一、HashMap简介
\1. HashMap是用于存储Key-Value键值对的集合;
\2. HashMap根据键的hashCode值存储数据,大多数情况下可以直接定位到它的值,So具有很快的访问速度,但遍历顺序不确定;
\3. HashMap中键key为null的记录至多只允许一条,值value为null的记录可以有多条;
\4. HashMap非线程安全,即任一时刻允许多个线程同时写HashMap,可能会导致数据的不一致。
图1. HashMap的继承
二、HashMap底层存储结构
从整体结构上看HashMap是由数组+链表+红黑树(JDK1.8后增加了红黑树部分)实现的。
图2. HashMap整体存储结构
数组:
HashMap是一个用于存储Key-Value键值对的集合,每一个键值对也叫做一个Entry;这些Entry分散的存储在一个数组当中,该数组就是HashMap的主干。
图3. HashMap存储Entry的数组
链表:
因为数组Table的长度是有限的,使用hash函数计算时可能会出现index冲突的情况,所以我们需要链表来解决冲突;数组Table的每一个元素不单纯只是一个Entry对象,它还是一个链表的头节点,每一个Entry对象通过Next指针指向下一个Entry节点;当新来的Entry映射到冲突数组位置时,只需要插入对应的链表位置即可。
图4. HashMap链表
index冲突例子如下:
比如调用 hashMap.put("China", 0) ,插入一个Key为“China"的元素;这时候我们需要利用一个哈希函数来确定Entry的具体插入位置(index):通过index = Hash("China"),假定最后计算出的index是2,那么Entry的插入结果如下:
图5. index冲突-1
但是,因为HashMap的长度是有限的,当插入的Entry越来越多时,再完美的Hash函数也难免会出现index冲突的情况。比如下面这样:
图6. index冲突-2
经过hash函数计算发现即将插入的Entry的index值也为2,这样就会与之前插入的Key为“China”的Entry起冲突;这时就可以用链表来解决冲突,当新来的Entry映射到冲突的数组位置时,只需要插入到对应的链表即可;此外,新来的Entry节点插入链表时使用的是“头插法”,即会插在链表的头部,因为HashMap的发明者认为后插入的Entry被查找的概率更大。
图7. index冲突-3
红黑树:
当链表长度超过阈值(8)时,会将链表转换为红黑树,使HashMap的性能得到进一步提升。
图8. HashMap红黑树
HashMap底层存储结构源码:
Node
1 /** 数组及链表的数据结构
2 * Basic hash bin node, used for most entries. (See below for
3 * TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.)
4 */
5 static class Node implements Map.Entry {
6 final int hash; //保存节点的hash值
7 final K key; //保存节点的key值
8 V value; //保存节点的value值
9 //next是指向链表结构下当前节点的next节点,红黑树TreeNode节点中也用到next
10 Node next;
11
12 Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node next) {
13 this.hash = hash;
14 this.key = key;
15 this.value = value;
16 this.next = next;
17 }
18
19 public final K getKey() { return key; }
20 public final V getValue() { return value; }
21 public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
22
23 public final int hashCode() {
24 return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
25 }
26
27 public final V setValue(V newValue) {
28 V oldValue = value;
29 value = newValue;
30 return oldValue;
31 }
32
33 public final boolean equals(Object o) {
34 if (o == this)
35 return true;
36 if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
37 Map.Entry,?> e = (Map.Entry,?>)o;
38 if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
39 Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
40 return true;
41 }
42 return false;
43 }
44 }
TreeNode
1 /** 继承LinkedHashMap.Entry,红黑树相关存储结构
2 * Entry for Tree bins. Extends LinkedHashMap.Entry (which in turn
3 * extends Node) so can be used as extension of either regular or
4 * linked node.
5 */
6 static final class TreeNode extends LinkedHashMap.Entry {
7 TreeNode parent; //存储当前节点的父节点
8 TreeNode left; //存储当前节点的左孩子
9 TreeNode right; //存储当前节点的右孩子
10 TreeNode prev; //存储当前节点的前一个节点
11 boolean red; //存储当前节点的颜色(红、黑)
12 TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node next) {
13 super(hash, key, val, next);
14 }
15
16 public class LinkedHashMap
17 extends HashMap
18 implements Map
19 {
20
21 /**
22 * HashMap.Node subclass for normal LinkedHashMap entries.
23 */
24 static class Entry extends HashMap.Node {
25 Entry before, after;
26 Entry(int hash, K key, V value, Node next) {
27 super(hash, key, value, next);
28 }
29 }
三、HashMap各常量及成员变量的作用
HashMap相关常量:
1 /** 创建HashMap时未指定初始容量情况下的默认容量
2 * The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two.
