Centos7下安装Oracle11g数据库

一、安装的硬件要求

1.内存：

要求：内存最小1G，推荐2G或者更高。呃呃呃
查看命令：# grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo

2.Swap：
要求：

RAW Swap
1G至2G 1.5倍
2G至16G 同RAW相等
16G以上 16G

二、环境准备

安装包:

linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip
linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip
Oracle下载地址：[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/indexes/downloads/index.html#database]

三、安装Oracle前的准备

3.1.创建运行oracle数据库的系统用户和用户组

 1 [root@localhost]# groupadd oinstall　　#创建用户组oinstall
 2 [root@localhost]# groupadd dba　　#创建用户组dba
 3 [root@localhost]# useradd -g oinstall -g dba -m oracle　　#创建oracle用户，并加入到oinstall和dba用户组
 4 [root@localhost]# passwd oracle　　#设置用户oracle的登陆密码，不设置密码，在CentOS的图形登陆界面没法登陆
 Changing password for user oracle.
 New password: 　　# 密码
 BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password: 　　# 确认密码
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
 5 [root@localhost]# id oracle # 查看新建的oracle用户
uid=1001(oracle) gid=1002(dba) groups=1002(dba)

3.2.创建oracle数据库安装目录

[root@D-PWS-DB localrepo]# mkdir -p /oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1  #创建oracle安装目录
[root@pwsp-db-server /]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /oracle
[root@D-PWS-DB localrepo]# mkdir -p /ora_data/   #创建数据文件目录
[root@D-PWS-DB localrepo]# chown -R oracle:oinstall  /ora_data
[root@D-PWS-DB localrepo]# mkdir -p /ora_idx/    #创建索引文件目录
[root@D-PWS-DB localrepo]# chown -R oracle:oinstall  /ora_idx
[root@D-PWS-DB localrepo]# mkdir -p /ora_flash/   #创建归档日志文件目录
[root@D-PWS-DB localrepo]# chown -R oracle:oinstall  /ora_flash

3.3修改OS系统标识（oracle默认不支持CentOS系统安装，但是centos其实就是redhat）

[root@oracle-test ~]#cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)
[root@oracle-test ~]#vim /etc/redhat-release
[root@oracle-test ~]#cat /etc/redhat-release
redhat-7

3.4.安装oracle数据库所需要的软件包

[root@localhost data]# yum -y install binutils-2.20.*
yum -y install compat-libcap1-1.*
yum -y install compat-libstdc++-33-3.*
yum -y install compat-libstdc++-33-3.*.i686
yum -y install gcc-4.4.*
yum -y install gcc-c++-4.4.*
yum -y install glibc-2.12*.i686
yum -y install glibc-2.12*
yum -y install glibc-devel-2.12-*
yum -y install glibc-devel-2.12-*.i686
yum -y install *ksh*
yum -y install libgcc-4.4.*.i686
yum -y install libgcc-4.4.*
yum -y install libstdc++-4.4.*
yum -y install libstdc++-4.4.*.i686
yum -y install libstdc++-devel-4.4.*
yum -y install libstdc++-devel-4.4.*.i686
yum -y install libaio-0.3.*
yum -y install libaio-0.3.*.i686
yum -y install libaio-devel-0.3.*
yum -y install libaio-devel-0.3.*.i686
yum -y install make-3.*
yum -y install sysstat-9.0.4*
yum -y install unixODBC-2.2.*.i686
yum -y install unixODBC-2.2.*
yum -y install unixODBC-devel-2.2.*.i686

centos7需要的安装包，可以在Oracle上查看：https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/install.112/e47689/pre_install.htm#LADBI1085

3.5.关闭防火墙

[root@localhost data]# systemctl status firewalld.service    #查看防火墙状态（运行中）
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2017-09-13 09:23:08 CST; 25min ago
     Docs: man:firewalld(1)
 Main PID: 641 (firewalld)
   CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
           └─641 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid

Sep 13 09:22:58 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynami...
Sep 13 09:23:08 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost data]# systemctl stop firewalld.service    #关闭防火墙
[root@localhost data]# systemctl status firewalld.service    #查看防火墙状态（已关闭）
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since Wed 2017-09-13 09:48:55 CST; 10s ago
     Docs: man:firewalld(1)
  Process: 641 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid $FIREWALLD_ARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 641 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

Sep 13 09:22:58 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynami...
Sep 13 09:23:08 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic...
Sep 13 09:48:54 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping firewalld - dynami...
Sep 13 09:48:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped firewalld - dynamic...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost data]# systemctl disable firewalld.service   #禁止使用防火墙（重启也是禁止的）
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/firewalld.service.

