python从入门到实践 Django项目示例（第二部分）
用户账户
让用户能够输入数据
添加新主题
过程：
- 创建表单
- 定义一个URL。
- 编写一个视图。
- 编写一个模板。
用于添加主题的表单
进入learning_logs应用文件夹，创建forms.py文件。
from django import forms
from .models import Topic
class TopicForm(forms.ModelForm):
class Meta:
model = Topic
fields = ['text']
labels = {
'text': ''}
设置URL
进入learning_logs文件夹下的urls.py文件，添加URL。
from django.urls import path
from . import views
app_name = 'learning_logs'
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.index, name='index'),
# 展示所有主题的页面
path('topics/', views.topics, name='topics'),
# 特定主题的详细页面
path('topics//' , views.topic, name='topic'),
# 用于添加新主题的网页
path('new_topic/', views.new_topic, name='new_topic'),
]
添加视图
进入learning_logs文件夹下的views.py文件，添加视图。
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect
from .models import Topic
from .forms import TopicForm
# Create your views here. 在这创建你的视图
def index(request):
'''学习笔记的主页面'''
return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')
def topics(request):
"""显示所有主题"""
topics = Topic.objects.order_by('date_added')
content = {
'topics': topics}
return render(request,'learning_logs/topics.html',content)
def topic(request, topic_id):
'''显示单个主题及其所有的条目'''
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
context = {
'topic': topic, 'entries': entries}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html', context)
def new_topic(request):
"""添加新主题"""
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = TopicForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = TopicForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topics')
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_topic.html', context)
编写模板
进入模板的文件夹，创建一个行的new_topic.html文件。
{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<p>Add a new topic:p>
<form action="{% url 'learning_logs:new_topic' %}" method='post'>
{% csrf_token %}
{
{ form.as_p }}
<button name="submit">Add topicbutton>
form>
{% endblock content %}
添加一个从显示所有主题页面到新建主题页面的链接
进入模板文件夹下的topics.html文件，进行修改。
{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<p>Topicsp>
<ul>
{% for topic in topics %}
<li>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">{
{ topic }}a>
li>
{% empty %}
<li>No topics have been added yet.li>
{% endfor %}
ul>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:new_topic' %}">Add a new topica>
{% endblock content %}
运行服务
python manage.py runserver
结果图：
添加新条目
过程和上面的类似
创建用于添加新条目的表单
进入form.py中添加新表单。
from django import forms
from .models import Topic
from .models import Entry
class TopicForm(forms.ModelForm):
class Meta:
model = Topic
fields = ['text']
labels = {
'text': ''}
class EntryForm(forms.ModelForm):
class Meta:
model = Entry
fields = ['text']
labels = {
'text': 'Entry:'}
widgets = {
'text': forms.Textarea(attrs={
'cols': 80})}
设置URL
进入learning_logs文件夹下的urls.py文件，添加URL。
from django.urls import path
from . import views
app_name = 'learning_logs'
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.index, name='index'),
# 展示所有主题的页面
path('topics/', views.topics, name='topics'),
# 特定主题的详细页面
path('topics//' , views.topic, name='topic'),
# 用于添加新主题的网页
path('new_topic/', views.new_topic, name='new_topic'),
# 用于添加新条目的页面
path('new_entry//' , views.new_entry, name='new_entry'),
]
编写视图
进入learning_logs文件夹下的views.py文件，添加视图。
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect
from .models import Topic
from .forms import TopicForm, EntryForm
# Create your views here. 在这创建你的视图
def index(request):
'''学习笔记的主页面'''
return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')
def topics(request):
"""显示所有主题"""
topics = Topic.objects.order_by('date_added')
content = {
'topics': topics}
return render(request,'learning_logs/topics.html',content)
def topic(request, topic_id):
'''显示单个主题及其所有的条目'''
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
context = {
'topic': topic, 'entries': entries}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html', context)
def new_topic(request):
"""添加新主题"""
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = TopicForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = TopicForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topics')
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_topic.html', context)
def new_entry(request, topic_id):
"""在特定的主题上添加新条目"""
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = EntryForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
new_entry = form.save(commit=False)
new_entry.topic = topic
new_entry.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic_id)
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_entry.html', context)
编写模板
进入模板的文件夹，创建一个行的new_entry.html文件。
{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<p><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">{
{ topic }}a>p>
<p>Add a new entry:p>
<form action="{% url 'learning_logs:new_entry' topic.id %}" method='post'>
{% csrf_token %}
{
{ form.as_p }}
<button name='submit'>Add entrybutton>
form>
{% endblock content %}
添加一个从主题页面到新建条目页面的链接
进入模板文件夹下的topic.html文件，进行修改。
{% extends 'learning_logs/base.html' %}
{% block content %}
<p>Topic: {
{ topic }}p>
<p>Entries:p>
<p>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:new_entry' topic.id %}">Add new entrya>
p>
<ul>
{% for entry in entries %}
<li>
<p>{
{ entry.date_added|date:'M d, Y H:i' }}p>
<p>{
{ entry.text|linebreaks }}p>
li>
{% empty %}
<li>There are no entries for this topic yet.li>
{% endfor %}
ul>
{% endblock content %}
运行服务
python manage.py runserver
结果图：
编辑条目
设置URL
进入learning_logs的urls.py文件添加url。
from django.urls import path
from . import views
app_name = 'learning_logs'