3 */
4 static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16 1 << 4 = 16
5
6 /** HashMap的最大容量
7 * The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified
8 * by either of the constructors with arguments.
9 * MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30.
10 */
11 static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30; // 1 << 30 = 1073741824
12
13 /** HashMap默认的装载因子,当HashMap中元素数量超过 容量*装载因子 时,则进行resize()扩容操作
14 * The load factor used when none specified in constructor.
15 */
16 static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
17
18 /** 用来确定何时解决hash冲突的,链表转为红黑树
19 * The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a
20 * bin. Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a
21 * bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater
22 * than 2 and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in
23 * tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon
24 * shrinkage.
25 */
26 static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
27
28 /** 用来确定何时解决hash冲突的,红黑树转变为链表
29 * The bin count threshold for untreeifying a (split) bin during a
30 * resize operation. Should be less than TREEIFY_THRESHOLD, and at
31 * most 6 to mesh with shrinkage detection under removal.
32 */
33 static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;
34
35 /** 当想要将解决hash冲突的链表转变为红黑树时,需要判断下此时数组的容量,若是由于数组容量太小(小于MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)而导致hash冲突,则不进行链表转为红黑树的操作,而是利用resize()函数对HashMap扩容
36 * The smallest table capacity for which bins may be treeified.
37 * (Otherwise the table is resized if too many nodes in a bin.)
38 * Should be at least 4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD to avoid conflicts
39 * between resizing and treeification thresholds.
40 */
41 static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;
HashMap相关成员变量:
1 /* ---------------- Fields -------------- */
2
3 /** 保存Node节点的数组
4 * The table, initialized on first use, and resized as
5 * necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two.
6 * (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow
7 * bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.)
8 */
9 transient Node[] table;
10
11 /** 由HashMap中Node节点构成的set
12 * Holds cached entrySet(). Note that AbstractMap fields are used
13 * for keySet() and values().
14 */
15 transient Set> entrySet;
16
17 /** 记录HashMap当前存储的元素的数量
18 * The number of key-value mappings contained in this map.
19 */
20 transient int size;
21
22 /** 记录HashMap发生结构性变化的次数(value值的覆盖不属于结构性变化)
23 * The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified
24 * Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in
25 * the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
26 * rehash). This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
27 * the HashMap fail-fast. (See ConcurrentModificationException).
28 */
29 transient int modCount;
30
31 /** threshold的值应等于table.length*loadFactor,size超过这个值时会进行resize()扩容
32 * The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
33 *
34 * @serial
35 */
36 // (The javadoc description is true upon serialization.
37 // Additionally, if the table array has not been allocated, this
38 // field holds the initial array capacity, or zero signifying
39 // DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY.)
40 int threshold;
41
42 /** 记录HashMap的装载因子
43 * The load factor for the hash table.
44 *
45 * @serial
46 */
47 final float loadFactor;
48
49 /* ---------------- Public operations -------------- */
四、HashMap的四种构造方法
HashMap提供了四个构造方法,四个构造方法中方法1、2、3都没有进行数组的初始化操作,即使调用了构造方法此时存放HaspMap的数组中元素的table表长度依旧为0 ;在第四个构造方法中调用了putMapEntries()方法完成了table的初始化操作,并将m中的元素添加到HashMap中。
HashMap四个构造方法:
1 /* ---------------- Public operations -------------- */
2
3 /** 构造方法1,指定初始容量及装载因子
4 * Constructs an empty HashMap with the specified initial
5 * capacity and load factor.
6 *
7 * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity
8 * @param loadFactor the load factor
9 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
10 * or the load factor is nonpositive
11 */
12 public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
13 if (initialCapacity < 0)
14 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
15 initialCapacity);
16 if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
17 initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
18 if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
19 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
20 loadFactor);
21 this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
22 //tableSize(initialCapacity)方法返回的值最接近initialCapacity的2的幂,若设定初始容量为9,则HashMap的实际容量为16
23 //另外,通过HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)该方法创建的HashMap初始容量的值存在threshold中
24 this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
25 }
26
27
28 /** tableSizeFor(initialCapacity)方法返回的值是最接近initialCapacity的2的幂次方
29 * Returns a power of two size for the given target capacity.
30 */
31 static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
32 int n = cap - 1;
33 n |= n >>> 1;
34 n |= n >>> 2;
35 n |= n >>> 4;
36 n |= n >>> 8;
37 n |= n >>> 16;
38 return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
39 }
40
41 /** 构造方法2,仅指定初始容量,装载因子的值采用默认的0.75
42 * Constructs an empty HashMap with the specified initial
43 * capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
44 *
45 * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity.