3.6.关闭selinux（需重启生效）

[root@oracle-test ~]# vi /etc/selinux/config
[root@oracle-test ~]# cat /etc/selinux/config
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
#     enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
#     permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
#     disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three values:
#     targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
#     minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.
#     mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted

3.7、修改内核参数

[root@localhost data]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf
# sysctl settings are defined through files in
# /usr/lib/sysctl.d/, /run/sysctl.d/, and /etc/sysctl.d/.
#
# Vendors settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/.
# To override a whole file, create a new file with the same in
# /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there. To override
# only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later
# name in /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.
#
# For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5).
#oracle setting
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
fs.file-max = 6815744
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.shmmax = 4100624384
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576
#### 参数解释 ####
#一个消息队列中最大的字节数
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
##从一个进程发送到另一个进程的消息的最大长度。进程间的消息传递是在内核的内存中进行，不会交换到磁盘上，所以如果增加该值，则将增加操作系统所使用的内存数量。
kernel.msgmax = 65536
#用于定义单个共享内存段的最大值。设置应该足够大，能在一个共享内存段下容纳下整个的SGA ,设置的过低可能会导致需要创建多个共享内存段，这样可能导致系统性能的下降。64位linux系统：可取的最大值为物理内存值-1byte，建议值为多于物理内存的一半，一般取值大于SGA_MAX_SIZE即可，可以取物理内存-1byte。例如，如果为12GB物理内存，可取12*1024*1024*1024-1=12884901887，SGA肯定会包含在单个共享内存段中。
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736
#最大的并发共享内存段数目，比SGA还要大。该参数表示系统一次可以使用的共享内存总量（以页为单位，一个页大小为4KB）。缺省值就是2097152，通常不需要修改
kernel.shmall = 4294967296

#该参数是共享内存段的最大数量。shmmni缺省值4096.
kernel.shmmni = 4096
#是semaphores的缩写，该参数表示设置的信号量。它包含四个值：semmsl、semmns、semopm、semmni
#250是参数semmsl的值：信号灯的最大数量，跟ORACLE的PROCESS数有关。SEMMSL * SEMMNI
#32000是参数semmns的值：系统调用允许的信号量最大个数。至少100；或者等于SEMMSL
#100是参数semopm的值：系统信号量set最大个数。最少128
#128是参数semmni的值：每个信号灯集合中最多的信号灯数目。最小250；对于processes参数设置较大的系统建议设置为processes+10。
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
#该参数决定了系统中所允许的文件句柄最大数目，文件句柄设置代表linux系统中可以打开的文件的数量。
fs.file-max = 153600
#表示应用程序可使用的IPv4端口范围
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000
# 表示套接字接收缓冲区大小的缺省值
net.core.rmem_default = 4194304
#表示套接字接收缓冲区大小的最大值
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
#表示套接字发送缓冲区大小的缺省值
net.core.wmem_default=262144
#表示套接字发送缓冲区大小的最大值
net.core.wmem_max=262144
[root@localhost data]# sysctl -p   #立即生效

3.9、对oracle用户设置限制，提高软件运行性能（斜体为添加部分）

[root@localhost data]# cat /etc/security/limits.conf
@student - maxlogins 4
 
oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536
End of file

3.10、配置用户的环境变量

[root@localhost data]# cat /home/oracle/.bash_profile
# .bash_profile
# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
. ~/.bashrc
fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin

export PATH

export ORACLE_BASE=/oracle #oracle数据库安装目录
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1 #oracle数据库路径
export ORACLE_SID=orcl #oracle启动数据库实例名
export ORACLE_UNQNAME=orcl
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:/usr/sbin:$PATH #添加系统环境变量
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:$ORACLE_HOME/network/lib:$ORACLE_HOME/oracm/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/lib     #添加系统环境变量
export LANG='AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK'  #防止安装过程出现乱码
export NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK #设置Oracle客户端字符集，必须与Oracle安装时设置的字符集保持一致

