Evolving Our Bodies 3
And a lot of people are very scared by this stuff.
ps:很多人都被这些东西吓坏了。
a lot of许多
people人; 人们; 大家; 人民,国民; 民族; 种族; 居住在; 把…挤满人; 住满居民; person的复数
very很,非常,十分,极; (强调形容词最高级或置于own前)完全,十足; 完全同样; 完全同一; 正是的,恰好的,同一的; 最…的,极端的,十足的; 仅仅的,唯独的,甚至于
scared害怕; 恐惧; 畏惧; 担心; 惊吓; 使害怕; 使恐惧; 受惊吓; scare的过去分词和过去式
stuff东西,物品,玩意儿; 活儿,话,念头,东西; 基本特征; 特质; 根本; 基础; 原料; 填满; 装满; 塞满; 灌满; 把…塞进; 在里填入; 给…装馅
And it does sound scary, and there are risks to this stuff.
So why in the world would you ever want to do this stuff?
Why would we really want to alter the human body in a fundamental way?
ps:为什么我们真的想从根本上改变人体?
Why为什么,为何; 何必; 为什么,…的原因; 哎呀,呦,哟,嗨; 原因;理由;说明;难解的问题
would(will的过去式,用于转述)将,将会; 带出想象的结果; 就会; 想要; 希望; 愿意; 喜欢; 立定志向; 决心; 决意; 立遗嘱将赠与; 立遗嘱赠与; will的过去式
really事实上,真正地,真实地; 确实,的确; 加强形容词或副词的语气
want to应该
alter改变,更改,改动; 修改
human body人体
fundamental十分重大的; 根本的; 基础的; 基本的; 不能再分的; 基本规律; 根本法则; 基本原理; 基础
The answer lies in part with Lord Rees, astronomer royal of Great Britain.
ps:答案部分在于英国皇家天文学家里斯勋爵。
answer答复; 回答; 答案,正确答案; 解决办法,答案; 适合; 符合; 比得上; 相配
lies躺; 平躺; 平卧; 平放; 处于,保留,保持; 说谎; 撒谎; 编造谎言; 谎言; 位置; 谎话; lie的第三人称单数和复数
in part在某种程度上; 部分地
Lord贵族; 勋爵; 阁下,大人,大臣; 使成贵族; 作威作福,称王称霸
Rees里斯
Great Britain大不列颠
And one of his favorite sayings is the universe is 100 percent malevolent.
ps:他最喜欢的一句话是宇宙是100%邪恶的。
one of…之一
his他的; 上帝的; 属于上帝的; 属于他的
favorite特别受喜爱的; 特别喜爱的人;受宠的人;得到偏爱的人; 宠臣;亲信,心腹; 最有希望获胜者
sayings谚语; 格言; 警句; saying的复数
universe宇宙; 天地万物; 万象; 经验体系
percent百分之…
malevolent有恶意的; 有坏心肠的
So what does that mean?
It means if you take any one of your bodies at random, drop it anywhere in the universe, drop it in space, you die.
ps:这意味着,如果你随机拿走你的任何一个身体,把它扔到宇宙的任何地方,扔到太空,你就死定了。
means方式; 方法; 途径; 财富; 钱财; 表示…的意思; 意思是; 本意是; 打算; 意欲; 有…的目的; mean的第三人称单数和复数
any one任何一个的
bodies身体; 躯体; 躯干; 尸体; 死尸; body的第三人称单数和复数
at random胡乱地; 随便地; 任意地; 随机地; 偶然地
drop it终止谈论,不要谈论,谈到此为止
anywhere(用于否定句和疑问句,代替somewhere)在任何地方; 在任何地方; 随便哪个地方
universe宇宙; 天地万物; 万象; 经验体系
drop落下,掉下,使落下; 降下,使降落; 累倒; 累垮; 滴; 水珠; 少量; 微量; 一点点; 下降; 下跌; 减少
in space宇宙中;空中
die死; 死亡; 凋谢; 消失; 消亡; 灭亡; 停止运转; 模具; 冲模; 压模
Drop it on the Sun, you die. Drop it on the surface of Mercury, you die. Drop it near a supernova, you die.
ps:把它丢在太阳上,你就死定了。把它扔到水银表面,你就死定了。把它扔到超新星附近,你就死定了。
Sun太阳; 日; 太阳的光和热; 阳光; 日光; 恒星; 晒太阳
die死; 死亡; 凋谢; 消失; 消亡; 灭亡; 停止运转; 模具; 冲模; 压模
Drop落下,掉下,使落下; 降下,使降落; 累倒; 累垮; 滴; 水珠; 少量; 微量; 一点点; 下降; 下跌; 减少
on the surface of上面
Mercury水星; 汞; 水银
near距离近; 不远; 不久以后; 随后; 接近; 距离不远; 在附近; 几乎; 差不多; 在…附近; 靠近; 临近; 大约,上下; 接近,靠近,临近
supernova超新星
But fortunately, it's only about 80 percent effective.