46 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.
47 */
48 public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
49 this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
50 }
51
52 /** 构造方法3,所有参数均采用默认值
53 * Constructs an empty HashMap with the default initial capacity
54 * (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
55 */
56 public HashMap() {
57 this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
58 }
59
60 /** 构造方法4,指定集合转为HashMap
61 * Constructs a new HashMap with the same mappings as the
62 * specified Map. The HashMap is created with
63 * default load factor (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to
64 * hold the mappings in the specified Map.
65 *
66 * @param m the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map
67 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null
68 */
69 public HashMap(Map extends K, ? extends V> m) {
70 this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
71 putMapEntries(m, false);
72 }
73
74 /** 把Map extends K, ? extends V> m中的元素插入HashMap
75 * Implements Map.putAll and Map constructor
76 *
77 * @param m the map
78 * @param evict false when initially constructing this map, else
79 * true (relayed to method afterNodeInsertion).
80 */
81 final void putMapEntries(Map extends K, ? extends V> m, boolean evict) {
82 int s = m.size();
83 if (s > 0) {
84 //在创建HashMap时调用putMapEntries()函数,则table一定为空
85 if (table == null) { // pre-size
86 //根据待插入map的size计算出要创建的HashMap的容量
87 float ft = ((float)s / loadFactor) + 1.0F;
88 int t = ((ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
89 (int)ft : MAXIMUM_CAPACITY);
90 //把要创建的HashMap的容量存在threshold中
91 if (t > threshold)
92 threshold = tableSizeFor(t);
93 }
94 //如果待插入map的size大于threshold,则进行resize()
95 else if (s > threshold)
96 resize();
97 for (Map.Entry extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet()) {
98 K key = e.getKey();
99 V value = e.getValue();
100 //最终实际上同样也是调用了putVal()函数进行元素的插入
101 putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, evict);
102 }
103 }
104 }
五、HashMap的put方法
假如调用hashMap.put("apple",0)方法``,将会在HashMap的table数组中插入一个Key为“apple”的元素;这时需要通过hash()
函数来确定该Entry的具体插入位置,而hash()方法内部会调用hashCode()函数得到“apple”的hashCode;然后putVal()方法经过一定计算得到最终的插入位置index,最后将这个Entry插入到table的index位置。
put函数:
1 /** 指定key和value,向HashMap中插入节点
2 * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
3 * If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
4 * value is replaced.
5 *
6 * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
7 * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
8 * @return the previous value associated with key, or
9 * null if there was no mapping for key.
10 * (A null return can also indicate that the map
11 * previously associated null with key.)
12 */
13 public V put(K key, V value) {
14 //插入节点,hash值的计算调用hash(key)函数,实际调用putVal()插入节点
15 return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
16 }
17
18 /** key的hash值计算是通过hashCode()的高16位异或低16位实现的:h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16),使用位运算替代了取模运算,在table的长度比较小的情况下,也能保证hashcode的高位参与到地址映射的计算当中,同时不会有太大的开销。
19 * Computes key.hashCode() and spreads (XORs) higher bits of hash
20 * to lower. Because the table uses power-of-two masking, sets of
21 * hashes that vary only in bits above the current mask will
22 * always collide. (Among known examples are sets of Float keys
23 * holding consecutive whole numbers in small tables.) So we
24 * apply a transform that spreads the impact of higher bits
25 * downward. There is a tradeoff between speed, utility, and
26 * quality of bit-spreading. Because many common sets of hashes
27 * are already reasonably distributed (so don't benefit from
28 * spreading), and because we use trees to handle large sets of
29 * collisions in bins, we just XOR some shifted bits in the
30 * cheapest possible way to reduce systematic lossage, as well as
31 * to incorporate impact of the highest bits that would otherwise
32 * never be used in index calculations because of table bounds.
