在 Redis 中,字符串都用自定义的结构简单动态字符串(Simple Dynamic Strings,SDS)。
Redis 中使用到的字符串都是用 SDS,例如 key、string 类型的值、sorted set 的 member、hash 的 field 等等等等。。。
数据结构
旧版本的结构
在 3.2 版本之前,sds 的定义是这样的:
struct sdshdr {
// buf 数组中已使用的字节数量,也就是 sds 本身的字符串长度
unsigned int len;
// buf 数组中未使用的字节数量
unsigned int free;
// 字节数组,用于保存字符串
char buf[];
};
旧版本 SDS 结构示例
这样的结构有几个好处:
单独记录长度len,获取字符串长度的时间复杂度是 O(1) 。传统的 C 字符串获取长度需要遍历字符串,直到遇到\0,时间复杂度是 O(N)。
buf 数组末尾遵循 C 字符串以 \0 结尾的惯例,可以兼容 C 处理字符串的函数。
减少修改字符串带来的内存重分配次数,Redis 使用了 空间预分配(预先申请大一点点的空间) 和 空间惰性释放(字符串变短修改len字段即可)来减少字符串修改引起的内存重新分配。
不以\0为结尾的判断,二进制安全。因为图片等二进制数据中,可能包含\0,传统 C 字符串一遇到 \0 就认为字符串结束了,会导致不能完整保存。
缺点:
len 和 free 的定义用了 4 个字节,可以表示 2^32 的长度。但是我们实际使用的字符串,往往没有那么长。4 个字节造成了浪费。
新版本的结构
旧版本中我们说到,len 和 free 的缺点是用了太长的变量,新版本解决了这个问题。
我们来看一下新版本的 SDS 结构。
在 Redis 3.2 版本之后,Redis 将 SDS 划分为 5 种类型:
类型 字节 位
sdshdr5 < 1 <8
sdshdr8 1 8
sdshdr16 2 16
sdshdr32 4 32
sdshdr64 8 64
新版本新增加了一个 flags 字段来标识类型,长度 1 字节(8 位)。
类型只占用了前 3 位。在 sdshdr5 中,后 5 位用来保存字符串的长度。其他类型后 5 位没有用。
struct attribute ((packed)) sdshdr5 {
unsigned char flags; /* 前 3 位保存类型,后 5 位保存字符串长度 /
char buf[];
};
struct attribute ((packed)) sdshdr8 {
uint8_t len; / 字符串长度,1 字节 8 位 /
uint8_t alloc; / 申请的总长度,1 字节 8 位 /
unsigned char flags; / 前 3 位保存类型,后 5 位未使用 /
char buf[];
};
struct attribute ((packed)) sdshdr16 {
uint16_t len; / 字符串长度,2 字节 16 位 /
uint16_t alloc; / 申请的总长度,2 字节 16 位 /
unsigned char flags; / 前 3 位保存类型,后 5 位未使用 /
char buf[];
};
struct attribute ((packed)) sdshdr32 {
uint32_t len; / 字符串长度,4 字节 32 位 /
uint32_t alloc; / 申请的总长度,4 字节 32 位 /
unsigned char flags; / 前 3 位保存类型,后 5 位未使用 /
char buf[];
};
struct attribute ((packed)) sdshdr64 {
uint64_t len; / 字符串长度,8 字节 64 位 /
uint64_t alloc; / 申请的总长度,8 字节 64 位 /
unsigned char flags; / 前 3 位保存类型,后 5 位未使用 */
char buf[];
};
旧版本 SDS 结构示例
优点:
旧版本相对于传统 C 字符串的优点,新版本都有
相对于旧版本,新版本可以通过字符串的长度,选择不同的结构,可以节约内存
使用 attribute ((packed)) ,让编译器取消结构在编译过程中的优化对齐,按照实际占用字节数进行对齐,可以节约内存
SDS 的初始化
sds 的定义,跟传统的C语言字符串保持类型兼容 char *。但是 sds 是二进制安全的,中间可能包含\0。
sds.h
typedef char *sds;
sds.c
// 初始化 sds
sds sdsnewlen(const void *init, size_t initlen) {
// 指向 sdshdr 开始地方的指针
void *sh;
// sds 实际是一个指针,指向 buf 开始的位置
sds s;
// 根据初始化的长度,返回 sds 的类型
char type = sdsReqType(initlen);
// initlen == 0,是空字符串,空字符串往往就是用来往后添加字节的,使用 SDS_TYPE_8 比 SDS_TYPE_5 更好
if (type == SDS_TYPE_5 && initlen == 0) type = SDS_TYPE_8;
// 根据类型获取 struct sdshdr 的长度
int hdrlen = sdsHdrSize(type);
