RIP中V1/V2互通问题

RIP：

路由信息协议；距离矢量型协议，使用跳数作为度量，基于UDP520端口

工作特性：

• 支持等开销负载均衡，默认4条，最大6条；
• IOS版本12.4以上16条；
• 默认仅使用更新包，周期更新30s，触发更新；

RIP中的V1 V2问题

RIP中存在三个版本分别为RIPV1、RIPV2（基于IPV4工作）和RIPNG（基于IPV6工作）在进行RIP配置时，需要选择RIP版本号，由于版本1和版本2有所区别，所以不同的版本号之前不能进行数据的收发，无法获取到不同版本号的路由信息。

V1,V2的区别：

• 1、V2无类别，V1有类别—V2支持作为VLSM，仅支持CIDR，不支持超网；
• 2、V1广播更新–255.255.255.255 V2组播更新–224.0.0.9
• 3、V2支持认证
  

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则若想实现V1 V2数据互通，需要V1 V2进行兼容：

• 标准V1仅收发v1信息，V2仅接收V2信息；
• 升级V1发V1，收V1/2；

无论设备当下使用的什么版本，所有接口可收发的版本信息均可修改
r1(config)#interface s1/1
r1(config-if)#ip rip send version 1 2 —修改发送版本信息
r1(config-if)#ip rip receive version 1 2 —修改可以接受版本信息
切记：V1和升级版本1 的设备即便模仿V2发送V2路由，但依然无法携带掩码；
V2可以正常发出和V1一样的路由；
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下面通过实例来验证：

实验要求：

• R1为ISP，只能配置IP地址，不能有其他配置
• R7环回地址为172.16.1.0/24
• R8环回地址为172.16.2.0/24
• R7-R8之间的地址为78.1.1.0/24
• 剩余所有网络地址使用192.168.1.0/24
• R2到R5环回通过R3访问
• R2-R6运行RIPV2,R7-R8运行RIPV1
• 加快协议收敛速度，保障更新安全，尽量减少路由条目
• R2-R8设备均可访问R1环回
• R1 telnet R2 实际访问到 R8
• 全网互通

实验拓扑图

进行网络配置前，首先需要对Ip地址进行合理划分，这里根据实验拓扑及实验要求，对ip地址进行划分：
将192.168.1.0/24 划分为8个较大ip区间，其中
192.168.1.0/27 用作骨干区域 —为有效利用ip地址，还可再进行细化
192.168.1.32/27 用于R2
192.168.1.64/27 用于R3
192.168.1.96/27 用于R4
192.168.1.128/27 用于R5
192.168.1.160/27 用于R6
192.168.1.192/27 192.168.1.224/27 用作备用ip

配置信息：

预配置：

Router(config)#lin co 0
Router(config-line)#logg sy
Router(config-line)#login local
Router(config-line)#exec-t 0 0
Router(config-line)#no ip do lo
Router(config)#ho R1
R1(config)#

路由器配置信息（只写入有用信息）：

R1：

R1#show running-config
Building configuration…

hostname R1
!
no ip domain lookup
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 12.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
line con 0
exec-timeout 0 0
logging synchronous
login local
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
transport input all
!
!
end

R2:

R2#show running-config
Building configuration…

no service password-encryption
!
hostname R2
!
!
no ip domain lookup
ip cef
no ipv6 cef
!
multilink bundle-name authenticated
!
!
key chain a
key 1
key-string cisco123
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 192.168.1.33 255.255.255.240
ip rip advertise 15
!
interface Loopback1
ip address 192.168.1.49 255.255.255.240
ip rip advertise 15
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 12.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
ip nat outside
ip virtual-reassembly in
!
interface Ethernet0/1
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.252
ip nat inside
ip rip advertise 15
ip rip authentication mode md5
ip rip authentication key-chain a
ip virtual-reassembly in
ip summary-address rip 192.168.1.32 255.255.255.224
!
interface Ethernet0/2
ip address 192.168.1.22 255.255.255.252
ip nat inside
ip rip advertise 15
ip virtual-reassembly in
ip summary-address rip 192.168.1.32 255.255.255.224
!
router rip
version 2
timers basic 15 90 90 120
offset-list 1 in 2 Ethernet0/2
network 192.168.1.0
default-information originate
no auto-summary
!
ip forward-protocol nd
!
!
no ip http server
no ip http secure-server
ip nat inside source list 2 interface Ethernet0/0 overload
ip nat inside source static tcp 172.16.2.1 23 12.1.1.2 23 extendable
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 12.1.1.1
!
access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.128
access-list 2 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
access-list 2 permit 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255
access-list 2 permit 78.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
!
control-plane
!
line con 0
exec-timeout 0 0
logging synchronous
login local
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
transport input all
!
!
end