So as a great physicist once said, there's these little upstream eddies of biology that create order in this rapid torrent of entropy.
ps:正如一位伟大的物理学家曾经说过的,在这股快速的熵洪流中,正是这些生物的小上游漩涡创造了秩序。
So as只要; 用于否定句和疑问句; 像…般那样
physicist物理学家; 物理学研究者
upstream向上游; 逆流
eddies旋涡,涡流; 起旋涡; 旋转; eddy的第三人称单数和复数
biology生物学; 生理
create创造; 创作; 创建; 造成,引起,产生; 授予; 册封
order in命令进入; 订购
rapid瞬间的; 短时间内发生的; 迅速的; 快速的; 快捷的
torrent急流; 激流; 湍流; 洪流; 迸发; 连发; 狂潮
entropy无序状态测量法; 熵; 无序状态
So as the universe dissipates energy, there's these upstream eddies that create biological order.
ps:所以当宇宙耗散能量时,这些上游的漩涡创造了生物秩序。
So as只要; 用于否定句和疑问句; 像…般那样
universe宇宙; 天地万物; 万象; 经验体系
dissipates消散,消失; 驱散; 挥霍,浪费,消磨; dissipate的第三人称单数
energy精力; 活力; 干劲; 力量; 能源
upstream向上游; 逆流
eddies旋涡,涡流; 起旋涡; 旋转; eddy的第三人称单数和复数
create创造; 创作; 创建; 造成,引起,产生; 授予; 册封
biological生物学的; 生物的; 与生命过程有关的; 加酶的; 生物制品; 生物制剂
Now, the problem with eddies is, they tend to disappear. They shift. They move in rivers.
ps;现在,漩涡的问题是,它们往往会消失。他们转移。它们在河里活动。
Now现在; 目前; 此刻; 从现在开始; 表示厌烦; 既然; 由于
problem棘手的问题; 难题; 困难; 逻辑题; 数学题; 找麻烦的; 成问题的; 惹乱子的
with和…在一起; 和; 同; 跟; 有; 具有; 带有; 用; 使用; 以; 借
eddies旋涡,涡流; 起旋涡; 旋转; eddy的第三人称单数和复数
they他们; 她们; 它们; 用以代替he或she,指性别不详的人; 人们,人人,众人
tend to倾向于; 有助于
disappear消失; 不见; 不复存在; 灭绝; 消亡; 失踪; 丢失
shift转移; 挪动; 赶快; 快速移动; 变换; 更替; 变动; 改变; 转换; 班; 轮班; 轮班工作时间; 轮班职工
move in搬来; 迁入; 逼近,进逼; 插手; 涉足
rivers河; 江; 涌流; river的复数
And because of that, when an eddy shifts, when the Earth becomes a snowball, when the Earth becomes very hot, when the Earth gets hit by an asteroid, when you have supervolcanoes, when you have solar flares, when you have potentially extinction-level events like the next election, then all of a sudden, you can have periodic extinctions.
ps:正因为如此,当漩涡移动时,当地球变成雪球时,当地球变得非常热时,当地球被小行星撞击时,当你有超级火山时,当你有太阳耀斑时,当你有像下一次选举这样的潜在灭绝级事件时,突然之间,你可以有周期性的灭绝。
because of因为,由于①because of是复合介词,其后可接名词、代词、动名词或由what引导的从句。②because of一般引导状语,不引导表语;但当主语是代词时,because of短语在句中可用作表语。
eddy旋涡,涡流; 起旋涡; 旋转
shifts转移; 挪动; 赶快; 快速移动; 变换; 更替; 变动; 改变; 转换; 班; 轮班; 轮班工作时间; 轮班职工; shift的第三人称单数和复数
snowball雪球; 滚雪球般发展的情形; 雪球鸡尾酒; 滚雪球般迅速增大
asteroid小行星
flares烧旺; 燃烧; 闪耀; 突发; 加剧; 发怒地说; 粗暴地说; flare的第三人称单数
potentially潜在地
all of a sudden突然地;出乎意料地
periodic间发性的; 定期的; 周期的
And by the way, that's happened five times on Earth, and therefore it is very likely that the human species on Earth is going to go extinct someday.