// flags 字段的指针
unsigned char fp;
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// 开始分配空间,+1 是为了最后一个的结束符号 \0
sh = s_malloc(hdrlen+initlen+1);
if (sh == NULL) return NULL;
// const char SDS_NOINIT = “SDS_NOINIT”;
if (init==SDS_NOINIT)
init = NULL;
else if (!init)
// 不是 init 则清空 sh 的内存
memset(sh, 0, hdrlen+initlen+1);
// s 指向了 buf 开始的地址
// 从上面结构可以看出,内存地址的顺序: len, alloc, flag, buf
// 因为 buf 本身不占用空间,hdrlen 实际上就是结构的头(len、alloc、flags)
s = (char)sh+hdrlen;
// flags 占用 1 个字节,所以 s 退一位就是 flags 的开始位置了
fp = ((unsigned char)s)-1;
switch(type) {
case SDS_TYPE_5: {
// #define SDS_TYPE_BITS 3
// 前 3 位保存类型,后 5 位保存长度
*fp = type | (initlen << SDS_TYPE_BITS);
break;
}
case SDS_TYPE_8: {
// define SDS_HDR_VAR(T,s) struct sdshdr##T sh = (void)((s)-(sizeof(struct sdshdr##T)));
// sh 变量赋值了 struct sdshdr
SDS_HDR_VAR(8,s);
sh->len = initlen;
sh->alloc = initlen;
*fp = type;
break;
}
// 下面是对 SDS_TYPE_16、SDS_TYPE_32、SDS_TYPE_64 的初始化,跟 SDS_TYPE_8 的类似,篇幅有限,省略…
}
// 如果 init 非空,则把 init 字符串赋值给 s,实际上也是 buf 的初始化
if (initlen && init)
memcpy(s, init, initlen);
// 最后加一个结束标志 \0
s[initlen] = ‘\0’;
return s;
}
SDS 的扩/缩容
扩容
扩容就不跟初始化一样写注释写得那么详细了,直接拉最重要的几句代码就行。
sds sdsMakeRoomFor(sds s, size_t addlen) {
// #define SDS_MAX_PREALLOC (1024*1024)
// 当新的长度小于 1M 的时候,长度会增长一倍
// 当新的长度达到 1M 之后,最多就增长 1M 了
if (newlen < SDS_MAX_PREALLOC)
newlen *= 2;
else
newlen += SDS_MAX_PREALLOC;
// …
}
缩容
sds 缩短不会真正缩小 buf,而是只改长度而已,类型也不变。
sds.c
// 删掉字符串的左右字符中指定的字符
sds sdstrim(sds s, const char *cset) {
char *start, *end, *sp, *ep;
size_t len;
sp = start = s;
ep = end = s+sdslen(s)-1;
while(sp <= end && strchr(cset, *sp)) sp++;
while(ep > sp && strchr(cset, *ep)) ep--;
len = (sp > ep) ? 0 : ((ep-sp)+1);
if (s != sp) memmove(s, sp, len);
// 结尾符
s[len] = '\0';
// 缩短长度
sdssetlen(s,len);
return s;
}
sds.h
static inline void sdssetlen(sds s, size_t newlen) {
// 设置sds长度,只是修改 sdshdr 结构中的长度字段,类型不会变
unsigned char flags = s[-1];
switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
case SDS_TYPE_5:
{
unsigned char fp = ((unsigned char)s)-1;
*fp = (unsigned char)(SDS_TYPE_5 | (newlen << SDS_TYPE_BITS));
}
break;
case SDS_TYPE_8:
SDS_HDR(8,s)->len = (uint8_t)newlen;
break;
case SDS_TYPE_16:
SDS_HDR(16,s)->len = (uint16_t)newlen;
break;
case SDS_TYPE_32:
SDS_HDR(32,s)->len = (uint32_t)newlen;
break;
case SDS_TYPE_64:
SDS_HDR(64,s)->len = (uint64_t)newlen;
break;
}
}