结构化查询语言
5.7 以后符合SQL92严格模式
通过sql_mode参数来控制
DDL:数据定义语言
DCL:数据控制语言
DML:数据操作语言
DQL:数据的查询语言
保证数据的准确性和标准性。
数值类型
tinyint : -128~127
int :-2^31~2^31-1
说明:手机号是无法存储到int的。一般是使用char类型来存储收集号
字符类型
char(11) :
定长 的字符串类型,在存储字符串时,最大字符长度11个,立即分配11个字符长度的存储空间,如果存不满,空格填充。
varchar(11):
变长的字符串类型看,最大字符长度11个。在存储字符串时,自动判断字符长度,按需分配存储空间。
enum('bj','tj','sh'):
枚举类型,比较适合于将来此列的值是固定范围内的特点,可以使用enum,可以很大程度的优化我们的索引结构。
列值不能为空,也是表设计的规范,尽可能将所有的列设置为非空。可以设置默认值为0
**unique key** :唯一键
列值不能重复
**unsigned** :无符号
针对数字列,非负数。
其他属性:
**key** :索引
可以在某列上建立索引,来优化查询
DATETIME
范围为从 1000-01-01 00:00:00.000000 至 9999-12-31 23:59:59.999999。
TIMESTAMP
1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000 至 2038-01-19 03:14:07.999999。
timestamp会受到时区的影响
约束(一般建表时添加):
**primary key** :主键约束
设置为主键的列,此列的值必须非空且唯一,主键在一个表中只能有一个,但是可以有多个列一起构成。
**not null** :非空约束
列值不能为空,也是表设计的规范,尽可能将所有的列设置为非空。可以设置默认值为0
**unique key** :唯一键
列值不能重复
**unsigned** :无符号
针对数字列,非负数。
其他属性:
**key** :索引
可以在某列上建立索引,来优化查询,一般是根据需要后添加
**default** :默认值
列中,没有录入值时,会自动使用default的值填充
**auto_increment**:自增长
针对数字列,顺序的自动填充数据(默认是从1开始,将来可以设定起始点和偏移量)
**comment ** : 注释
存储引擎:
InnoDB(默认的)
字符集和排序规则:
utf8
utf8mb4
utf8
utf8mb4
大小写是否敏感
create database school;
create schema sch;
show charset;
show collation;
CREATE DATABASE test CHARSET utf8;
create database xyz charset utf8mb4 collate utf8mb4_bin;
建库规范:
1.库名不能有大写字母
2.建库要加字符集
3.库名不能有数字开头
4. 库名要和业务相关
建库标准语句
mysql> create database db charset utf8mb4;
mysql> show create database xuexiao;
mysql> drop database oldboy;
SHOW CREATE DATABASE school;
ALTER DATABASE school CHARSET utf8;
注意:修改字符集,修改后的字符集一定是原字符集的严格超集
show databases;
show create database oldboy;
create table stu(
列1 属性(数据类型、约束、其他属性) ,
列2 属性,
列3 属性
)
USE school;
CREATE TABLE stu(
id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '学号',
sname VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL COMMENT '姓名',
sage TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '年龄',
sgender ENUM('m','f','n') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'n' COMMENT '性别' ,
sfz CHAR(18) NOT NULL UNIQUE COMMENT '身份证',
intime TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW() COMMENT '入学时间'
) ENGINE=INNODB CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT '学生表';
建表规范:
1. 表名小写
2. 不能是数字开头
3. 注意字符集和存储引擎
4. 表名和业务有关
5. 选择合适的数据类型
6. 每个列都要有注释
7. 每个列设置为非空,无法保证非空,用0来填充。
drop table t1;
DESC stu;
ALTER TABLE stu ADD qq VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL UNIQUE COMMENT 'qq号';
ALTER TABLE stu ADD wechat VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL UNIQUE COMMENT '微信号' AFTER sname ;
ALTER TABLE stu ADD num INT NOT NULL COMMENT '数字' FIRST;
DESC stu;
ALTER TABLE stu DROP num;
ALTER TABLE stu DROP qq;
ALTER TABLE stu DROP wechat;
ALTER TABLE stu MODIFY sname VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL ;
ALTER TABLE stu CHANGE sgender sg CHAR(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'n' ;
DESC stu;
use school
show tables;
desc stu;
show create table stu;
CREATE TABLE ceshi LIKE stu;
grant
revoke
对表中的数据行进行增、删、改
--- 最标准的insert语句
INSERT INTO stu(id,sname,sage,sg,sfz,intime)
VALUES
(1,'zs',18,'m','123456',NOW());
SELECT * FROM stu;
--- 省事的写法
INSERT INTO stu
VALUES
(2,'ls',18,'m','1234567',NOW());
--- 针对性的录入数据
INSERT INTO stu(sname,sfz)
VALUES ('w5','34445788');
--- 同时录入多行数据
INSERT INTO stu(sname,sfz)
VALUES
('w55','3444578d8'),
('m6','1212313'),
('aa','123213123123');
SELECT * FROM stu;
DESC stu;
SELECT * FROM stu;
UPDATE stu SET sname='zhao4' WHERE id=2;
注意:update语句必须要加where。
DELETE FROM stu WHERE id=3;
全表删除:
DELETE FROM stu
truncate table stu;
区别:
delete: DML操作, 是逻辑性质删除,逐行进行删除,速度慢.
truncate: DDL操作,对与表段中的数据页进行清空,速度快.
