https内容详解
HTTPS安全证书基本概述
1.为什么需要使用HTTPS？
因为HTTP不安全，当我们使用http网站时，会遭到劫持和篡改，如果采用https协议，那么数据在传输过程中是加密的，所以黑客无法窃取或者篡改数据报文信息，同时也避免网站传输时信息泄露
那么我们在实现https时，需要了解ssl协议，但我们现在使用的更多的是TLS加密协议。
那么TLS是怎么保证明文消息被加密的呢？在OSI七层模型中，应用层是http协议，那么在应用层协议之下，我们的表示层，是ssl协议所发挥作用的一层，他通过（握手、交换秘钥、告警、加密）等方式，是应用层http协议没有感知的情况下做到了数据的安全加密
2.HTTPS证书下发流程
我们首先需要申请证书，先去登记机构进行身份登记，我是谁，我是干嘛的，我想做什么，然后登记机构再通过CSR发给CA，CA中心通过后会生成一堆公钥和私钥，公钥会在CA证书链中保存，公钥和私钥证书我们拿到后，会将其部署在WEB服务器上
1.当浏览器访问我们的https站点时，他会去请求我们的证书
2.Nginx这样的web服务器会将我们的公钥证书发给浏览器
3.浏览器会去验证我们的证书是否合法有效
4.CA机构会将过期的证书放置在CRL服务器，CRL服务的验证效率是非常差的，所以CA又推出了OCSP响应程序，OCSP响应程序可以查询指定的一个证书是否过期，所以浏览器可以直接查询OSCP响应程序，但OSCP响应程序性能还不是很高，所以HTTP比https效率高一些
5.Nginx会有一个OCSP的开关，当我们开启后，Nginx会主动上OCSP上查询，这样大量的客户端直接从Nginx获取证书是否有效
3.证书类型介绍
1）购买证书选择
1.保护一个域名 www.mumusir.com
2.保护多个域名 www. test. cdn. image. class.
3.保护通配符域名 *.mumusir.com
2）HTTPS证书注意事项
1.https不支持续费，证书到期需要重新申请并进行替换
2.https不支持三级域名解析，如 test.m.haoda.com
拓展：一级域名：baidu.com
二级域名：baidu.123.com
三级域名：test.z.qwer.com
3.https显示绿色，说明整个网站的url都是https的
https显示黄色，因为网站代码中包含http的不安全链接
https显示红色，那么证书是假的或者证书过期。
4.配置单台机器HTTPS证书
1）检查nginx能否使用证书
[root@web01 ~]# nginx -V
--with-http_ssl_module
2）创建存放证书目录
[root@web01 ~]# mkdir /etc/nginx/ssl_key
[root@web01 ~]# cd /etc/nginx/ssl_key/
3）生成证书
[root@web01 ssl_key]# openssl genrsa -idea -out server.key 2048
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
..................................................................................................................................+++
...............................................................................+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
Enter pass phrase for server.key:123456 #4-1023位
Verifying - Enter pass phrase for server.key:123456 #确认密码
[root@web01 ssl_key]# openssl req -days 36500 -x509 -sha256 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout server.key -out server.crt
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
...................................................+++
.................+++
writing new private key to 'server.key'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:China
string is too long, it needs to be less than 2 bytes long
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:zg #国家
State or Province Name (full name) []:riben #省份
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:bali #城市
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:oldboy #公司
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:oldboy #组织别名
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:maliao #服务名
Email Address []:[email protected] #邮箱
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@web01 ssl_key]#
openssl req -days 36500 -x509 -sha256 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout server.key -out server.crt
# req --> 用于创建新的证书
# new --> 表示创建的是新证书
# x509 --> 表示定义证书的格式为标准格式
# key --> 表示调用的私钥文件信息
# out --> 表示输出证书文件信息
# days --> 表示证书的有效期
[root@web01 ssl_key]# ll
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1375 Mar 5 15:15 server.crt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1704 Mar 5 15:15 server.key
4）nginx证书配置语法
#启动ssl功能
Syntax: ssl on | off;
Default: ssl off;
Context: http, server
#证书文件
Syntax: ssl_certificate file;
Default: —
Context: http, server
#私钥文件
Syntax: ssl_certificate_key file;
Default: —
Context: http, server
5）配置nginx证书
#配置nginx
[root@web01 ssl_key]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/s.linux.com.conf
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name s.linux.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl_key/server.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl_key/server.key;
location / {
root /code/https;
index index.html;
}
}
#重启nginx
[root@web01 ssl_key]# systemctl restart nginx
#配置站点
[root@web01 ssl_key]# echo "test https" > /code/https/index.html
6）配置hosts访问测试
10.0.0.7 discuz.linux.com jc.linux.com s.linux.com
4.全站https
2.配置web服务器（两台）
[root@web01 conf.d]# vim s.linux.com.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name s.linux.com;
location / {