[root@localhost data]# source /home/oracle/.bash_profile  #使环境变量生效

3.11、将安装包放到/root/home/路径下

[root@localhost ~]# ls
linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip  linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip

3.12、解压安装包并设置权限

[root@D-PWS-DB ~]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip 
[root@D-PWS-DB ~]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip 
移动到home目录
[root@oracle-test ~]#mv /root/database/   /home/oracle/
[root@localhost src]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /home/oracle/database/

四、开始安装Oracle

4.1、进入到虚拟机控制台中，以oracle用户登录，运行安装程序：

切换目录：
[root@oracle-test /oracle]#cd /home/oracle/database/
切换到中文模式
[oracle@D-PWS-DB ~]$ export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
[oracle@D-PWS-DB ~]$ export LC_CTYPE=en_US.iso88591

4.2、执行安装命令

 [oracle@oracle-test ~]$./database/runInstaller
Starting Oracle Universal Installer...

Checking Temp space: must be greater than 120 MB.   Actual 269445 MB    Passed
Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB.   Actual 15999 MB    Passed
Checking monitor: must be configured to display at least 256 colors
    >>> Could not execute auto check for display colors using command /usr/bin/xdpyinfo. Check if the DISPLAY variable is set.    Failed <<<<

Some requirement checks failed. You must fulfill these requirements before

continuing with the installation,

Continue? (y/n) [n] y


>>> Ignoring required pre-requisite failures. Continuing...
Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2021-01-04_02-35-30PM. Please wait ...
DISPLAY not set. Please set the DISPLAY and try again.
Depending on the Unix Shell, you can use one of the following commands as examples to set the DISPLAY environment variable:
- For csh:                      % setenv DISPLAY 192.168.1.128:0.0
- For sh, ksh and bash:         $ DISPLAY=192.168.1.128:0.0; export DISPLAY
Use the following command to see what shell is being used:

备注：发现有报错，然后执行：
[root@oracle-test ~]#export DISPLAY=192.168.155.14:0.0   #192.168.155.14为本机ip，并非是oracle服务器。

4.3、安装xhost和运行DISPLAY

1. [oracle@11GR2-test ~]$ export DISPLAY=192.168.181.128:1
在虚拟机中安装ORACLE, 设置完DISPLAY变量后,运行xhost +命令无法找到,明显为xhost相对应的rpm包未安装.

用yum命令加参数whatprovides 加xhost查到相对应的包为xorg-x11-server-utils-7.7-14.el6.x86_64,如下图.

2. [root@11GR2-test ~]# yum whatprovides */xhost
Loaded plugins: refresh-packagekit, security, ulninfo
xorg-x11-server-utils-7.7-14.el6.x86_64 : X.Org X11 X server utilities
Repo        : public_ol6_latest
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/bin/xhost

3. yum安装xorg-x11-server-utils-7.*.el7.x86_64包

[root@oracle-test ~]#yum install -y xorg-x11-server-utils-7.*.el7.x86_64
Loaded plugins: refresh-packagekit, security, ulninfo
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package xorg-x11-server-utils.x86_64 0:7.7-14.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: mcpp for package: xorg-x11-server-utils-7.7-14.el6.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mcpp.x86_64 0:2.7.2-4.1.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libmcpp.so.0()(64bit) for package: mcpp-2.7.2-4.1.el6.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package libmcpp.x86_64 0:2.7.2-4.1.el6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved

==================================================================
 Package                                       Arch                           Version                                  Repository                                 Size
==================================================================
Installing:
 xorg-x11-server-utils                         x86_64                         7.7-14.el6                               public_ol6_latest                         156 k
Installing for dependencies:
 libmcpp                                       x86_64                         2.7.2-4.1.el6                            public_ol6_latest                          68 k
 mcpp                                          x86_64                         2.7.2-4.1.el6                            public_ol6_latest                          23 k