伪删除:用update来替代delete,最终保证业务中查不到(select)即可
1.添加状态列
ALTER TABLE stu ADD state TINYINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 1 ;
SELECT * FROM stu;
2. UPDATE 替代 DELETE
UPDATE stu SET state=0 WHERE id=6;
3. 业务语句查询
SELECT * FROM stu WHERE state=1;
-- select @@xxx 查看系统参数
SELECT @@port;
SELECT @@basedir;
SELECT @@datadir;
SELECT @@socket;
SELECT @@server_id;
– select 函数();
SELECT NOW();
SELECT DATABASE();
SELECT USER();
SELECT CONCAT("hello world");
SELECT CONCAT(USER,"@",HOST) FROM mysql.user;
SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(USER,"@",HOST) FROM mysql.user;
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/func-op-summary-ref.html?tdsourcetag=s_pcqq_aiomsg
SELECT 列1,列2 FROM 表
SELECT * FROM 表
例子:
– 查询stu中所有的数据(不要对大表进行操作)
SELECT * FROM stu ;
– 查询stu表中,学生姓名和入学时间
SELECT sname , intime FROM stu;
=====================
单词:
world ===>世界
city ===>城市
country ===>国家
countrylanguage ===>国家语言
city:城市表
DESC city;
ID : 城市ID
NAME : 城市名
CountryCode: 国家代码,比如中国CHN 美国USA
District : 区域
Population : 人口
SHOW CREATE TABLE city;
SELECT * FROM city WHERE id<10;
======================
SELECT col1,col2 FROM TABLE WHERE colN 条件;
例子:
– 查询中国(CHN)所有城市信息
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode='CHN';
– 查询北京市的信息
SELECT * FROM city WHERE NAME='peking';
– 查询甘肃省所有城市信息
SELECT * FROM city WHERE district='gansu';
例子:
– 查询世界上少于100人的城市
SELECT * FROM city WHERE population<100;
例子:
– 中国人口数量大于500w
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode='CHN' AND population>5000000;
– 中国或美国城市信息
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode='CHN' OR countrycode='USA';
例子:
– 查询省的名字前面带guang开头的
SELECT * FROM city WHERE district LIKE 'guang%';
注意:%不能放在前面,因为不走索引.
– 中国或美国城市信息
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode IN ('CHN' ,'USA');
例子:
– 查询世界上人口数量大于100w小于200w的城市信息
SELECT * FROM city WHERE population >1000000 AND population <2000000;
SELECT * FROM city WHERE population BETWEEN 1000000 AND 2000000;
根据 by后面的条件进行分组,方便统计,by后面跟一个列或多个列
**max()** :最大值
**min()** :最小值
**avg()** :平均值
**sum()** :总和
**count()** :个数
group_concat() : 列转行
例子1:统计世界上每个国家的总人口数.