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.index, name='index'),
# 展示所有主题的页面
path('topics/', views.topics, name='topics'),
# 特定主题的详细页面
path('topics//' , views.topic, name='topic'),
# 用于添加新主题的网页
path('new_topic/', views.new_topic, name='new_topic'),
# 用于添加新条目的页面
path('new_entry//' , views.new_entry, name='new_entry'),
# Page for editing an entry.
path('edit_entry//' , views.edit_entry, name='edit_entry'),
]
编写视图函数
进入learning_logs文件夹下的views.py文件，添加视图。
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect
from .models import Topic, Entry
from .forms import TopicForm, EntryForm
# Create your views here. 在这创建你的视图
def index(request):
'''学习笔记的主页面'''
return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')
def topics(request):
"""显示所有主题"""
topics = Topic.objects.order_by('date_added')
content = {
'topics': topics}
return render(request,'learning_logs/topics.html',content)
def topic(request, topic_id):
'''显示单个主题及其所有的条目'''
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
context = {
'topic': topic, 'entries': entries}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html', context)
def new_topic(request):
"""添加新主题"""
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = TopicForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = TopicForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topics')
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_topic.html', context)
def new_entry(request, topic_id):
"""在特定的主题上添加新条目"""
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = EntryForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
new_entry = form.save(commit=False)
new_entry.topic = topic
new_entry.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic_id)
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_entry.html', context)
def edit_entry(request, entry_id):
"""编辑既有条目"""
entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id)
topic = entry.topic
if request.method != 'POST':
# 初次请求，使用当前条目填充表单
form = EntryForm(instance=entry)
else:
# POST提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(instance=entry, data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic.id)
context = {
'entry': entry, 'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/edit_entry.html', context)
编写模板
进入模板的文件夹，创建一个edit_entry.html文件。
{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<p><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">{
{ topic }}a>p>
<p>Edit entry:p>
<form action="{% url 'learning_logs:edit_entry' entry.id %}" method='post'>
{% csrf_token %}
{
{ form.as_p }}
<button name="submit">Save changesbutton>
form>
{% endblock content %}
修改topic.html文件
进入模板的文件夹，修改topic.html文件
{% extends 'learning_logs/base.html' %}
{% block content %}
<p>Topic: {
{ topic }}p>
<p>Entries:p>
<p>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:new_entry' topic.id %}">Add new entrya>
p>
<ul>
{% for entry in entries %}
<li>
<p>{
{ entry.date_added|date:'M d, Y H:i' }}p>
<p>{
{ entry.text|linebreaks }}p>
<p><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:edit_entry' entry.id %}">Edit entrya>p>
li>
{% empty %}
<li>There are no entries for this topic yet.li>
{% endfor %}
ul>
{% endblock content %}
运行服务
python manage.py runserver
结果图：
1.
创建用户账号
添加应用程序users
python manage.py startapp users
将应用程序添加到settings.py文件中
"""
Django settings for learning_log project.
Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 2.2.