ps:顺便说一下,这种情况在地球上已经发生过五次了,因此很可能有一天地球上的人类物种会灭绝。
by the way顺便地;附带说一句
happened发生,出现; 出现,发生; 碰巧; 恰好; happen的过去分词和过去式
five五
and therefore因此,为此
species种,物种
Earth世界; 地球; 陆地; 地面; 大地; 土; 泥; 泥土; 把接地
extinct不再存在的; 已灭绝的; 绝种的; 绝迹的; 消亡了的; 废除了的; 不再活跃的; 死的
someday某一天;有朝一日
Not next week, not next month, maybe in November, but maybe 10,000 years after that.
As you're thinking of the consequence of that, if you believe that extinctions are common and natural and normal and occur periodically, it becomes a moral imperative to diversify our species.
ps:当你想到这一点的后果时,如果你相信灭绝是普遍的、自然的和正常的,并且周期性地发生,那么使我们的物种多样化就成了道德上的当务之急
thinking思想; 思考; 思维; 想法; 见解; 思想的; 有理智的; 有思考力的; 认为; 以为; 想; 思索; 琢磨; think的现在分词
consequence结果; 后果; 重要性
normal典型的; 正常的; 一般的; 精神正常的; 意识健全的; 常态; 通常标准; 一般水平
occur发生; 出现; 存在于; 出现在
periodically定期; 周期性; 定期出版地
becomes开始变得; 变成; 适合; 与…相称; 使显得漂亮; 使好看; become的第三人称单数
moral道德的; 道义上的; 道德上的; 品行端正的; 有道德的; 品行,道德; 寓意; 教益
imperative重要紧急的; 迫切的; 急需处理的; 表示权威的; 表示命令的; 祈使的; 重要紧急的事; 必要的事; 祈使语气; 祈使语气动词
diversify增加…的品种; 从事多种经营; 扩大业务范围; 多样化,变化,不同
species种,物种
And it becomes a moral imperative because it's going to be really hard to live on Mars if we don't fundamentally modify the human body. Right?
You go from one cell, mom and dad coming together to make one cell, in a cascade to 10 trillion cells.
ps:你从一个细胞走出来,爸爸妈妈一起组成一个细胞,一级一级地变成10万亿个细胞。
You你; 您; 你们; 与名词及形容词连用,直接称呼某人; 泛指任何人
go from从…处出发
one一; (正式用语或表强调,用在hundred、thousand等或度量单位之前)一; 单独一个,仅仅一个; 用来避免重复已提过的或是听者已知的事物的名称; 用于辨别所谈的人或事; 其中的一个人
cell单间牢房; 牢房; 小房间; 细胞
coming到来,来临; 即将发生的; 下一个的; 来; 来到; 到达,抵达; 来做; 来取; 来拿; come的现在分词
together在一起; 共同; 以使接触; 到一起; 关系密切; 有婚姻关系; 自信而妥实的
cascade小瀑布; 倾泻; 流注; 大簇的下垂物; 大量落下; 大量垂悬
trillion万亿; 兆; 大量; 无数; 百万兆
cells单间牢房; 牢房; 小房间; 细胞; cell的复数
We don't know, if you change the gravity substantially, if the same thing will happen to create your body.
ps:我们不知道,如果你实质性地改变重力,是否同样的事情会发生在你的身体上。
know知道; 知悉; 了解; 认识到; 懂得; 意识到; 确信; 确知; 肯定
change改变; 变化; 使不同; 变换,改换,变成; 变更; 变革; 替代; 更换; 替代物
gravity重力; 地球引力; 严重性; 严肃; 庄严
substantially非常; 大大地; 基本上; 大体上; 总的来说
same同一的; 相同的; 相同的,一模一样的; 同样的事物,相同的事物; 相同,一样; 同一个人; 同样
thing东西; 物; 物件; 物品; 事物; 用品,衣服; 用具
will谈及将来; 愿,要,会,定要; 烦劳别人做事时用; 想要; 希望; 愿意; 喜欢; 立定志向; 决心; 决意; 立遗嘱将赠与; 立遗嘱赠与; 意志; 毅力; 自制力; 意愿; 心愿; 遗嘱
happen to发生在…身上
create创造; 创作; 创建; 造成,引起,产生; 授予; 册封
body身体; 躯体; 躯干; 尸体; 死尸; 赋予形体
We do know that if you expose our bodies as they currently are to a lot of radiation, we will die.