33 */
34 static final int hash(Object key) {
35 int h;
36 return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
37 }
putVal()函数:
1 /** 实际将元素插入HashMap中的方法
2 * Implements Map.put and related methods
3 *
4 * @param hash hash for key
5 * @param key the key
6 * @param value the value to put
7 * @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
8 * @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
9 * @return previous value, or null if none
10 */
11 final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
12 boolean evict) {
13 Node[] tab; Node p; int n, i;
14 //判断table是否已初始化,否则进行初始化table操作
15 if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
16 n = (tab = resize()).length;
17 //根据hash值确定节点在数组中的插入的位置,即计算索引存储的位置,若该位置无元素则直接进行插入
18 if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
19 tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
20 else {
21 //节点若已经存在元素,即待插入位置存在元素
22 Node e; K k;
23 //对比已经存在的元素与待插入元素的hash值和key值,执行赋值操作
24 if (p.hash == hash &&
25 ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
26 e = p;
27 //判断该元素是否为红黑树节点
28 else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
29 //红黑树节点则调用putTreeVal()函数进行插入
30 e = ((TreeNode)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
31 else {
32 //若该元素是链表,且为链表头节点,则从此节点开始向后寻找合适的插入位置
33 for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
34 if ((e = p.next) == null) {
35 //找到插入位置后,新建节点插入
36 p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
37 //若链表上节点超过TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1,即链表长度为8,将链表转变为红黑树
38 if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
39 treeifyBin(tab, hash);
40 break;
41 }
42 //若待插入元素在HashMap中已存在,key存在了则直接覆盖
43 if (e.hash == hash &&
44 ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
45 break;
46 p = e;
47 }
48 }
49 if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
50 V oldValue = e.value;
51 if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
52 e.value = value;
53 afterNodeAccess(e);
54 //若存在key节点,则返回旧的key值
55 return oldValue;
56 }
57 }
58 //记录修改次数
59 ++modCount;
60 //判断是否需要扩容
61 if (++size > threshold)
62 resize();
63 //空操作
64 afterNodeInsertion(evict);
65 //若不存在key节点,则返回null
66 return null;
67 }
链表转红黑树的putTreeVal()函数:
1 /** 链表转红黑树
2 * Tree version of putVal.
3 */
4 final TreeNode putTreeVal(HashMap map, Node[] tab,
5 int h, K k, V v) {
6 Class> kc = null;
7 boolean searched = false;
8 TreeNode root = (parent != null) ? root() : this;
9 //从根节点开始查找合适的插入位置
10 for (TreeNode p = root;;) {
11 int dir, ph; K pk;
12 if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
13 //若dir<0,则查找当前节点的左孩子
14 dir = -1;
15 else if (ph < h)
16 //若dir>0,则查找当前节点的右孩子
17 dir = 1;
18 //hash值或是key值相同
19 else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (k != null && k.equals(pk)))
20 return p;
21 //1.当前节点与待插入节点key不同,hash值相同
22 //2.k是不可比较的,即k未实现comparable接口,或者compareComparables(kc,k,pk)的返回值为0
23 else if ((kc == null &&
24 (kc = comparableClassFor(k)) == null) ||
25 (dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) == 0) {
26 //在以当前节点为根节点的整个树上搜索是否存在待插入节点(只搜索一次)
27 if (!searched) {
28 TreeNode q, ch;
29 searched = true;
30 if (((ch = p.left) != null &&
31 (q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null) ||
32 ((ch = p.right) != null &&
33 (q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null))
34 //若搜索发现树中存在待插入节点,则直接返回
35 return q;
36 }
37 //指定了一个k的比较方式 tieBreakOrder
38 dir = tieBreakOrder(k, pk);
39 }
40
41 TreeNode xp = p;
42 if ((p = (dir <= 0) ? p.left : p.right) == null) {
43 //找到了待插入位置,xp为待插入位置的父节点,TreeNode节点中既存在树状关系,又存在链式关系,而且还是双端链表
44 Node xpn = xp.next;
45 TreeNode x = map.newTreeNode(h, k, v, xpn);
46 if (dir <= 0)
47 xp.left = x;
48 else
49 xp.right = x;
50 xp.next = x;
51 x.parent = x.prev = xp;
52 if (xpn != null)
53 ((TreeNode)xpn).prev = x;
54 //插入节点后进行二叉树平衡操作
55 moveRootToFront(tab, balanceInsertion(root, x));
56 return null;
57 }
58 }
59 }
60
61 /** 定义了一个k的比较方法
62 * Tie-breaking utility for ordering insertions when equal
63 * hashCodes and non-comparable. We don't require a total
64 * order, just a consistent insertion rule to maintain
65 * equivalence across rebalancings. Tie-breaking further than
66 * necessary simplifies testing a bit.
67 */
68 static int tieBreakOrder(Object a, Object b) {
69 int d;
70 if (a == null || b == null ||
71 (d = a.getClass().getName().
72 compareTo(b.getClass().getName())) == 0)
73 //System.identityHashCode()实际是比较对象a,b的内存地址
74 d = (System.identityHashCode(a) <= System.identityHashCode(b) ?
