标题无意冒犯
在介绍原型模式前,我们先从实际问题出发,对比解决方法前后优劣点。
问题:
现在有一只羊(包含属性:名字Dolly、年龄2),需要克隆10只属性完全相同的羊。
一般解法:
public class Sheep {
private String name;
private int age;
public Sheep(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Sheep{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Sheep sheepDolly=new Sheep("Dolly",2);
Sheep sheep1 = new Sheep(sheepDolly.getName(), sheepDolly.getAge());
Sheep sheep2 = new Sheep(sheepDolly.getName(), sheepDolly.getAge());
Sheep sheep3 = new Sheep(sheepDolly.getName(), sheepDolly.getAge());
//....
System.out.println(sheep1+",hashCode:"+sheep1.hashCode());
System.out.println(sheep2+",hashCode:"+sheep2.hashCode());
System.out.println(sheep3+",hashCode:"+sheep3.hashCode());
//...
}
}
优缺点:
这种方法是我们首先很容易就能想到的,也是绝大多数人的第一做法。
但缺点也很明显,每次创建新对象时需要获取原始对象的属性,对象复杂时效率很低;此外不能动态获得对象运行时的状态,若类增减属性需要改动代码。
下面我们看下原型模式的解法。
原型模式(Prototype Pattern)是一种创建型设计模式,允许一个对象再创建另外一个可定制的对象,无需知道如何创建的细节。即用原型实例指定创建对象的种类,并且通过拷贝这些原型,创建新的对象。
工作原理:将原型对象传给那个要发动创建的对象,这个要发动创建的对象通过请求原型对象拷贝它们自己来实施创建。即用基类Object的clone()方法或序列化。
原型模式又可分为浅拷贝和深拷贝,区别在于对引用数据类型的成员变量的拷贝,小朋友你是否有很多问号? 不急 ,看完这两种方法实现你就懂了。
public class Sheep implements Cloneable{
private String name;
private int age;
@Override
protected Object clone() {
//克隆该实例,使用默认的clone方法来完成
Sheep sheep = null;
try {
sheep = (Sheep)super.clone();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
return sheep;
}
public Sheep(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Sheep{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Sheep sheepDolly=new Sheep("Dolly",2);
Sheep sheep1 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone();
Sheep sheep2 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone();
Sheep sheep3 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone();
//....
System.out.println("sheep1:"+sheep1+",hashCode:" + sheep1.hashCode());
System.out.println("sheep2:"+sheep2+",hashCode:" + sheep2.hashCode());
System.out.println("sheep3:"+sheep3+",hashCode:" + sheep3.hashCode());
//...
}
}
现在小羊有了一个朋友小牛,Sheep类添加了一个引用属性Cow,我们同样再克隆一遍。
public class Sheep implements Cloneable{
private String name;
private int age;
public Cow friend;//新朋友Cow对象,其余不变
@Override
protected Object clone() {
Sheep sheep = null;
try {
sheep = (Sheep)super.clone();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
return sheep;
}
public Sheep(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Sheep{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
public class Cow {
private String name;
private int age;
public Cow(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Cow{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
(
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public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Sheep sheepDolly=new Sheep("Dolly",2);
sheepDolly.friend=new Cow("Tom",1); //并实例化朋友
Sheep sheep1 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone();
Sheep sheep2 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone();
Sheep sheep3 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone();
//....
System.out.println("sheep1:"+sheep1+",hashCode:" + sheep1.hashCode());
System.out.println("sheep1.friend:"+sheep1.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep1.friend.hashCode()+'\n');
System.out.println("sheep2:"+sheep2+",hashCode:" + sheep2.hashCode());
System.out.println("sheep2.friend:"+sheep2.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep2.friend.hashCode()+'\n');
System.out.println("sheep3:"+sheep3+",hashCode:" + sheep3.hashCode());
System.out.println("sheep3.friend:"+sheep3.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep3.friend.hashCode()+'\n');
//...