ps:我们知道,如果你让我们的身体暴露在大量辐射下,我们会死的。
know知道; 知悉; 了解; 认识到; 懂得; 意识到; 确信; 确知; 肯定
expose陈述,阐述,揭露; 暴露; 显露; 露出; 揭露; 揭穿; 使面临,使遭受
bodies身体; 躯体; 躯干; 尸体; 死尸; body的第三人称单数和复数
they他们; 她们; 它们; 用以代替he或she,指性别不详的人; 人们,人人,众人
currently现时; 目前; 当前; 时下
a lot of许多
radiation辐射; 放射线; 辐射的热; 放射疗法
will谈及将来; 愿,要,会,定要; 烦劳别人做事时用; 想要; 希望; 愿意; 喜欢; 立定志向; 决心; 决意; 立遗嘱将赠与; 立遗嘱赠与; 意志; 毅力; 自制力; 意愿; 心愿; 遗嘱
die死; 死亡; 凋谢; 消失; 消亡; 灭亡; 停止运转; 模具; 冲模; 压模
So as you're thinking of that, you have to really redesign things just to get to Mars.
Forget about the moons of Neptune or Jupiter.
ps:忘掉海王星或木星的卫星吧。
Forget about忘记……
moons月球; 月亮; 月相; 卫星; 以屁股示人; moon的第三人称单数和复数
Neptune海王星
Jupiter木星
Exercises:
1.What does Enriquez mean when he says the universe is 100 percent malevolent?
Humans can't survive anywhere other than Earth.
2.According to Enriquez , what is a moral imperative for the human race?
using prosthetics to enhance the human species.
3.If human beings want to live on Mars ,
they will need to modify their bodies to survive.
4.If something is moral imperative,
it must be done for the humman good.
Fill in the blanks:
We do know that if you expose our bodies as they currently are to a lot of radiation, we will die. So as you're thinking of that, you have to really redesign things just to get to Mars.
And to borrow from Nikolai Kardashev, let's think about life in a series of scales.
So Life One civilization is a civilization that begins to alter his or her looks.
And we've been doing that for thousands of years.
You've got tummy tucks and you've got this and you've got that.
ps:你有肚子,你有这个,你有那个。
You你; 您; 你们; 与名词及形容词连用,直接称呼某人; 泛指任何人
've(=value engineering)价值工程学; 同“have”
got得到(get的过去式和过去分词); 抓住
tummy胃; 肚子
tucks塞进,折叠,卷起; 把…塞进狭窄的空间; 把…藏入; 收藏; 用…盖住; 用
You alter your looks and I'm told that not all of those alterations take place for medical reasons.
ps:你改变了你的容貌,我被告知并非所有这些改变都是出于医学原因。
alter改变,更改,改动; 修改
looks看; 瞧; 查找; 眼神; 表情; 神情; 脸色; 寻找; 寻求; 注意; 留心; 留神; look的第三人称单数和复数
told讲; 讲述
all of一共; 足足; 至少
those用来对已经提及的事物作补充说明; 人们;人; 那些; 用于提供更多的细节、信息
alterations改变; 变化; 更改; 改动; alteration的复数
take place发生; 举行
medical伤病的; 疾病的; 医疗的; 内科的; 体格检查
reasons原因; 理由; 解释; 正当理由; 道理; 情理; 思考力; 理解力; 理性; 推理; 推论; 推断; 思
Seems odd.
A Life Two civilization is a different civilization.
A Life Two civilization alters fundamental aspects of the body.
So you put human growth hormone in, the person grows taller, or you put x in and the person gets fatter or loses metabolism or does a whole series of things, but you're altering the functions in a fundamental way.
ps:所以你把人的生长激素放进去,这个人长得更高,或者你放x进去,这个人变得更胖,或者失去新陈代谢,或者做了一系列的事情,但是你正在从根本上改变这些功能。
human growth hormone人体生长激素(缩略形式为HGH)
grows扩大; 增加; 增强; 长大; 长高; 发育; 成长; 生长; grow的第三人称单数
taller高的; 高大的; 有…高,身高; tall的比较级
fatter肥的; 肥胖的; 厚的; 宽大的; 大量的; 值钱的; fat的比较级
loses遗失; 丢失; 损失,丧失,失去; 被…夺去; lose的第三人称单数
metabolism新陈代谢
whole全部的; 整体的; 完全的; 所有的; 整个的; 完整的; 完好无损的; 整个; 整体; 全部; 全体; 所有
altering改变,更改,改动; 修改; alter的现在分词
functions作用; 功能; 职能; 机能; 社交聚会; 典礼; 宴会; 函数; 起作用; 正常工作; 运转; function的第三人称单数和复数
fundamental十分重大的; 根本的; 基础的; 基本的; 不能再分的; 基本规
To become an intrasolar civilization, we're going to have to create a Life Three civilization, and that looks very different from what we've got here.