75 -1 : 1);
76 return d;
77 }
图9. hashCode计算得到table索引的过程
图10. put添加方法执行过程
上图的HashMap的put方法执行流程图,可以总结为如下主要步骤:
\1. 判断数组table是否为null,若为null则执行resize()扩容操作。
\2. 根据键key的值计算hash值得到插入的数组索引i,若table[i] == nulll,则直接新建节点插入,进入步骤6;若table[i]非null,则继续执行下一步。
\3. 判断table[i]的首个元素key是否和当前key相同(hashCode和equals均相同),若相同则直接覆盖value,进入步骤6,反之继续执行下一步。
\4. 判断table[i]是否为treeNode,若是红黑树,则直接在树中插入键值对并进入步骤6,反之继续执行下一步。
\5. 遍历table[i],判断链表长度是否大于8,若>8,则把链表转换为红黑树,在红黑树中执行插入操作;若<8,则进行链表的插入操作;遍历过程中若发现key已存在则会直接覆盖该key的value值。
\6. 插入成功后,判断实际存在的键值对数量size是否超过了最大容量threshold,若超过则进行扩容。
六、HashMap的get方法
get()和getNode()函数:
1 /**
2 * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
3 * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
4 *
5 * More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
6 * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null :
7 * key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
8 * it returns {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.)
9 *
10 *
A return value of {@code null} does not necessarily
11 * indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
12 * possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
13 * The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
14 * distinguish these two cases.
15 *
16 * @see #put(Object, Object)
17 */
18 public V get(Object key) {
19 Node e;
20 //实际上是根据输入节点的hash值和key值,利用getNode方法进行查找
21 return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
22 }
23
24 /**
25 * Implements Map.get and related methods
26 *
27 * @param hash hash for key
28 * @param key the key
29 * @return the node, or null if none
30 */
31 final Node getNode(int hash, Object key) {
32 Node[] tab; Node first, e; int n; K k;
33 if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
34 (first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
35 if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
36 ((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
37 return first;
38 if ((e = first.next) != null) {
39 if (first instanceof TreeNode)
40 //若定位到的节点是TreeNode节点,则在树中进行查找
41 return ((TreeNode)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
42 do {
43 //反之,在链表中查找
44 if (e.hash == hash &&
45 ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
46 return e;
47 } while ((e = e.next) != null);
48 }
49 }
50 return null;
51 }
getTreeNode()和find()函数:
1 /** 从根节点开始,调用find()方法进行查找
2 * Calls find for root node.
3 */
4 final TreeNode getTreeNode(int h, Object k) {
5 return ((parent != null) ? root() : this).find(h, k, null);
6 }
7
8 /**
9 * Finds the node starting at root p with the given hash and key.
10 * The kc argument caches comparableClassFor(key) upon first use
11 * comparing keys.
12 */
13 final TreeNode find(int h, Object k, Class> kc) {
14 TreeNode p = this;
15 do {
16 int ph, dir; K pk;
17 TreeNode pl = p.left, pr = p.right, q;
18 //首先进行hash值的比较,若不同则令当前节点变为它的左孩子or右孩子
19 if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
20 p = pl;
21 else if (ph < h)
22 p = pr;
23 //若hash值相同,进行key值的比较
24 else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (k != null && k.equals(pk)))
25 return p;
26 else if (pl == null)
27 p = pr;
28 else if (pr == null)
29 p = pl;
30 //执行到这里,说明了hash值是相同的,key值不同
31 //若k是可比较的并且k.compareTo(pk)的返回结果不为0,则进入下面的else if
32 else if ((kc != null ||
33 (kc = comparableClassFor(k)) != null) &&
34 (dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) != 0)
35 p = (dir < 0) ? pl : pr;
36 //若k是不可比较的,或者k.compareTo(pk)返回结果为0,则在整棵树中查找,先找右子树,没找到则再到左子树找
37 else if ((q = pr.find(h, k, kc)) != null)
38 return q;
39 else
40 p = pl;
41 } while (p != null);
42 return null;
43 }
图11. get方法执行流程
上图为HashMap get方法执行流程图,HashMap的查找操作相对简单,可以总结为如下主要步骤:
\1. 首先定位到键所在的数组的下标,并获取对应节点n。
\2. 判断n是否为null,若n为null,则返回null并结束;反之,继续下一步。
\3. 判断n的key和要查找的key是否相同(key相同指的是hashCode和equals均相同),若相同则返回n并结束;反之,继续下一步。
\4. 判断是否有后续节点m,若没有则结束;反之,继续下一步。
\5. 判断m是否为红黑树,若为红黑树则遍历红黑树,在遍历过程中如果存在某一个节点的key与要找的key相同,则返回该节点;反之,返回null;若非红黑树则继续下一步。
\6. 遍历链表,若存在某一个节点的key与要找的key相同,则返回该节点;反之,返回null。
七、HashMap的remove方法
HashMap根据键值删除指定节点,其删除操作其实是一个“查找+删除”的过程,核心的方法是removeNode。
remove和removeNode()函数:
1 /**
2 * Removes the mapping for the specified key from this map if present.