}
}
通过运行结果发现,浅拷贝通过Object的clone()成功克隆实例化了三个新对象,但是并没有克隆实例化对象中的引用属性,也就是没有克隆friend对象(禁止套娃 ),三个新克隆对象的friend还是指向原克隆前的friend,即时同一个对象。
这样的话,他们四个的friend是引用同一个,若一个对象修改了friend属性,势必会影响其他三个对象的该成员变量值。
小结:
方法一:
机灵的人儿看出,再clone一遍cow不就好了,但是手动递归下去不推荐。
public class Cow implements Cloneable{
private String name;
private int age;
public Cow(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
//无引用类型,直接clone即可
@Override
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
return super.clone(); //直接抛出了,没用try-catch
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Cow{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
public class Sheep implements Cloneable{
private String name;
private int age;
public Cow friend;//新朋友Cow对象,其余不变
@Override
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
Object deep = null;
//完成对基本数据类型(属性)和String的克隆
deep = super.clone();
//对引用类型的属性,进行再次clone
Sheep sheep = (Sheep)deep;
sheep.friend = (Cow)friend.clone();
return sheep;
}
public Sheep(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Sheep{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
Sheep sheepDolly=new Sheep("Dolly",2);
sheepDolly.friend=new Cow("Tom",1); //并实例化朋友
Sheep sheep1 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone();
Sheep sheep2 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone();
Sheep sheep3 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.clone();
//....
System.out.println("sheep1:"+sheep1+",hashCode:" + sheep1.hashCode());
System.out.println("sheep1.friend:"+sheep1.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep1.friend.hashCode()+'\n');
System.out.println("sheep2:"+sheep2+",hashCode:" + sheep2.hashCode());
System.out.println("sheep2.friend:"+sheep2.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep2.friend.hashCode()+'\n');
System.out.println("sheep3:"+sheep3+",hashCode:" + sheep3.hashCode());
System.out.println("sheep3.friend:"+sheep3.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep3.friend.hashCode()+'\n');
//...
}
}
方法二:
通过对象序列化实现深拷贝(推荐)
public class Cow implements Serializable {
private String name;
private int age;
public Cow(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Cow{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
public class Sheep implements Serializable {
//实现序列化接口
private String name;
private int age;
public Cow friend;
public Sheep(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Sheep{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
public Object deepClone() {
//深拷贝
//创建流对象
ByteArrayOutputStream bos = null;
ObjectOutputStream oos = null;
ByteArrayInputStream bis = null;
ObjectInputStream ois = null;
try {
//序列化
bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bos);
oos.writeObject(this); //当前这个对象以对象流的方式输出
//反序列化
bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
ois = new ObjectInputStream(bis);
Sheep sheep = (Sheep) ois.readObject();
return sheep;
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
return null;
} finally {
//关闭流
try {
bos.close();
oos.close();
bis.close();
ois.close();
} catch (Exception e2) {
System.out.println(e2.getMessage());
}
}
}
}
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
Sheep sheepDolly=new Sheep("Dolly",2);
sheepDolly.friend=new Cow("Tom",1); //并实例化朋友
Sheep sheep1 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.deepClone();
Sheep sheep2 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.deepClone();
Sheep sheep3 = (Sheep)sheepDolly.deepClone();
//....
System.out.println("sheep1:"+sheep1+",hashCode:" + sheep1.hashCode());
System.out.println("sheep1.friend:"+sheep1.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep1.friend.hashCode()+'\n');
System.out.println("sheep2:"+sheep2+",hashCode:" + sheep2.hashCode());
System.out.println("sheep2.friend:"+sheep2.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep2.friend.hashCode()+'\n');
System.out.println("sheep3:"+sheep3+",hashCode:" + sheep3.hashCode());
System.out.println("sheep3.friend:"+sheep3.friend+",hashCode:" + sheep3.friend.hashCode()+'\n');
//...
}
}
原型模式总结:
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