《尚硅谷》MySQL系统课程一共6天,下面介绍第3天的学习内容,主要涉及进阶6连接查询(sql99语法)、进阶7子查询和进阶8分页查询。干货满满,跟着课程的进度来的,可能篇幅略长,但是看完一定会有收获,那我们现在开始吧。
目录
进阶6:连接查询(sql99语法)
语法:
分类:
代码分析:
进阶7:子查询
含义:
分类:
代码分析:
进阶8:分页查询 ★
应用场景:
语法:
特点:
代码分析:
select 查询列表
from 表1 别名 【连接类型】
join 表2 别名
on 连接条件
【where 筛选条件】#该版本可以区分连接条件和筛选条件
【group by 分组】
【having 筛选条件】
【order by 排序列表】
1、内连接(★):inner
2、外连接
左外(★):left 【outer】
右外(★):right 【outer】
全外:full【outer】
3、交叉连接:cross
一、内连接
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表1 别名
inner join 表2 别名
on 连接条件;
分类:
1、等值 连接条件是等值的
2、非等值 连接条件是非等值的
3、自连接 根据表1的变量连接表1
特点:
①添加排序ORDER BY、分组GROUP BY、筛选HAVING/WHERE
②inner可以省略
③筛选条件放在where后面,连接条件放在on后面,提高分离性,便于阅读
④inner join连接和sql92语法中的等值连接效果是一样的,都是查询多表的交集
1.等值连接
#1、等值连接
#案例1.查询员工名、部门名--可以调换表的顺序-属性`department_id`是唯一的。
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM departments d
JOIN employees e
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;
#案例2.查询名字中包含e的员工名和工种名(添加筛选)
SELECT last_name,job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN jobs j
ON e.`job_id`= j.`job_id`
WHERE e.`last_name` LIKE '%e%';
#案例3. 查询部门个数>3的城市名和部门个数(添加分组+筛选)
#①查询每个城市的部门个数-添加别名
#②在①结果上筛选满足条件的
SELECT city,COUNT(*) 部门个数
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id` = l.`location_id`
GROUP BY city
HAVING COUNT(*)>3; #添加筛选条件
#案例4.查询哪个部门的员工个数>3的部门名和员工个数,并按个数降序(添加排序)
#①查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT COUNT(*),department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
#② 在①结果上筛选员工个数>3的记录,并排序
SELECT COUNT(*) 个数,department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
HAVING COUNT(*)>3
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC; #按照降序排列
#案例5.查询员工名、部门名、工种名,并按部门名降序(添加三表连接)
#n表连接需要至少n-1个连接条件
SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
INNER JOIN jobs j ON e.`job_id` = j.`job_id`
ORDER BY department_name DESC;
2.非等值连接
#案例1:查询员工的工资级别
SELECT salary,grade_level
FROM employees e
JOIN job_grades g
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;
#案例2:查询工资级别的个数>20的个数,并且按工资级别降序
SELECT COUNT(*),grade_level
FROM employees e
JOIN job_grades g
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`
GROUP BY grade_level
HAVING COUNT(*)>20
ORDER BY grade_level DESC;
3.自连接
#案例1:查询员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name,m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`= m.`employee_id`;
#案例2:查询姓名中包含字符k的员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name,m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`= m.`employee_id`
WHERE e.`last_name` LIKE '%k%';
二、外连接
应用场景:用于查询一个表中有,另一个表没有的记录
特点:
1、外连接的查询结果为主表中的所有记录
如果从表中有和它匹配的,则显示匹配的值
如果从表中没有和它匹配的,则显示null
外连接查询结果 = 内连接结果 + 主表中有而从表没有的记录
2、左外连接,left join左边的是主表
右外连接,right join右边的是主表
3、左外和右外交换两个表的顺序,可以实现同样的效果
4、全外连接 = 内连接的结果 + 表1中有但表2没有的 + 表2中有但表1没有的
#引入:查询男朋友 不在男神表的的女神名
SELECT * FROM beauty;
SELECT * FROM boys;
#左外连接-查找没有女神的男神名
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM boys bo
LEFT OUTER JOIN beauty b
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`
WHERE b.`id` IS NULL;
#左外连接-查找没有男朋友的女神名
SELECT b.name,bo.*
FROM beauty b
LEFT OUTER JOIN boys bo
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`
WHERE bo.`id` IS NULL;
#右外连接-查找没有男朋友的女神名
SELECT b.name,bo.*
FROM boys bo
RIGHT OUTER JOIN beauty b
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`
WHERE bo.`id` IS NULL;
#案例1:查询哪个部门没有员工
#左外
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM departments d
LEFT OUTER JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;
#右外
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM employees e
RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;
#全外(不执行,因为MySQL不支持)
USE girls;
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty b
FULL OUTER JOIN boys bo
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.id;
#交叉连接
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty b
CROSS JOIN boys bo;
sql92和 sql99大pk
①功能:sql99支持的较多
②可读性:sql99实现连接条件和筛选条件的分离,可读性较高
【案例讲解】外连接-多表连接
#一、查询编号>3的女神的男朋友信息,如果有则列出详细,如果没有,用null填充
#注意审题,beauty表左连接
SELECT bo.*,b.name,b.id
FROM boys bo
LEFT OUTER JOIN beauty b
ON bo.id = b.boyfriend_id
WHERE b.id > 3;
SELECT b.id,b.name,bo.*
FROM beauty b
LEFT OUTER JOIN boys bo
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`
WHERE b.`id` > 3;
#二、查询哪个城市没有部门----等价于部门id为空
USE myemployees;
SELECT city #, COUNT(department_name)
FROM locations l
LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON l.`location_id` = d.`location_id`
GROUP BY city
HAVING COUNT(department_name)=0;
SELECT city #,d.*
FROM departments d
RIGHT OUTER JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL;
#三、查询部门名为SAL或IT的员工信息
USE myemployees;
#最好还是显示d.`department_id`,因为不是一一对应department_name
SELECT e.*,d.department_name,d.`department_id`
FROM employees e
FROM employees e
LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE department_name = SAL OR department_name = IT;
SELECT e.*,d.department_name,d.`department_id`
FROM departments d
LEFT JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_name` IN('SAL','IT');
SELECT * FROM departments
WHERE `department_name` IN('SAL','IT');
出现在其他语句(不仅仅是查询语句)中的select语句,称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句,称为主查询或外查询
按子查询出现的位置:
1、select后面:
仅仅支持标量子查询
2、from后面:
支持表子查询
3、where或having后面:★
标量子查询(单行) √
列子查询 (多行) √
行子查询
4、exists后面(相关子查询)
表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同:
标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)
行子查询(结果集有一行多列)
表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)
一、where或having后面
1、标量子查询(单行子查询)
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
3、行子查询(多列多行)
特点:
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用
> < >= <= = <>
列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、any/some、all
④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
1.标量子查询★
#案例1:谁的工资比 Abel 高?