ps:要成为一个太阳系内的文明,我们必须创造一个生命三文明,这看起来与我们在这里所拥有的非常不同。
civilization文明; 社会文明; 文明世界; 文明社会
going离去; 去; 离开; 进展速度; 难度; 地面状况; 常去…的; 走; 移动,旅行,行走; go的现在分词
have to必须; 不得不; 劝告或建议时用; 表示一定真实或肯定发生
create创造; 创作; 创建; 造成,引起,产生; 授予; 册封
Three三
and that而且,并且
looks看; 瞧; 查找; 眼神; 表情; 神情; 脸色; 寻找; 寻求; 注意; 留心; 留神; look的第三人称单数和复数
've(=value engineering)价值工程学; 同“have”
got得到(get的过去式和过去分词); 抓住
Maybe you splice in Deinococcus radiodurans so that the cells can resplice after a lot of exposure to radiation.
ps:也许你在耐辐射球菌中剪接,这样细胞在大量辐射后可以重新呼吸
Maybe大概,或许,可能; 或许,也许; 或许
splice绞接,捻接; 胶接,粘接; 胶接处; 粘接处; 绞接处
so that因此; 以便
cells单间牢房; 牢房; 小房间; 细胞; cell的复数
after在…后; 表示反复不断或一个接着一个; 跟随; 追赶; 在后面; 在…以后; 后来; 以后; 后来的; 以后的
a lot of许多
exposure面临,遭受; 揭露; 亮相,被报道
radiation辐射; 放射线; 辐射的热; 放射疗法
Maybe you breathe by having oxygen flow through your blood instead of through your lungs.
But you're talking about really radical redesigns and one of the interesting things that's happened in the last decade is we've discovered a whole lot of planets out there.
ps:但你说的是真正彻底的重新设计,最近十年发生的一件有趣的事情是我们发现了很多行星。
radical根本的; 彻底的; 完全的; 全新的; 不同凡响的; 激进的; 极端的; 激进分子; 游离基; 自由基
redesigns重新设计; redesign的第三人称单数
one of…之一
in the last在最后;在终审时
decade十年,十年期
've(=value engineering)价值工程学; 同“have”
discovered发现; 发现,找到,发觉; 了解到; 认识到; 查明; discover的过去分词和过去式
planets行星; 地球; planet的复数
out there向那边,<口>到战场
And some of them may be Earth-like.
The problem is, if we ever want to get to these planets, the fastest human objects, Juno and Voyager and the rest of this stuff, take tens of thousands of years to get from here to the nearest solar system.
ps:问题是,如果我们想要到达这些行星,最快的人类物体,朱诺号和旅行者号,以及其他的东西,需要数万年才能从这里到达最近的太阳系。
want to应该
get to开始; 到达,抵达; 抓住;接触,和…取得联系
planets行星; 地球; planet的复数
Juno〈罗神〉朱诺(天后,主神Jupiter的妻子。同希神Hera)
solar system太阳系; 类太阳系
So if you want to start exploring beaches somewhere else, or you want to see two-sun sunsets, then you're talking about something that is very different, because you have to change the timescale and the body of humans in ways which may be absolutely unrecognizable.
And that's a Life Four civilization.
Exercises:
1.How does Enriquez describe a life two civilization?
Fundamental aspects of the human body can be genetically alterer.
2.What the humans need to do if they want to reach distance planets and solar systems?
change how human bodies age over long periods of time
3.In order to develop an intrasolar civilization,
humans would have to modify the body to allow long-distance space travel.
4.In a life two civilization,
people can use growth hormones to change fundamental aspects of the body.
Read and repeat the sentences;
1.Where is it ethical to enhance a human body and where is it not ethical to enhance a human body?
2.With so many planets thousands of years away, humans would need to change how their bodies age.
3.Mass exinctions have happened five times on Earth, and therefore it is very likely that the human species on Earth is going to go extinct someday.
4.Once you can insert an entire human genome into a cell, then you begin to ask the question, would you want to enhance any of that genome?
5.To become an intrasolar civilization, we're going to have to create a Life Three civilization, and that looks very different from what we've got here.