R3-R5配置信息大致相同，不作过多说明：

R3#show running-config
Building configuration…

no service password-encryption
!
hostname R3
!
!
no ip domain lookup
ip cef
no ipv6 cef
!
multilink bundle-name authenticated
!
!
key chain a
key 1
key-string cisco123
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 192.168.1.65 255.255.255.240
ip rip advertise 15
!
interface Loopback1
ip address 192.168.1.81 255.255.255.240
ip rip advertise 15
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 192.168.1.5 255.255.255.252
ip rip advertise 15
ip summary-address rip 192.168.1.64 255.255.255.224
!
interface Ethernet0/1
ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.252
ip rip advertise 15
ip rip authentication mode md5
ip rip authentication key-chain a
ip summary-address rip 192.168.1.64 255.255.255.224
!
!
router rip
version 2
timers basic 15 90 90 120
network 192.168.1.0
no auto-summary
!
!
line con 0
exec-timeout 0 0
logging synchronous
login local
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
transport input all
!
!
end

R6：

R6#show running-config
Building configuration…
no service password-encryption
!
hostname R6
!
!
no ip domain lookup
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 192.168.1.161 255.255.255.240
ip rip advertise 15
!
interface Loopback1
ip address 192.168.1.177 255.255.255.240
ip rip advertise 15
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 192.168.1.14 255.255.255.252
ip rip advertise 15
ip summary-address rip 192.168.1.160 255.255.255.224
!
interface Ethernet0/1
ip address 192.168.1.17 255.255.255.252
ip rip advertise 15
ip rip send version 2
ip summary-address rip 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
!
interface Ethernet0/2
ip address 192.168.1.21 255.255.255.252
ip rip advertise 15
ip summary-address rip 192.168.1.160 255.255.255.224
!
!
router rip
version 2
timers basic 15 90 90 120
network 192.168.1.0
no auto-summary
!
!
line con 0
exec-timeout 0 0
logging synchronous
login local
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
transport input all
!
!
end

R7:

R7#show running-config
Building configuration…
no service password-encryption
!
hostname R7
!
!
no ip domain lookup
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip rip advertise 15
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 secondary
ip address 78.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip rip advertise 15
!
interface Ethernet0/1
ip address 192.168.1.18 255.255.255.252
ip rip advertise 15
ip rip send version 2
ip rip receive version 2
!
!
router rip
version 1
timers basic 15 90 90 120
network 78.0.0.0
network 172.16.0.0
network 192.168.1.0
!
line con 0
exec-timeout 0 0
logging synchronous
login local
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login
transport input all
!
!
end

R8:

R8#show running-config
Building configuration…
no service password-encryption
!
hostname R8
!
!
no ip domain lookup
!
username cisco privilege 15 secret 5 1 1 U4.k$9msHTzbAJAIpwvdCnekDQ.
!
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
ip rip advertise 15
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 172.16.3.2 255.255.255.0 secondary
ip address 78.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
ip rip advertise 15
!
!
router rip
version 1
timers basic 15 90 90 120
network 78.0.0.0
network 172.16.0.0
!
!
line con 0
exec-timeout 0 0
logging synchronous
login local
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
login local
transport input all
!
!
end

问题解决：

1.R7,R8之间环回学习问题：由于通过主类宣告，7和8的环回地址处于同一主类地址网段，在进行rip宣告后不能相互学习—（连续性子网问题）

R7(config)#do show ip ro
R7(config)#do show ip route

  78.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C    78.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L    78.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
      172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C    172.16.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
L    172.16.1.1/32 is directly connected, Loopback0
      192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C    192.168.1.16/30 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
L    192.168.1.18/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1

可以看到7中并没有学习到8的环回，因此需要使用第二地址解决此问题，作如下操作：

R7(config)#int e0/0
R7(config-if)#ip add 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 secondary
R7(config-if)#ex
R8(config)#int e0/0
R8(config-if)#ip add 172.16.3.2 255.255.255.0 secondary
R8(config-if)#ex

再次查看R7路由表，可以看到可以正常学习到R8环回

R7(config)#do show ip route

  78.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C    78.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L    78.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
      172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 2 masks
R    172.16.0.0/24 [120/1] via 78.1.1.2, 00:00:01, Ethernet0/0
C    172.16.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
L    172.16.1.1/32 is directly connected, Loopback0
  R 172.16.2.0/24 [120/1] via 172.16.3.2, 00:00:01, Ethernet0/0
C    172.16.3.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L    172.16.3.1/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
      192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C    192.168.1.16/30 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
L    192.168.1.18/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1

R6 R7之间路由学习问题：

   通过更改接口收发版本信息，可以对路由信息进行收发，但由于2-6骨干之间和6-7之间连续性子网问题，当6发送版本1,7发送版本2时，则7不能学习到2-6上环回路由，，而且由于RIPV1不支持子网汇总，则7,8只能通过静态路由访问2-6环回；当6发送版本2,7接收版本2时，6,7可以相互学习环回，骨干路由，且可以在6上通过子网汇总缩减路由条目；
R7(config)#do show ip route