#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
#②查询员工的信息,满足 salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);
#案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名,job_id 和工资
#①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
#②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
#③查询员工的姓名,job_id 和工资,要求job_id=①并且salary>②
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
) AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
);
#案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
#①查询公司的 最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询last_name,job_id和salary,要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
#案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
#①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
#②查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#③ 在②基础上筛选,满足min(salary)>①
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
);
#非法使用标量子查询
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 250
);
2.列子查询(多行子查询)★
多行比较操作符 | 含义 |
IN/NOT IN | 等于列表中的任意一个 |
ANY/SOME | 和子查询返回的某一个值比较 |
ALL | 和子查询返回的所有值比较 |
体会ANY和ALL的区别,最大值MAX和最小值MIN。
#案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名
#①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号-查询结果是单例多行
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
#②查询员工姓名,要求部门号是①列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
#或
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
#NOT IN 等价于 <> ALL
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id <> ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
#案例2:返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
#①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
#②查询员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary,salary<(①)的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';#区分其他工种
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < (
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
#案例3:返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工 的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < (
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
3、行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)-用的较少
#案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息-具备两个限制条件的员工不一定存在
#用行子查询,前提是两个条件都是等于,大于
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
#以前的方法
#①查询最小的员工编号
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
#②查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
#③查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
二、select后面
说明:仅仅支持标量子查询(一行一列)
#案例1:查询每个部门的员工个数,想要在原来表的基础上加一列“个数”
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
) 个数
FROM departments d;
#案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名,也可以用其他方式代替,因此这个功能弱化了
SELECT (
SELECT department_name #,e.department_id
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id=e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id=102
) 部门名;
三、from后面
说明:将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
#案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
SELECT * FROM job_grades;
#②连接①的结果集和job_grades表,筛选条件平均工资 between lowest_sal and highest_sal
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
四、exists后面(相关子查询)--一般可以用IN代替
语法:exists(完整的查询语句)--判断有没有值
结果:1或0
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=300000); #0
#案例1:查询有员工的部门名
#in
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
)
#exists-先执行外查询,然后用内查询去过滤数据
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
);
#案例2:查询没有女朋友的男神信息
#in
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty
)
#exists
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty b
WHERE bo.`id` = b.`boyfriend_id`
);
【案例讲解】子查询
无答案版,可以先自己写一遍代码:
1. 查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资
2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号,姓名和工资。
3.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资
4. 查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
5. 查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号
6.查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资
7.查询工资最高的员工的姓名,要求first_name和last_name显示为一列,列名为 姓.名
#1. 查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资
#①查询Zlotkey的部门
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey'
#②查询部门号=①的姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey'
)
#2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号,姓名和工资。
#①查询平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询工资>①的员工号,姓名和工资。
SELECT last_name,employee_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
);
#3.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资
#①查询各部门的平均工资--新表
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#②连接①结果集和employees表,进行筛选
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,e.department_id
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
ON e.department_id = ag_dep.department_id
WHERE salary > ag_dep.ag ;
#4. 查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
#①查询姓名中包含字母u的员工的部门
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
#②查询部门号=①中的任意一个的员工号和姓名
SELECT last_name,employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
);
#5. 查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号
#①查询location_id为1700的部门
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1700
#②查询部门号=①中的任意一个的员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1700
);
#6.查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资
#①查询姓名为king的员工编号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'K_ing'
#②查询哪个员工的manager_id = ①
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN(
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'K_ing'
);
#7.查询工资最高的员工的姓名,要求first_name和last_name显示为一列,列名为 姓.名
#①查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询工资=①的姓.名
SELECT CONCAT(first_name,last_name) "姓.名"
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
当要显示的数据,一页显示不全,需要分页提交sql请求
select 查询列表
from 表
【join type join 表2
on 连接条件
where 筛选条件
group by 分组字段
having 分组后的筛选
order by 排序的字段】
limit 【offset,】size;
其中:
offset——要显示条目的起始索引(起始索引从0开始)
size——要显示的条目个数
①limit语句放在查询语句的最后
②公式:已知要显示的页数 page,每页的条目数size,则limit (page-1)*size,size;
#案例1:查询前五条员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 0,5;
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 5;#起始索引为0可以省略
#案例2:查询第11条——第25条
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 10,15;
#案例3:有奖金的员工信息,并且工资较高的前10名显示出来
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 10 ;
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