PostRequest.java
package com.bijian.study; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.DataOutputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.net.HttpURLConnection; import java.net.URL; import java.net.URLEncoder; public class PostRequest { public static final String GET_URL = "http://localhost:8080/SpringMVC/greeting"; public static final String POST_URL = "http://localhost:8080/SpringMVC/greeting"; public static void readContentFromGet() throws IOException { // 拼凑get请求的URL字串,使用URLEncoder.encode对特殊和不可见字符进行编码 String getURL = GET_URL + "?name=" + URLEncoder.encode("zhangshan", "utf-8"); URL getUrl = new URL(getURL); // 根据拼凑的URL,打开连接,URL.openConnection函数会根据URL的类型, // 返回不同的URLConnection子类的对象,这里URL是一个http,因此实际返回的是HttpURLConnection HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) getUrl.openConnection(); // 进行连接,但是实际上get request要在下一句的connection.getInputStream()函数中才会真正发到服务器 connection.connect(); // 取得输入流,并使用Reader读取 BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(connection.getInputStream(), "utf-8"));// 设置编码,否则中文乱码 System.out.println("============================="); System.out.println("Contents of get request"); System.out.println("============================="); String lines; while ((lines = reader.readLine()) != null) { // lines = new String(lines.getBytes(), "utf-8"); System.out.println(lines); } reader.close(); // 断开连接 connection.disconnect(); System.out.println("============================="); System.out.println("Contents of get request ends"); System.out.println("============================="); } public static void readContentFromPost() throws IOException { // Post请求的url,与get不同的是不需要带参数 URL postUrl = new URL(POST_URL); // 打开连接 HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) postUrl.openConnection(); // Output to the connection. Default is false, set to true because post method must write something to the connection // 设置是否向connection输出,因为这个是post请求,参数要放在http正文内,因此需要设为true connection.setDoOutput(true); // Read from the connection. Default is true. connection.setDoInput(true); // Set the post method. Default is GET connection.setRequestMethod("POST"); // Post cannot use caches // Post 请求不能使用缓存 connection.setUseCaches(false); // This method takes effects to every instances of this class.URLConnection.setFollowRedirects是static函数,作用于所有的URLConnection对象。 // connection.setFollowRedirects(true); // This methods only takes effacts to this instance.URLConnection.setInstanceFollowRedirects是成员函数,仅作用于当前函数 connection.setInstanceFollowRedirects(true); // Set the content type to urlencoded,because we will write some URL-encoded content to the connection. Settings above must be set before connect! // 配置本次连接的Content-type,配置为application/x-www-form-urlencoded的意思是正文是urlencoded编码过的form参数,下面我们可以看到我们对正文内容使用URLEncoder.encode进行编码 connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"); // 连接,从postUrl.openConnection()至此的配置必须要在connect之前完成, // 要注意的是connection.getOutputStream会隐含的进行connect。 connection.connect(); DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(connection.getOutputStream()); // The URL-encoded contend // 正文,正文内容其实跟get的URL中'?'后的参数字符串一致 String content = "name=" + URLEncoder.encode("张三", "utf-8"); // DataOutputStream.writeBytes将字符串中的16位的unicode字符以8位的字符形式写道流里面 out.writeBytes(content); out.flush(); out.close();// flush and close BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(connection.getInputStream(), "utf-8"));// 设置编码,否则中文乱码 String line = ""; System.out.println("============================="); System.out.println("Contents of post request"); System.out.println("============================="); while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) { // line = new String(line.getBytes(), "utf-8"); System.out.println(line); } System.out.println("============================="); System.out.println("Contents of post request ends"); System.out.println("============================="); reader.close(); connection.disconnect(); } public static void main(String[] args) { try { readContentFromGet(); readContentFromPost(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
运行结果:
============================= Contents of get request ============================= <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <title>Hello</title> </head> <body> 你好,zhangshan </body> </html> ============================= Contents of get request ends ============================= ============================= Contents of post request ============================= <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <title>Hello</title> </head> <body> 你好,张三 </body> </html> ============================= Contents of post request ends =============================
注意:通过BufferedReader 读取远程返回的数据时,必须设置读取编码,否则中文会乱码!
HttpURLConnection.connect函数,实际上只是建立了一个与服务器的tcp连接,并没有实际发送http请求。无论是post还是get,http请求实际上直到HttpURLConnection.getInputStream()这个函数里面才正式发送出去。
在readContentFromPost() 中,顺序是重中之重,对connection对象的一切配置(那一堆set函数)都必须要在connect()函数执行之前完成。而对 outputStream的写操作,又必须要在inputStream的读操作之前。这些顺序实际上是由http请求的格式决定的。
http 请求实际上由两部分组成,一个是http头,所有关于此次http请求的配置都在http头里面定义,一个是正文content,在connect()函数里面,会根据HttpURLConnection对象的配置值生成http头,因此在调用connect函数之前,就必须把所有的配置准备好。
紧接着http头的是http请求的正文,正文的内容通过outputStream写入,实际上outputStream不是一个网络流,充其量是个字符串流,往里面写入的东西不会立即发送到网络,而是在流关闭后,根据输入的内容生成http正文。
至此,http请求的东西已经准备就绪。在getInputStream()函数调用的时候,就会把准备好的http请求正式发送到服务器了,然后返回一个输入流,用于读取服务器对于此次http请求的返回信息。由于http请求在getInputStream的时候已经发送出去了(包括http头和正文),因此在getInputStream()函数之后对connection对象进行设置(对http头的信息进行修改)或者写入 outputStream(对正文进行修改)都是没有意义的了,执行这些操作会导致异常的发生。