USE world
SELECT countrycode ,SUM(population) FROM city GROUP BY countrycode;
例子2: 统计中国各个省的总人口数量(练习)
SELECT district,SUM(Population) FROM city WHERE countrycode='chn' GROUP BY district;
例子3:统计世界上每个国家的城市数量(练习)
SELECT countrycode,COUNT(id) FROM city GROUP BY countrycode;
where|group|having
例子4:统计中国每个省的总人口数,只打印总人口数小于100
SELECT district,SUM(Population)
FROM city
WHERE countrycode='chn'
GROUP BY district
HAVING SUM(Population) < 1000000 ;
实现先排序,by后添加条件列
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode='CHN' ORDER BY population DESC;
SELECT district AS 省 ,SUM(Population) AS 总人口
FROM city
WHERE countrycode='chn'
GROUP BY district
ORDER BY 总人口 DESC ;
SELECT district, SUM(population) FROM city
WHERE countrycode='CHN'
GROUP BY district
HAVING SUM(population)>5000000
ORDER BY SUM(population) DESC
LIMIT 3 ;
LIMIT N ,M --->跳过N,显示一共M行
LIMIT 5,5
SELECT district, SUM(population) FROM city
WHERE countrycode='CHN'
GROUP BY district
HAVING SUM(population)>5000000
ORDER BY SUM(population) DESC
LIMIT 5,5;
SELECT countrycode FROM city ;
SELECT DISTINCT(countrycode) FROM city ;
-- 中国或美国城市信息
SELECT * FROM city
WHERE countrycode IN ('CHN' ,'USA');
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode='CHN'
UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode='USA'
说明:一般情况下,我们会将 IN 或者 OR 语句 改写成 UNION ALL,来提高性能
UNION 去重复
UNION ALL 不去重复
按需求创建一下表结构:
use school
student :学生表
sno: 学号
sname:学生姓名
sage: 学生年龄
ssex: 学生性别
teacher :教师表
tno: 教师编号
tname:教师名字
course :课程表
cno: 课程编号
cname:课程名字
tno: 教师编号
score :成绩表
sno: 学号
cno: 课程编号
score:成绩
-- 项目构建
drop database school;
CREATE DATABASE school CHARSET utf8;
USE school
CREATE TABLE student(
sno INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '学号',
sname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '姓名',
sage TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL COMMENT '年龄',
ssex ENUM('f','m') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'm' COMMENT '性别'
)ENGINE=INNODB CHARSET=utf8;
CREATE TABLE course(
cno INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY COMMENT '课程编号',
cname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '课程名字',
tno INT NOT NULL COMMENT '教师编号'
)ENGINE=INNODB CHARSET utf8;
CREATE TABLE sc (
sno INT NOT NULL COMMENT '学号',
cno INT NOT NULL COMMENT '课程编号',
score INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '成绩'
)ENGINE=INNODB CHARSET=utf8;
CREATE TABLE teacher(
tno INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY COMMENT '教师编号',
tname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '教师名字'
)ENGINE=INNODB CHARSET utf8;
INSERT INTO student(sno,sname,sage,ssex)
VALUES (1,'zhang3',18,'m');
INSERT INTO student(sno,sname,sage,ssex)
VALUES
(2,'zhang4',18,'m'),
(3,'li4',18,'m'),
(4,'wang5',19,'f');
INSERT INTO student
VALUES
(5,'zh4',18,'m'),
(6,'zhao4',18,'m'),
(7,'ma6',19,'f');
INSERT INTO student(sname,sage,ssex)
VALUES
('oldboy',20,'m'),
('oldgirl',20,'f'),
('oldp',25,'m');
INSERT INTO teacher(tno,tname) VALUES
(101,'oldboy'),
(102,'hesw'),
(103,'oldguo');
DESC course;
INSERT INTO course(cno,cname,tno)
VALUES
(1001,'linux',101),
(1002,'python',102),
(1003,'mysql',103);
DESC sc;
INSERT INTO sc(sno,cno,score)
VALUES
(1,1001,80),
(1,1002,59),
(2,1002,90),
(2,1003,100),
(3,1001,99),
(3,1003,40),
(4,1001,79),
(4,1002,61),
(4,1003,99),
(5,1003,40),
(6,1001,89),
(6,1003,77),
(7,1001,67),
(7,1003,82),
(8,1001,70),
(9,1003,80),
(10,1003,96);
SELECT * FROM student;
SELECT * FROM teacher;
SELECT * FROM course;
SELECT * FROM sc;
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查询张三的家庭住址
SELECT A.name,B.address FROM
A JOIN B
ON A.id=B.id
WHERE A.name='zhangsan'
SELECT b.name ,a.name ,a.population
FROM city AS a
JOIN country AS b
ON b.code=a.countrycode
WHERE a.Population<100
SELECT a.name,a.population,b.name ,b.SurfaceArea
FROM city AS a JOIN country AS b
ON a.countrycode=b.code
WHERE a.name='shenyang';
列别名,表别名
SELECT
a.Name AS an ,
b.name AS bn ,
b.SurfaceArea AS bs,
a.Population AS bp