Transaction Summary
====================================================================
Install       3 Package(s)

Total download size: 246 k
Installed size: 548 k
Downloading Packages:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                 11 MB/s | 246 kB     00:00     
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Installing : libmcpp-2.7.2-4.1.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                        1/3 
  Installing : mcpp-2.7.2-4.1.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                           2/3 
  Installing : xorg-x11-server-utils-7.7-14.el6.x86_64                                                                                                             3/3 
  Verifying  : xorg-x11-server-utils-7.7-14.el6.x86_64                                                                                                             1/3 
  Verifying  : libmcpp-2.7.2-4.1.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                        2/3 
  Verifying  : mcpp-2.7.2-4.1.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                           3/3 

Installed:
  xorg-x11-server-utils.x86_64 0:7.7-14.el6                                                                                                                  
Dependency Installed:
  libmcpp.x86_64 0:2.7.2-4.1.el6                                                      mcpp.x86_64 0:2.7.2-4.1.el6                                                     
Complete!

4. 安装完xorg-x11-server-utils-7.7-14.el6.x86_64包后,产生了xhost +
[oracle@11GR2-test ~]$ xhost +
access control disabled, clients can connect from any host

4.4、再次执行安装命令：

[oracle@oracle-test ~]$./database/runInstaller
Starting Oracle Universal Installer...

Checking Temp space: must be greater than 120 MB.   Actual 268850 MB    Passed
Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB.   Actual 15999 MB    Passed
Checking monitor: must be configured to display at least 256 colors
    >>> Could not execute auto check for display colors using command /usr/bin/xdpyinfo. Check if the DISPLAY variable is set.    Failed <<<<

Some requirement checks failed. You must fulfill these requirements before

continuing with the installation,

Continue? (y/n) [n] y


>>> Ignoring required pre-requisite failures. Continuing...
Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2021-01-04_03-08-36PM. Please wait ...

4.5、进入图形化安装，操作步骤如下：

步骤一：如下图，去掉对勾：

image.png

image.png

步骤二：选择跳过：

image.png

步骤三：
选择：Install database software only
（只安装数据库软件，稍后使用dbca创建数据库示例）

image.png

步骤四：
选择：Single instance database installation
（单实例数据库安装）

image.png

步骤五：
添加上：Simplified Chinese 和 Traditional Chinese （简体中文、繁体中文）

image.png

步骤六：
选择：Enterprise Edition（企业版）

image.png

步骤七：
配置好环境变量后路径自动识别，无需修改：

image.png

步骤八：设置路径为： /oracle/oraInventory

image.png

点击：Yes

image.png

步骤九：把第二个组改为oinstall：

image.png

步骤十：安装前检测，先把os参数做了调整，有部分rpm包缺失，需要找到相应包安装：

image.png

修改参数，并生效：

image.png

[root@oracle-test ~]#sysctl -p

安装对应包：
[root@oracle-test ~]#yum install -y elfutils-libelf-devel-0.*
步骤十一：有一个包没有，但是可以选择跳过，直接安装即可：

image.png

image.png

步骤十二：安装到86%报错：

image.png

步骤十三：
根据以下路径，执行下列的两个脚本：

image.png

[root@oracle-test ~]#sh /oracle/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh
Changing permissions of /oracle/oraInventory.
Adding read,write permissions for group.
Removing read,write,execute permissions for world.

Changing groupname of /oracle/oraInventory to dba.
The execution of the script is complete.
[root@oracle-test ~]#sh /oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/root.sh
Performing root user operation for Oracle 11g

The following environment variables are set as:
    ORACLE_OWNER= oracle
    ORACLE_HOME=  /oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1

Enter the full pathname of the local bin directory: [/usr/local/bin]:
   Copying dbhome to /usr/local/bin ...
   Copying oraenv to /usr/local/bin ...
   Copying coraenv to /usr/local/bin ...


Creating /etc/oratab file...
Entries will be added to the /etc/oratab file as needed by
Database Configuration Assistant when a database is created
Finished running generic part of root script.
Now product-specific root actions will be performed.
Finished product-specific root actions.

步骤十四：安装数据库完后，关闭。