概括
独立主格结构是一个名词(或代词)作逻辑主语,加上一个形容词、副词、分词(现在分词\过去分词)、介词短语、不定式在整个句子中做状语。
主要特点：
- 独立主格结构的主语和主句的主语不同
- 独立主格结构中的主语与其后的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式存在逻辑上的主谓关系
- 一般与主句用逗号分开，与主句之间不使用任何连接词
独立主格结构的主要形式
1.名词(代词)+现在分词
We shall play the match tomorrow,weather permitting.//如果明天天气好，我们就比赛
吧。
The question being settled,we went home.//问题解决之后，我们就回家了
The monitor being ill,we'd better put the meeting off.//班长病了，我们最好还是讲会议延期吧。
2.名词(代词)+过去分词
The last bus having gone,wo had to walk home. //最后一班巴士已经走了，我们只有走回家了。
More time given,we should have done the job much better.//如果给我们更多时间，我们可以将工作做得更好。
3.名词(代词)+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow,we will have to put off the meeting till next week.//如果明天没有人来，我们只好把会议推迟到下周了。
So many people to help him,he is sure to succeed. //有那么多的人帮助他，他肯定会成功的
4.名词(代词)+介词短语
A girl came in,book in hand.//一个女孩进来了，她手里拿着本书
5.名词(代词)+形容词\副词
She sat at the table,collar off,head down,and pen in position,ready to write a long letter.//他坐在桌子旁边，领带掉下来了，头低着，手里拿着笔，准备开始写一封长信。
6.There being+名词(代词)
There being nothing else to do,we plan to go home. //没什么事可做，我们打算回家了
There being no further business,I declare the meeting closed. //没有什么要讨论的了，我宣布散会。
7.It being+名词(代词)
It being Chrismas,the government offices were closed.//由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息了。
独立主格结构的语法功能
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随状况，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1.时间状语
The work done(After the work had been done),we went home. //工作完成后，我们就回家了
2.条件状语
Weather permitting(If weather permits),they will go out.//如果天气允许，他们将会出去。
3.原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(As an important lecture will be given tomorrow),the professor has to stay up late into the night.//因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4.伴随状语
He was laying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(and his hands were crossed under his head). //他躺在草地上，双手交叉枕在脑后。
5.表示补充
A hunter came in,his face red with cold(his face was red with cold). //一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。
We redoubled our efforts,eaching man working like two.//我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
注意：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句；表示伴随或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，放在句末。
使用独立主格结构的几个错点
1.与状语从句的转换问题
当状语从句的主语和主句的不一样的，可以使用独立主格结构代替状语从句
2.关于being/having being的省略问题
a.独立主格的主语是代词时，不可省略 It being Sunday,we went to church.
b.There being+名词的结构中，不可省略 There being no bus,we had to walk home.
3.所有格问题
独立主格结构没有所有格形式
如：The chief-editor arriving,we began the meeting.//一般用分词
4.完成时的使用问题
独立主格结构做时间或者原因状语时，可用完成时，表示动作发生在谓语之前
The listeners having taken their seats,the concert began.//听众坐好之后,音乐会开始了。
Tom having been late over and over,his boss was very disappointed.//由于汤姆再三的迟到，他的老板很失望。