  78.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 78.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L 78.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 2 masks
R 172.16.0.0/24 [120/1] via 78.1.1.2, 00:00:25, Ethernet0/0
C 172.16.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
L 172.16.1.1/32 is directly connected, Loopback0
R 172.16.2.0/24 [120/1] via 172.16.3.2, 00:00:25, Ethernet0/0
C 172.16.3.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L 172.16.3.1/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 18 subnets, 4 masks
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:17, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.0/30 [120/2] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.4/30 [120/3] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.8/30 [120/2] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.12/30 [120/1] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
C 192.168.1.16/30 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
L 192.168.1.18/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.20/30 [120/1] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.32/28 [120/2] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.48/28 [120/2] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.64/28 [120/3] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.80/28 [120/3] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.96/28 [120/3] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.112/28 [120/3] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.128/28 [120/2] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.144/28 [120/2] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.160/28 [120/1] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.176/28 [120/1] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:44, Ethernet0/1

通过子网汇总缩减路由条目：
R6(config)#int e0/1
R6(config-if)#ip summary-address rip 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
R6(config-if)#ex

R7(config)#do show ip route

  78.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 78.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L 78.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 2 masks
R 172.16.0.0/24 [120/1] via 78.1.1.2, 00:00:16, Ethernet0/0
C 172.16.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback0
L 172.16.1.1/32 is directly connected, Loopback0
R 172.16.2.0/24 [120/1] via 172.16.3.2, 00:00:16, Ethernet0/0
C 172.16.3.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L 172.16.3.1/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 3 masks
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:03, Ethernet0/1
C 192.168.1.16/30 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
L 192.168.1.18/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1

R2 R5之间选路问题：

R2访问R5环回，查看路由表可知默认选择跳数较小的路径，即通过R6；要想使R2通过R3 R4访问R5,则可在R2和R6入向对流量进行控制，认为增加跳数，使下方路径不优；

查看R2路由表：

R2(config)#do show ip route

  12.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 12.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L 12.1.1.2/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
R 78.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 192.168.1.21, 00:00:07, Ethernet0/2
R 172.16.0.0/16 [120/2] via 192.168.1.21, 00:00:07, Ethernet0/2
192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 16 subnets, 4 masks
C 192.168.1.0/30 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
L 192.168.1.1/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.4/30 [120/1] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:09, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.8/30 [120/2] via 192.168.1.21, 00:00:07, Ethernet0/2
[120/2] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:09, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.12/30 [120/1] via 192.168.1.21, 00:00:07, Ethernet0/2
R 192.168.1.16/30 [120/1] via 192.168.1.21, 00:00:07, Ethernet0/2
C 192.168.1.20/30 is directly connected, Ethernet0/2
L 192.168.1.22/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/2
C 192.168.1.32/28 is directly connected, Loopback0
L 192.168.1.33/32 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 192.168.1.48/28 is directly connected, Loopback1
L 192.168.1.49/32 is directly connected, Loopback1
R 192.168.1.64/27 [120/1] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:09, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.96/27 [120/2] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:09, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.128/27 [120/2] via 192.168.1.21, 00:00:07, Ethernet0/2
            默认通过R6访问
R 192.168.1.160/27 [120/1] via 192.168.1.21, 00:00:07, Ethernet0/2

更改跳数：

R2(config)#access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.128
R2(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#offset-list 1 in 2 e0/2
R2(config-router)#exit

再次查看R2路由表：

R2(config)#do show ip route

  12.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

C 12.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
L 12.1.1.2/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
R 78.0.0.0/8 [120/2] via 192.168.1.21, 00:00:04, Ethernet0/2
R 172.16.0.0/16 [120/2] via 192.168.1.21, 00:00:04, Ethernet0/2
192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 16 subnets, 4 masks
C 192.168.1.0/30 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
L 192.168.1.1/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.4/30 [120/1] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:01, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.8/30 [120/2] via 192.168.1.21, 00:00:04, Ethernet0/2
[120/2] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:01, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.12/30 [120/1] via 192.168.1.21, 00:00:04, Ethernet0/2
R 192.168.1.16/30 [120/1] via 192.168.1.21, 00:00:04, Ethernet0/2
C 192.168.1.20/30 is directly connected, Ethernet0/2
L 192.168.1.22/32 is directly connected, Ethernet0/2
C 192.168.1.32/28 is directly connected, Loopback0
L 192.168.1.33/32 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 192.168.1.48/28 is directly connected, Loopback1
L 192.168.1.49/32 is directly connected, Loopback1
R 192.168.1.64/27 [120/1] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:01, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.96/27 [120/2] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:01, Ethernet0/1
R 192.168.1.128/27 [120/3] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:01, Ethernet0/1
            R2访问R5路径已经改变
R 192.168.1.160/27 [120/1] via 192.168.1.21, 00:00:04, Ethernet0/2

端口映射：

R1 telnet R2 实际访问R8，则需要将R2外网接口映射到R8对应端口

R8开启远程登录服务：

R8(config)#username cisco privilege 15 secret cisco123
R8(config)#line vty 0 4
R8(config-line)#login local
R8(config-line)#exit

R2作端口映射：

R2(config)#ip nat inside source static tcp 172.16.2.1 23 12.1.1.2 23

可以看到 R1 telnet R2，实际登录到R8：

R1#telnet 12.1.1.2
Trying 12.1.1.2 … Open

User Access Verification

Username: cisco
Password:
R8#
R8#