3 *
4 * @param key key whose mapping is to be removed from the map
5 * @return the previous value associated with key, or
6 * null if there was no mapping for key.
7 * (A null return can also indicate that the map
8 * previously associated null with key.)
9 */
10 public V remove(Object key) {
11 Node e;
12 //计算出hash值,调用removeNode()方法根据键值删除指定节点
13 return (e = removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, true)) == null ?
14 null : e.value;
15 }
16
17 /**
18 * Implements Map.remove and related methods
19 *
20 * @param hash hash for key
21 * @param key the key
22 * @param value the value to match if matchValue, else ignored
23 * @param matchValue if true only remove if value is equal
24 * @param movable if false do not move other nodes while removing
25 * @return the node, or null if none
26 */
27 final Node removeNode(int hash, Object key, Object value,
28 boolean matchValue, boolean movable) {
29 Node[] tab; Node p; int n, index;
30 //判断表是否为空,以及p节点根据键的hash值对应到数组的索引初是否有节点
31 //删除操作需要保证在表不为空的情况下进行,并且p节点根据键的hash值对应到数组的索引在该索引下必须要有节点;若为null,则说明此键所对应的节点不存在HashMap中
32 if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
33 (p = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
34 Node node = null, e; K k; V v;
35 //若是需要删除的节点就是该头节点,则让node引用指向它;否则什么待删除的结点在当前p所指向的头节点的链表或红黑树中,则需要遍历查找
36 if (p.hash == hash &&
37 ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
38 node = p;
39 else if ((e = p.next) != null) {
40 //若头节点是红黑树节点,则调用红黑树本身的遍历方法getTreeNode,获取待删除的结点
41 if (p instanceof TreeNode)
42 node = ((TreeNode)p).getTreeNode(hash, key);
43 else {
44 //否则就是普通链表,则使用do while循环遍历查找待删除结点
45 do {
46 if (e.hash == hash &&
47 ((k = e.key) == key ||
48 (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
49 node = e;
50 break;
51 }
52 p = e;
53 } while ((e = e.next) != null);
54 }
55 }
56 if (node != null && (!matchValue || (v = node.value) == value ||
57 (value != null && value.equals(v)))) {
58 //若是红黑树结点的删除,则直接调用红黑树的removeTreeNode方法进行删除
59 if (node instanceof TreeNode)
60 ((TreeNode)node).removeTreeNode(this, tab, movable);
61 //若待删除结点是一个头节点,则用它的next节点顶替它作为头节点存放在table[index]中,以此达到删除的目的
62 else if (node == p)
63 tab[index] = node.next;
64 //若待删除结点为普通链表中的一个结点,则用该节点的前一个节点直接跳过该待删除节点,指向它的next结点(链表通过next获取下一个结点信息)
65 else
66 p.next = node.next;
67 //记录修改次数
68 ++modCount;
69 --size;
70 afterNodeRemoval(node);
71 //若removeNode方法删除成功则返回被删除的结点
72 return node;
73 }
74 }
75 //若没有删除成功则返回null
76 return null;
77 }
八、HashMap的扩容机制
扩容是为了防止HashMap中的元素个数超过了阀值,从而影响性能所服务的。而数组是无法自动扩容的,HashMap的扩容是申请一个容量为原数组大小两倍的新数组,然后遍历旧数组,重新计算每个元素的索引位置,并复制到新数组中;又因为HashMap的哈希桶数组大小总是为2的幂次方,So重新计算后的索引位置要么在原来位置不变,要么就是“原位置+旧数组长度”。
其中,threshold和loadFactor两个属性决定着是否扩容。threshold=LengthloadFactor,Length表示table数组的长度(默认值为16),loadFactor为负载因子(默认值为0.75);阀值threshold表示当table数组中存储的元素个数超过该阀值时,即需要扩容;如数组默认长度为16,负载因子默认0.75,此时threshold=160.75=12,即当table数组中存储的元素个数超过12个时,table数组就该进行扩容了。
HashMap的扩容使用新的数组代替旧数组,然后将旧数组中的元素重新计算索引位置并放到新数组中,对旧数组中的元素如何重新映射到新数组中?由于HashMap扩容时使用的是2的幂次方扩展的,即数组长度扩大为原来的2倍、4倍、8倍、16倍...,因此在扩容时(Length-1)这部分就相当于在高位新增一个或多个1位(bit);如下图12,HashMap扩大为原数组的两倍为例。
图12. HashMap的哈希算法数组扩容
如上图12所示,(a)为扩容前,key1和key2两个key确定索引的位置;(b)为扩容后,key1和key2两个key确定索引的位置;hash1和hash2分别是key1与key2对应的哈希“与高位运算”结果。
(a)中数组的高位bit为“1111”,120 + 121 + 122 + 123 = 15,而 n-1 =15,所以扩容前table的长度n为16;
(b)中n扩大为原来的两倍,其数组大小的高位bit为“1 1111”,120 + 121 + 122 + 123 + 1*24 = 15+16=31,而 n-1=31,所以扩容后table的长度n为32;
(a)中的n为16,(b)中扩大两倍n为32,相当于(n-1)这部分的高位多了一个1,然后和原hash码作与操作,最后元素在新数组中映射的位置要么不变,要么向后移动16个位置,如下图13所示。
图13. HashMap中数组扩容两倍后位置的变化
KEY | hash | 原数组大小 | 原下标 | 新数组大小 | 新下标 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
key1 | 0 0101 | 1111 | 0 0101 | 1 1111 | 0 0101 = 120+021+122+023+0*24= 5 |
key2 | 1 0101 | 1111 | 0 0101 | 1 1111 | 1 0101 = 120 + 021 + 122 + 023+0*24= 5+16 |
因此,我们在扩充HashMap,复制数组元素及确定索引位置时不需要重新计算hash值,只需要判断原来的hash值新增的那个bit是1,还是0;若为0,则索引未改变;若为1,则索引变为“原索引+oldCap”;如图14,HashMap中数组从16扩容为32的resize图。
