SQL-JOINS用法说明

JOIN对于接触过数据库的人,这个词都不陌生,而且很多人很清楚各种JOIN,还有很多人对这个理解也不是很透彻。
假设我们有两个表,Table_A和Table_B。这两个表中的数据如下所示:

TABLE_A										|		  TABLE_B
  PK Value                 	 				|           PK Value
---- ----------             				|         ---- ----------
   1 FOX                    				|            1 TROT
   2 COP                    				|            2 CAR
   3 TAXI                   				|            3 CAB
   6 WASHINGTON             				|            6 MONUMENT
   7 DELL                   				|            7 PC
   5 ARIZONA                				|            8 MICROSOFT
   4 LINCOLN                				|            9 APPLE
  10 LUCENT                 				|           11 SCOTCH

详细SQL-JOINS用法说明

          • 1、Inner JOIN: (内连接)
          • 2、Left JOIN: (左连接)
          • 3、Left Excluding JOIN: (左连接排除内连接结果)
          • 4、Right JOIN: (右连接)
          • 5、Right Excluding JOIN: (右连接排除内连接结果)
          • 6、Outer JOIN: (外连接)
          • 7、Outer Excluding JOIN: (外连接排除内连接结果)


1、Inner JOIN: (内连接)

SQL-JOINS用法说明_第1张图片
这是最简单、最容易理解的连接,也是最常见的连接。此查询将返回左表(表A)中具有右表(表B)中匹配记录的所有记录。此连接写成如下:

SELECT <select_list> 
FROM Table_A A
INNER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
-- Inner JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
       B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
INNER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK

A_PK A_Value    B_Value    B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
   1 FOX        TROT          1
   2 COP        CAR           2
   3 TAXI       CAB           3
   6 WASHINGTON MONUMENT      6
   7 DELL       PC            7

(5 row(s) affected)
2、Left JOIN: (左连接)

SQL-JOINS用法说明_第2张图片
此查询将返回左表(表A)中的所有记录,而不管这些记录是否与右表(表B)中的任何记录匹配。它还将从正确的表中返回任何匹配的记录。此连接写成如下:

SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
-- Left JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK

A_PK A_Value    B_Value    B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
   1 FOX        TROT          1
   2 COP        CAR           2
   3 TAXI       CAB           3
   4 LINCOLN    NULL       NULL
   5 ARIZONA    NULL       NULL
   6 WASHINGTON MONUMENT      6
   7 DELL       PC            7
  10 LUCENT     NULL       NULL

(8 row(s) affected)
3、Left Excluding JOIN: (左连接排除内连接结果)

此查询将返回左表(表A)中与右表(表B)中的任何记录都不匹配的所有记录。此连接写成如下:
SQL-JOINS用法说明_第3张图片

SELECT <select_list> 
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
WHERE B.Key IS NULL
-- Left Excluding JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK
WHERE B.PK IS NULL

A_PK A_Value    B_Value    B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
   4 LINCOLN    NULL       NULL
   5 ARIZONA    NULL       NULL
  10 LUCENT     NULL       NULL
(3 row(s) affected)
4、Right JOIN: (右连接)

SQL-JOINS用法说明_第4张图片
此查询将返回右表(表B)中的所有记录,而不管这些记录中是否有任何记录与左表(表A)中的记录相匹配。它还将返回左表中的任何匹配记录。此连接写成如下:

SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
-- Right JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK

A_PK A_Value    B_Value    B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
   1 FOX        TROT          1
   2 COP        CAR           2
   3 TAXI       CAB           3
   6 WASHINGTON MONUMENT      6
   7 DELL       PC            7
NULL NULL       MICROSOFT     8
NULL NULL       APPLE         9
NULL NULL       SCOTCH       11

(8 row(s) affected)
5、Right Excluding JOIN: (右连接排除内连接结果)

SQL-JOINS用法说明_第5张图片
此查询将返回右表(表B)中与左表(表A)中的任何记录都不匹配的所有记录。此连接写成如下:

SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
WHERE A.Key IS NULL
-- Right Excluding JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK
WHERE A.PK IS NULL

A_PK A_Value    B_Value    B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
NULL NULL       MICROSOFT     8
NULL NULL       APPLE         9
NULL NULL       SCOTCH       11

(3 row(s) affected)
6、Outer JOIN: (外连接)

SQL-JOINS用法说明_第6张图片
此联接也可以称为完全外联接或完全联接。此查询将返回两个表中的所有记录,连接左表(表A)中与右表(表B)中的记录相匹配的记录。此连接写成如下:

SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
-- Outer JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK

A_PK A_Value    B_Value    B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
   1 FOX        TROT          1
   2 COP        CAR           2
   3 TAXI       CAB           3
   6 WASHINGTON MONUMENT      6
   7 DELL       PC            7
NULL NULL       MICROSOFT     8
NULL NULL       APPLE         9
NULL NULL       SCOTCH       11
   5 ARIZONA    NULL       NULL
   4 LINCOLN    NULL       NULL
  10 LUCENT     NULL       NULL

(11 row(s) affected)
7、Outer Excluding JOIN: (外连接排除内连接结果)

SQL-JOINS用法说明_第7张图片
此查询将返回左表(表A)中的所有记录和右表(表B)中不匹配的所有记录。我还不需要使用这种类型的联接,但所有其他类型的联接我都相当频繁地使用。此连接写成如下:

SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
WHERE A.Key IS NULL OR B.Key IS NULL
-- Outer Excluding JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK
WHERE A.PK IS NULL
OR B.PK IS NULL

A_PK A_Value    B_Value    B_PK
---- ---------- ---------- ----
NULL NULL       MICROSOFT     8
NULL NULL       APPLE         9
NULL NULL       SCOTCH       11
   5 ARIZONA    NULL       NULL
   4 LINCOLN    NULL       NULL
  10 LUCENT     NULL       NULL

(6 row(s) affected)

注意,在外部联接上,首先返回内部连接记录,然后返回右连接记录,最后返回左连接记录(至少,我的Microsoft SQL Server就是这样做的;当然,这不需要使用任何ORDERBY语句)。您可以访问维基百科文章以获得更多信息(但是,条目不是图形化的)。我还创建了一个备忘单,您可以在需要时打印出来。如果您右键单击下面的图像并选择“将目标保存为.”,您将下载完整大小的图像。
SQL-JOINS用法说明_第8张图片

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