root /code/https;
index index.html;
}
}
[root@web01 conf.d]# systemctl restart nginx
#同步配置文件
[root@web01 conf.d]# scp s.linux.com.conf 172.16.1.8:/etc/nginx/conf.d/
#配置站点目录文件
[root@web01 conf.d]# mkdir /code/https
[root@web01 conf.d]# echo "https1111" > /code/https/index.html
[root@web02 conf.d]# mkdir /code/https
[root@web02 conf.d]# echo "https2222" > /code/https/index.html
[root@web01 conf.d]# chown -R www.www /code/https/
[root@web02 conf.d]# chown -R www.www /code/https/
3.推送、上传证书文件
[root@web01 conf.d]# scp -r /etc/nginx/ssl_key 172.16.1.4:/etc/nginx/
4.配置负载均衡机器nginx
[root@lb01 conf.d]# vim s.linux.com.conf
upstream webserver {
server 172.16.1.7:80;
server 172.16.1.8:80;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name s.linux.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl_key/server.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl_key/server.key;
location / {
proxy_pass http://webserver;
proxy_set_header host $http_host;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name s.linux.com;
return 302 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
5.配置hosts，访问测试
5.项目全站https
1.配置web端博客nginx配置文件
[root@web01 conf.d]# vim blog.linux.com.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name blog.linux.com;
location / {
root /code/wordpress;
index index.php;
}
location ~* \.php$ {
root /code/wordpress;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
}
[root@web01 conf.d]# scp blog.linux.com.conf 172.16.1.8:/etc/nginx/conf.d/
2.配置web端知乎的配置文件
[root@web01 conf.d]# vim zh.linux.com.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name zh.linux.com;
location / {
root /code/wecenter;
index index.php;
}
location ~* \.php$ {
root /code/wecenter;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
}
[root@web01 conf.d]# scp zh.linux.com.conf 172.16.1.8:/etc/nginx/conf.d/
3.配置负载均衡
[root@lb01 conf.d]# vim proxy_https.conf
upstream web {
server 172.16.1.7:80;
server 172.16.1.8:80;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name blog.linux.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl_key/server.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl_key/server.key;
location / {
proxy_pass http://web;
include proxy_params;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name blog.linux.com;
return 302 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name zh.linux.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl_key/server.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl_key/server.key;
location / {
proxy_pass http://web;
include proxy_params;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name zh.linux.com;
return 302 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
[root@lb01 conf.d]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@lb01 conf.d]# systemctl restart nginx
4.配置hosts访问测试
#页面格式混乱，代理到php的时候开启HTTPS模式
server {
... ...
location ~* \.php$ {
root /code/wecenter;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
#开启https模式
fastcgi_param HTTPS on;
include fastcgi_params;
}
}
5.配置web端phpmyadmin
[root@web01 conf.d]# vim phpmyadmin.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name php.linux.com;
location / {
root /code/phpmyadmin;
index index.php;
}
location ~ \.php$ {
root /code/phpmyadmin;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
}
[root@web01 conf.d]# scp phpmyadmin.conf 172.16.1.8:/etc/nginx/conf.d/
6.配置负载均衡phpmyadmin
[root@lb01 conf.d]# vim phpmyadmin_proxy.conf
upstream phpmyadmin {
server 10.0.0.7;
server 10.0.0.8;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name php.linux.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl_key/server.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl_key/server.key;
location / {
proxy_pass http://phpmyadmin;
include proxy_params;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name php.linux.com;
return 302 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
[root@lb01 conf.d]# systemctl restart nginx
6.云服务器配置https
1.购买云主机
2.解析域名
3.申请域名对应的https证书
4.将https证书部署到服务器