图14. HashMap中数组16扩容至32
这样设计有如下几点好处:
\1. 省去了重新计算hash值的时间(由于位运算直接对内存数据进行操作,不需要转成十进制,因此处理速度非常快),只需判断新增的一位是0或1;
\2. 由于新增的1位可以认为是随机的0或1,因此扩容过程中会均匀的把之前有冲突的节点分散到新的位置(bucket槽),并且位置的先后顺序不会颠倒;
\3. JDK1.7中扩容时,旧链表迁移到新链表的时候,若出现在新链表的数组索引位置相同情况,则链表元素会倒置,但从图14中看出JKD1.8的扩容并不会颠倒相同索引的链表元素。
HashMap扩容resize函数:
1 /**
2 * Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in
3 * accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
4 * Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
5 * elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
6 * with a power of two offset in the new table.
7 *
8 * @return the table
9 */
10 final Node[] resize() {
11 Node[] oldTab = table;
12 int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
13 int oldThr = threshold;
14 int newCap, newThr = 0;
15 //当哈希桶不为空时,扩容走该支路A
16 if (oldCap > 0) {
17 //若容量超过最大值,则无法进行扩容,需扩大阀值
18 if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
19 threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
20 return oldTab;
21 }
22 //若哈希桶扩容为原来的2倍,阀值也变为原来的两倍
23 else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
24 oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
25 newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
26 }
27 //当调用非空函数时,走此分支B
28 else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
29 newCap = oldThr;
30 //调用空的构造函数时走此分支C,使用默认大小和阀值初始化哈希桶
31 else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
32 newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
33 newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
34 }
35 //int newCap, newThr = 0; 当走分支B时 newThr 为0
36 if (newThr == 0) {
37 float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
38 //走分支B调用的是非空函数,直接把容量大小赋值给阀值,需要计算新的阀值threshold
39 newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
40 (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
41 }
42 threshold = newThr;
43 @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
44 //new一个新的哈希桶
45 Node[] newTab = (Node[])new Node[newCap];
46 table = newTab;
47 //扩容分支
48 if (oldTab != null) {
49 //for循环把oldTab中的每个节点node,reHash操作并移动到新的数组newTab中
50 for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
51 Node e;
52 if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
53 oldTab[j] = null;
54 //e.next == null,若是单个节点,即没有后继next节点,则直接在newTab在进行重定位
55 if (e.next == null)
56 newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
57 //若节点为TreeNode,则需要进行红黑树的rehash操作
58 else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
59 ((TreeNode)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
60 //else则节点为链表,需进行链表的rehash操作,链表重组并保持原有顺序
61 else { // preserve order
62 Node loHead = null, loTail = null;
63 Node hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
64 Node next;
65 do {
66 next = e.next;
67 //通过与位运算&,判断rehash后节点位置是否发生改变
68 //(e.hash & oldCap) == 0,则为原位置
69 if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
70 if (loTail == null)
71 //loHead 指向新的 hash 在原位置的头节点
72 loHead = e;
73 else
74 //loTail 指向新的 hash 在原位置的尾节点
75 loTail.next = e;
76 loTail = e;
77 }
78 //else则rehash后节点位置变为:原位置+oldCap位置
79 else {
80 if (hiTail == null)
81 //hiHead 指向新的 hash 在原位置 + oldCap 位置的头节点
82 hiHead = e;
83 else
84 // hiTail 指向新的 hash 在原位置 + oldCap 位置的尾节点
85 hiTail.next = e;
86 hiTail = e;
87 }
88 } while ((e = next) != null);
89 //loTail非null,新的hash在原位置的头节点放入哈希桶
90 if (loTail != null) {
91 loTail.next = null;
92 newTab[j] = loHead;
93 }
94 //hiTail非null,新的hash在 原位置+oldCap位置 的头节点放入哈希桶
95 if (hiTail != null) {
96 hiTail.next = null;
97 // rehash 后节点新的位置一定为原位置加上 oldCap
98 newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
99 }
100 }
101 }
102 }
103 }
104 return newTab;
105 }
HashMap对红黑树进行rehash操作的split函数:
1 /**
2 * Splits nodes in a tree bin into lower and upper tree bins,
3 * or untreeifies if now too small. Called only from resize;
4 * see above discussion about split bits and indices.
