1.Request
- 部分代码
class Request(object_ref):
def __init__(self, url, callback=None, method='GET', headers=None, body=None,
cookies=None, meta=None, encoding='utf-8', priority=0,
dont_filter=False, errback=None):
self._encoding = encoding # this one has to be set first
self.method = str(method).upper()
self._set_url(url)
self._set_body(body)
assert isinstance(priority, int), "Request priority not an integer: %r" % priority
self.priority = priority
assert callback or not errback, "Cannot use errback without a callback"
self.callback = callback
self.errback = errback
self.cookies = cookies or {}
self.headers = Headers(headers or {}, encoding=encoding)
self.dont_filter = dont_filter
self._meta = dict(meta) if meta else None
@property
def meta(self):
if self._meta is None:
self._meta = {}
return self._meta
-其中,比较常用的参数:
url: 就是需要请求,并进行下一步处理的url
callback: 指定该请求返回的Response,由那个函数来处理。
method: 请求一般不需要指定,默认GET方法,可设置为"GET", "POST", "PUT"等,且保证字符串大写
headers: 请求时,包含的头文件。一般不需要。内容一般如下:
# 自己写过爬虫的肯定知道
Host: media.readthedocs.org
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64; rv:33.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/33.0
Accept: text/css,*/*;q=0.1
Accept-Language: zh-cn,zh;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Referer: http://scrapy-chs.readthedocs.org/zh_CN/0.24/
Cookie: _ga=GA1.2.1612165614.1415584110;
Connection: keep-alive
If-Modified-Since: Mon, 25 Aug 2014 21:59:35 GMT
Cache-Control: max-age=0
meta: 比较常用,在不同的请求之间传递数据使用的。字典dict型
request_with_cookies = Request(
url="http://www.example.com",
cookies={'currency': 'USD', 'country': 'UY'},
meta={'dont_merge_cookies': True}
)
encoding: 使用默认的 'utf-8' 就行。
dont_filter: 表明该请求不由调度器过滤。这是当你想使用多次执行相同的请求,忽略重复的过滤器。默认为False。
errback: 指定错误处理函数
2.Response
- 部分代码
class Response(object_ref):
def __init__(self, url, status=200, headers=None, body='', flags=None, request=None):
self.headers = Headers(headers or {})
self.status = int(status)
self._set_body(body)
self._set_url(url)
self.request = request
self.flags = [] if flags is None else list(flags)
@property
def meta(self):
try:
return self.request.meta
except AttributeError:
raise AttributeError("Response.meta not available, this response " \
"is not tied to any request")
- 大部分参数和上面的差不多:
status: 响应码
_set_body(body): 响应体
_set_url(url):响应url
self.request = request
3.发送POST请求
可以使用 yield scrapy.FormRequest(url, formdata, callback)方法发送POST请求。
如果希望程序执行一开始就发送POST请求,可以重写Spider类的start_requests(self) 方法,并且不再调用start_urls里的url。
class mySpider(scrapy.Spider):
# start_urls = ["http://www.example.com/"]
def start_requests(self):
url = 'http://www.renren.com/PLogin.do'
# FormRequest 是Scrapy发送POST请求的方法
yield scrapy.FormRequest(
url = url,
formdata = {"email" : "[email protected]", "password" : "axxxxxxxe"},
callback = self.parse_page
)
def parse_page(self, response):
# do something
4.模拟登陆
使用FormRequest.from_response()方法[模拟用户登录]
(http://docs.pythontab.com/scrapy/scrapy0.24/topics/request-response.html#topics-request-response-ref-request-userlogin)
通常网站通过 实现对某些表单字段(如数据或是登录界面中的认证令牌等)的预填充。
使用Scrapy抓取网页时,如果想要预填充或重写像用户名、用户密码这些表单字段, 可以使用 FormRequest.from_response() 方法实现。
- 下面是使用这种方法的爬虫例子:
import scrapy
class LoginSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'example.com'
start_urls = ['http://www.example.com/users/login.php']
def parse(self, response):
return scrapy.FormRequest.from_response(
response,
formdata={'username': 'john', 'password': 'secret'},
callback=self.after_login
)
def after_login(self, response):
# check login succeed before going on
if "authentication failed" in response.body:
self.log("Login failed", level=log.ERROR)
return
5.部分网站隐藏bug
有些网站响应内容不一定是你之前发送的url,
class SunSpider(CrawlSpider):
name = 'sun'
allowed_domains = ['wz.sun0769.com']
start_urls = ['http://wz.sun0769.com/index.php/question/questionType?type=4&page=']
rules = (
Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r'type=4&page=\d+'),callback='parse_item',follow=True),
)
def parse_item(self, response):
print response.url
有时一直跟进返回的url会有差别,返回一个假的url地址,不能正常访问网页。需要修改url地址
这时候有一个 process_links
更改链接
Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r'type=4&page=\d+'), process_links='deal_links',callback='parse_item',follow=True),
)
返回的是一个链接列表,需要重新处理每个response处理的链接
links是LinkExtractor提取出来的当前页面的url列表
def deal_links(self,links):
for link in links:
link.url=link.url.replace("?","&").replace("Type&","Type?")