57 |
+---------------------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
下面是示例:
mysql> select unix_timestamp();
+------------------+
| unix_timestamp() |
+------------------+
| 1531273843 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select unix_timestamp('2018-08-08');
+------------------------------+
| unix_timestamp('2018-08-08') |
+------------------------------+
| 1533657600 |
+------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select unix_timestamp('2018-08-08 12:30:00');
+---------------------------------------+
| unix_timestamp('2018-08-08 12:30:00') |
+---------------------------------------+
| 1533702600 |
+---------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select from_unixtime(1533702600);
+---------------------------+
| from_unixtime(1533702600) |
+---------------------------+
| 2018-08-08 12:30:00 |
+---------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select from_unixtime(1533657600);
+---------------------------+
| from_unixtime(1533657600) |
+---------------------------+
| 2018-08-08 00:00:00 |
+---------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select from_unixtime(1531273843);
+---------------------------+
| from_unixtime(1531273843) |
+---------------------------+
| 2018-07-11 09:50:43 |
+---------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select from_unixtime(1531273843, '%Y %D %M %h:%i:%s %x');
+---------------------------------------------------+
| from_unixtime(1531273843, '%Y %D %M %h:%i:%s %x') |
+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2018 11th July 09:50:43 2018 |
+---------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
请看示例部分:
mysql> select timestamp('2018-08-08');
+-------------------------+
| timestamp('2018-08-08') |
+-------------------------+
| 2018-08-08 00:00:00 |
+-------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select timestamp('2018-08-08 08:00:00', '01:01:01');
+----------------------------------------------+
| timestamp('2018-08-08 08:00:00', '01:01:01') |
+----------------------------------------------+
| 2018-08-08 09:01:01 |
+----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select timestamp('2018-08-08 08:00:00', '10 01:01:01');
+-------------------------------------------------+
| timestamp('2018-08-08 08:00:00', '10 01:01:01') |
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 2018-08-18 09:01:01 |
+-------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select timestampadd(day, 1, '2018-08-08 08:00:00');
+---------------------------------------------+
| timestampadd(day, 1, '2018-08-08 08:00:00') |
+---------------------------------------------+
| 2018-08-09 08:00:00 |
+---------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select date_add('2018-08-08 08:00:00', interval 1 day);
+-------------------------------------------------+
| date_add('2018-08-08 08:00:00', interval 1 day) |
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 2018-08-09 08:00:00 |
+-------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL timestampadd() 函数类似于 date_add()。
mysql> select timestampdiff(year,'2012-05-01','2001-01-01');
+-----------------------------------------------+
| timestampdiff(year,'2012-05-01','2001-01-01') |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| -11 |
+-----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select timestampdiff(day ,'2012-05-01','2001-01-01');
+-----------------------------------------------+
| timestampdiff(day ,'2012-05-01','2001-01-01') |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| -4138 |
+-----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select timestampdiff(hour,'2018-08-08 12:00:00','2008-08-08 00:00:00');
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| timestampdiff(hour,'2018-08-08 12:00:00','2008-08-08 00:00:00') |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| -87660 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select datediff('2008-08-08 12:00:00', '2008-08-01 00:00:00');
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| datediff('2008-08-08 12:00:00', '2008-08-01 00:00:00') |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL timestampdiff()
函数就比 datediff()
功能强多了,datediff()
只能计算两个日期(date)之间相差的天数。
mysql> select convert_tz(now(), '+08:00', '+00:00');
+---------------------------------------+
| convert_tz(now(), '+08:00', '+00:00') |
+---------------------------------------+
| 2018-07-10 15:58:03 |
+---------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
时区转换也可以通过 date_add
, date_sub
, timestampadd
来实现。
mysql> set @dt=now();
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select date_add(@dt, interval -8 hour);
+---------------------------------+
| date_add(@dt, interval -8 hour) |
+---------------------------------+
| 2018-07-10 15:59:01 |
+---------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select date_sub(@dt, interval 8 hour);
+--------------------------------+
| date_sub(@dt, interval 8 hour) |
+--------------------------------+
| 2018-07-10 15:59:01 |
+--------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select timestampadd(hour, -8, '2018-07-11 00:01:00');
+-----------------------------------------------+
| timestampadd(hour, -8, '2018-07-11 00:01:00') |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| 2018-07-10 16:01:00 |
+-----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)