FROM city AS a JOIN country AS b
ON a.CountryCode=b.Code
WHERE a.name ='shenyang';
SELECT st.sname , COUNT(sc.cno)
FROM student AS st
JOIN
sc
ON st.sno=sc.sno
WHERE st.sname='zhang3'
SELECT st.sname , GROUP_CONCAT(co.cname)
FROM student AS st
JOIN sc
ON st.sno=sc.sno
JOIN course AS co
ON sc.cno=co.cno
WHERE st.sname='zhang3'
SELECT te.tname ,GROUP_CONCAT(st.sname)
FROM student AS st
JOIN sc
ON st.sno=sc.sno
JOIN course AS co
ON sc.cno=co.cno
JOIN teacher AS te
ON co.tno=te.tno
WHERE te.tname='oldguo';
SELECT te.tname,AVG(sc.score)
FROM teacher AS te
JOIN course AS co
ON te.tno=co.tno
JOIN sc
ON co.cno=sc.cno
WHERE te.tname='oldguo'
4.1 每位老师所教课程的平均分,并按平均分排序
SELECT te.tname,AVG(sc.score)
FROM teacher AS te
JOIN course AS co
ON te.tno=co.tno
JOIN sc
ON co.cno=sc.cno
GROUP BY te.tname
ORDER BY AVG(sc.score) DESC ;
SELECT te.tname,st.sname,sc.score
FROM teacher AS te
JOIN course AS co
ON te.tno=co.tno
JOIN sc
ON co.cno=sc.cno
JOIN student AS st
ON sc.sno=st.sno
WHERE te.tname='oldguo' AND sc.score<60;
5.1 查询所有老师所教学生不及格的信息
SELECT te.tname,st.sname,sc.score
FROM teacher AS te
JOIN course AS co
ON te.tno=co.tno
JOIN sc
ON co.cno=sc.cno
JOIN student AS st
ON sc.sno=st.sno
WHERE sc.score<60;
1. 查询平均成绩大于60分的同学的学号和平均成绩;
2. 查询所有同学的学号、姓名、选课数、总成绩;
3. 查询各科成绩最高和最低的分:以如下形式显示:课程ID,最高分,最低分
4. 统计各位老师,所教课程的及格率
5. 查询每门课程被选修的学生数
6. 查询出只选修了一门课程的全部学生的学号和姓名
7. 查询选修课程门数超过1门的学生信息
8. 统计每门课程:优秀(85分以上),良好(70-85),一般(60-70),不及格(小于60)的学生列表
9. 查询平均成绩大于85的所有学生的学号、姓名和平均成绩
DESC information_schema.TABLES
TABLE_SCHEMA ---->库名
TABLE_NAME ---->表名
ENGINE ---->引擎
TABLE_ROWS ---->表的行数
AVG_ROW_LENGTH ---->表中行的平均行(字节)
INDEX_LENGTH ---->索引的占用空间大小(字节)
SELECT table_schema,GROUP_CONCAT(table_name)
FROM information_schema.tables
GROUP BY table_schema;
SELECT table_schema,COUNT(table_name)
FROM information_schema.TABLES
GROUP BY table_schema
SELECT table_schema,table_name,ENGINE FROM information_schema.`TABLES`
WHERE ENGINE='innodb';
SELECT table_name,CONCAT((TABLE_ROWS*AVG_ROW_LENGTH+INDEX_LENGTH)/1024," KB") AS size_KB
FROM information_schema.tables WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA='world';
SELECT
TABLE_SCHEMA,
CONCAT(SUM(TABLE_ROWS*AVG_ROW_LENGTH+INDEX_LENGTH)/1024," KB") AS Total_KB
FROM information_schema.tables
GROUP BY table_schema;
mysql -uroot -p123 -e "SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA,CONCAT(SUM(TABLE_ROWS*AVG_ROW_LENGTH+INDEX_LENGTH)/1024,' KB') AS Total_KB FROM information_schema.tables GROUP BY table_schema;"
模板语句:
mysqldump -uroot -p123 world city >/tmp/world_city.sql
SELECT CONCAT("mysqldump -uroot -p123 ",table_schema," ",table_name," >/tmp/",table_schema,"_",table_name,".sql" )
FROM information_schema.tables
WHERE table_schema NOT IN('information_schema','performance_schema','sys')
INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/bak.sh' ;
CONCAT("mysqldump -uroot -p123 ",table_schema," ",table_name," >/tmp/",table_schema,"_",table_name,".sql" )
ALTER TABLE world.city DISCARD TABLESPACE;
ALTER TABLE world.city IMPORT TABLESPACE;
SELECT CONCAT("alter table ",table_schema,".",table_name," discard tablespace")
FROM information_schema.tables
WHERE table_schema='world'
INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/dis.sql';
show databases; #查看所有数据库
show tables; #查看当前库的所有表
SHOW TABLES FROM #查看某个指定库下的表
show create database world #查看建库语句
show create table world.city #查看建表语句
show grants for root@'localhost' #查看用户的权限信息
show charset; #查看字符集
show collation #查看校对规则
show processlist; #查看数据库连接情况
show index from #表的索引情况
show status #数据库状态查看
SHOW STATUS LIKE '%lock%'; #模糊查询数据库某些状态
SHOW VARIABLES #查看所有配置信息
SHOW variables LIKE '%lock%'; #查看部分配置信息
show engines #查看支持的所有的存储引擎
show engine innodb status\G #查看InnoDB引擎相关的状态信息
show binary logs #列举所有的二进制日志
show master status #查看数据库的日志位置信息
show binlog evnets in #查看二进制日志事件
show slave status \G #查看从库状态
SHOW RELAYLOG EVENTS #查看从库relaylog事件信息
desc (show colums from city) #查看表的列定义信息
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/show.html