spider-request/response

1.Request

  • 部分代码
class Request(object_ref):

    def __init__(self, url, callback=None, method='GET', headers=None, body=None, 
                 cookies=None, meta=None, encoding='utf-8', priority=0,
                 dont_filter=False, errback=None):

        self._encoding = encoding  # this one has to be set first
        self.method = str(method).upper()
        self._set_url(url)
        self._set_body(body)
        assert isinstance(priority, int), "Request priority not an integer: %r" % priority
        self.priority = priority

        assert callback or not errback, "Cannot use errback without a callback"
        self.callback = callback
        self.errback = errback

        self.cookies = cookies or {}
        self.headers = Headers(headers or {}, encoding=encoding)
        self.dont_filter = dont_filter

        self._meta = dict(meta) if meta else None

    @property
    def meta(self):
        if self._meta is None:
            self._meta = {}
        return self._meta

-其中,比较常用的参数:

url: 就是需要请求,并进行下一步处理的url

callback: 指定该请求返回的Response,由那个函数来处理。

method: 请求一般不需要指定,默认GET方法,可设置为"GET", "POST", "PUT"等,且保证字符串大写

headers: 请求时,包含的头文件。一般不需要。内容一般如下:
        # 自己写过爬虫的肯定知道
        Host: media.readthedocs.org
        User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64; rv:33.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/33.0
        Accept: text/css,*/*;q=0.1
        Accept-Language: zh-cn,zh;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
        Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
        Referer: http://scrapy-chs.readthedocs.org/zh_CN/0.24/
        Cookie: _ga=GA1.2.1612165614.1415584110;
        Connection: keep-alive
        If-Modified-Since: Mon, 25 Aug 2014 21:59:35 GMT
        Cache-Control: max-age=0

meta: 比较常用,在不同的请求之间传递数据使用的。字典dict型

        request_with_cookies = Request(
            url="http://www.example.com",
            cookies={'currency': 'USD', 'country': 'UY'},
            meta={'dont_merge_cookies': True}
        )

encoding: 使用默认的 'utf-8' 就行。

dont_filter: 表明该请求不由调度器过滤。这是当你想使用多次执行相同的请求,忽略重复的过滤器。默认为False。

errback: 指定错误处理函数

2.Response

  • 部分代码
class Response(object_ref):
    def __init__(self, url, status=200, headers=None, body='', flags=None, request=None):
        self.headers = Headers(headers or {})
        self.status = int(status)
        self._set_body(body)
        self._set_url(url)
        self.request = request
        self.flags = [] if flags is None else list(flags)

    @property
    def meta(self):
        try:
            return self.request.meta
        except AttributeError:
            raise AttributeError("Response.meta not available, this response " \
                "is not tied to any request")
  • 大部分参数和上面的差不多:
status: 响应码
_set_body(body): 响应体
_set_url(url):响应url
self.request = request

3.发送POST请求

  • 可以使用 yield scrapy.FormRequest(url, formdata, callback)方法发送POST请求。

  • 如果希望程序执行一开始就发送POST请求,可以重写Spider类的start_requests(self) 方法,并且不再调用start_urls里的url。

class mySpider(scrapy.Spider):
    # start_urls = ["http://www.example.com/"]

    def start_requests(self):
        url = 'http://www.renren.com/PLogin.do'

        # FormRequest 是Scrapy发送POST请求的方法
        yield scrapy.FormRequest(
            url = url,
            formdata = {"email" : "[email protected]", "password" : "axxxxxxxe"},
            callback = self.parse_page
        )
    def parse_page(self, response):
        # do something

4.模拟登陆

使用FormRequest.from_response()方法[模拟用户登录]
(http://docs.pythontab.com/scrapy/scrapy0.24/topics/request-response.html#topics-request-response-ref-request-userlogin)
通常网站通过 实现对某些表单字段(如数据或是登录界面中的认证令牌等)的预填充。
使用Scrapy抓取网页时,如果想要预填充或重写像用户名、用户密码这些表单字段, 可以使用 FormRequest.from_response() 方法实现。

  • 下面是使用这种方法的爬虫例子:
import scrapy

class LoginSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'example.com'
    start_urls = ['http://www.example.com/users/login.php']

    def parse(self, response):
        return scrapy.FormRequest.from_response(
            response,
            formdata={'username': 'john', 'password': 'secret'},
            callback=self.after_login
        )

    def after_login(self, response):
        # check login succeed before going on
        if "authentication failed" in response.body:
            self.log("Login failed", level=log.ERROR)
            return

5.部分网站隐藏bug

有些网站响应内容不一定是你之前发送的url,

class SunSpider(CrawlSpider):
    name = 'sun'
    allowed_domains = ['wz.sun0769.com']
    start_urls = ['http://wz.sun0769.com/index.php/question/questionType?type=4&page=']

    rules = (
        Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r'type=4&page=\d+'),callback='parse_item',follow=True),     
    )

 def parse_item(self, response):
        print response.url
有时一直跟进返回的url会有差别,返回一个假的url地址,不能正常访问网页。需要修改url地址
这时候有一个 process_links
更改链接
Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r'type=4&page=\d+'), process_links='deal_links',callback='parse_item',follow=True),     
    )
返回的是一个链接列表,需要重新处理每个response处理的链接
links是LinkExtractor提取出来的当前页面的url列表
def deal_links(self,links):
        for link in links:
                 link.url=link.url.replace("?","&").replace("Type&","Type?")

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