5 *
6 * @param map the map
7 * @param tab the table for recording bin heads
8 * @param index the index of the table being split
9 * @param bit the bit of hash to split on
10 */
11 final void split(HashMap map, Node[] tab, int index, int bit) {
12 TreeNode b = this;
13 /**
14 * loHead 指向新的 hash 在原位置的头节点
15 * loTail 指向新的 hash 在原位置的尾节点
16 * hiHead 指向新的 hash 在原位置 + oldCap 位置的头节点
17 * hiTail 指向新的 hash 在原位置 + oldCap 位置的尾节点
18 */
19 // Relink into lo and hi lists, preserving order
20 TreeNode loHead = null, loTail = null;
21 TreeNode hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
22 int lc = 0, hc = 0;
23 //由于TreeNode节点之间存在着双端链表的关系,可利用链表关系进行rehash
24 for (TreeNode e = b, next; e != null; e = next) {
25 next = (TreeNode)e.next;
26 e.next = null;
27 //原位置
28 if ((e.hash & bit) == 0) {
29 if ((e.prev = loTail) == null)
30 loHead = e;
31 else
32 loTail.next = e;
33 loTail = e;
34 ++lc;
35 }
36 //else则为原位置 + oldCap
37 else {
38 if ((e.prev = hiTail) == null)
39 hiHead = e;
40 else
41 hiTail.next = e;
42 hiTail = e;
43 ++hc;
44 }
45 }
46 //rehash操作后,根据链表长度进行untreeify解除树形化或treeify树形化操作
47 if (loHead != null) {
48 //当链表的节点个数小于等于解除树形化阀值UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD时,将红黑树转为普通链表
49 if (lc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
50 tab[index] = loHead.untreeify(map);
51 else {
52 //新的hash在原位置的头节点放入哈希桶
53 tab[index] = loHead;
54 if (hiHead != null) // (else is already treeified)
55 loHead.treeify(tab);
56 }
57 }
58 if (hiHead != null) {
59 //当链表的节点个数小于等于解除树形化阀值UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD时,将红黑树转为普通链表
60 if (hc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
61 tab[index + bit] = hiHead.untreeify(map);
62 else {
63 //新的hash在原位置 + oldCap位置的头节点放入哈希桶
64 tab[index + bit] = hiHead;
65 if (loHead != null)
66 hiHead.treeify(tab);
67 }
68 }
69 }
九、总结
\1. HashMap的哈希桶初始长度Length默认为16,负载因子默loadFactor认值为0.75,threshold阀值是HashMap能容纳的最大数据量的Node节点个数,threshold=Length*loadFactor。
\2. 当HashMap中存储的元素个数超过了threshold阀值时,则会进行reseize扩容操作,扩容后的数组容量为之前的两倍;但扩容是个特别消耗性能的操作,So当我们在使用HashMap的时候,可以估算下Map的大小,在初始化时指定一个大致的数值,这样可以减少Map频繁扩容的次数。
\3. HashMap中实际存储的键值对的数量通过size表示,table数组的长度为Length。
\4. modCount是用来记录HashMap内部结构发生变化的次数,put方法覆盖HashMap中的某个key对应的value不属于结构变化。
\5. HashMap哈希桶的大小必须为2的幂次方。
\6. JDK1.8引入红黑树操作,大幅度优化了HashMap的性能。
\7. HashMap是非线程安全的,在并发环境中同时操作HashMap时最好使用线程安全的ConcurrentHashMap。
HashMap底层原理