For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/topics/settings/
For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/ref/settings/
"""
import os
# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/howto/deployment/checklist/
# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = 'k)m(tgw3!xy%umq1am8!5lowyrp1lr_v35lw)t3#zj&hgu(3l3'
# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True
ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = [
# My apps 自己添加的应用
'learning_logs',
'users', # 新添内容
# Default django apps 默认应用
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
ROOT_URLCONF = 'learning_log.urls'
TEMPLATES = [
{
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
'DIRS': [],
'APP_DIRS': True,
'OPTIONS': {
'context_processors': [
'django.template.context_processors.debug',
'django.template.context_processors.request',
'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
],
},
},
]
WSGI_APPLICATION = 'learning_log.wsgi.application'
# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/ref/settings/#databases
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
}
}
# Password validation
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators
AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
},
]
# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/topics/i18n/
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = True
# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/howto/static-files/
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
在learning_log文件夹中的urls.py文件中添加url。
"""learning_log URL Configuration
The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('',include('learning_logs.urls')),
path('users/', include('users.urls')), # users的路由表
]
创建users应用下的子路由
在users的文件夹下创建一个urls.py文件。
from django.urls import path, include
"""为users应用程序定义url"""
app_name = 'users'
urlpatterns = [
path('', include('django.contrib.auth.urls')),
]
编写模板
在users文件夹下创建templates文件夹，再在此文件夹下创建一个registration文件夹，在它的下面创建一个login.html。
因为使用Django默认的登录界面它自动查找registration文件夹。
{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
{% if form.errors %}
<p>Your username and password didn't match. Please try again.p>
{% endif %}
<form method="post" action="{% url 'users:login' %}">
{% csrf_token %}
{
{ form.as_p }}
<button name="submit">Log inbutton>
<input type="hidden" name="next"
value="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}" />
form>
{% endblock content %}
链接到登录页面
进入learning_logs文件夹下的模板文件夹下的base.html文件，添加登录页面。
<p>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}">Learning Loga> -
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topics' %}">Topicsa>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topics' %}">Topicsa> -
{% if user.is_authenticated %}
Hello, {
{ user.username }}.
{% else %}
<a href="{% url 'users:login' %}">Log ina>
{% endif %}
p>
{% block content %}{% endblock content %}
运行服务
python manage.py runserver
结果图片：
注销
设置注销的URL
编写base.html文件，添加注销按钮。
<p>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}">Learning Loga> -
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topics' %}">Topicsa> -
{% if user.is_authenticated %}
Hello, {
{ user.username }}.
<a href="{% url 'users:logout' %}">Log outa>
{% else %}
<a href="{% url 'users:login' %}">Log ina>
{% endif %}
p>
{% block content %}{% endblock content %}
设置注销页面
在registration文件夹下创建logged_out.html文件
{
% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{
% block content %}
<p>You have been logged out. Thank you for visiting!</p>
{
% endblock content %}
运行服务
结果：
注册
设置注册页面的URL
进入users的文件夹下的urls.py文件编写url。
from django.urls import path, include
from . import views
"""为users应用程序定义url"""
app_name = 'users'
urlpatterns = [
# 导入默认的登录视图
path('', include('django.contrib.auth.urls')),
# 注册页面
path('register/', views.register, name='register'),
]
编写视图函数register()
进入users的文件夹下的views.py文件。
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from django.contrib.auth import login
from django.contrib.auth.forms import UserCreationForm
# 在这创建你的视图
def register(request):
"""注册新用户"""
if request.method != 'POST':
# 显示空的注册表单
form = UserCreationForm()
else:
# 处理填写好的表单
form = UserCreationForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
new_user = form.save()
# 让用户自动登录，再重定位到主页
login(request, new_user)
return redirect('learning_logs:index')
# 显示空白或无效表单
context = {
'form': form}
return render(request, 'registration/register.html', context)
注册模板
在registration文件夹下创建register.html文件
{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<form method="post" action="{% url 'users:register' %}">
{% csrf_token %}
{
{ form.as_p }}
<button name="submit">Registerbutton>
<input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}" />
form>
{% endblock content %}
链接到注册页面
进入learning_logs文件夹下的模板文件夹下，修改base.html文件。
<p>
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}">Learning Loga> -
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topics' %}">Topicsa> -
{% if user.is_authenticated %}
Hello, {
{ user.username }}.
<a href="{% url 'users:logout' %}">Log outa>
{% else %}
<a href="{% url 'users:register' %}">Registera> -
<a href="{% url 'users:login' %}">Log ina>
{% endif %}
p>
{% block content %}{% endblock content %}
运行服务
得到的界面注册页面
让用户拥有自己的数据
使用@login_required（装饰器）限制访问
限制对topics页面的访问
在learning_logs/views.py文件中进行修改。
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect
from .models import Topic, Entry
from .forms import TopicForm, EntryForm
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
# Create your views here. 在这创建你的视图
def index(request):
'''学习笔记的主页面'''
return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')
@login_required
def topics(request):
"""显示所有主题"""
topics = Topic.objects.order_by('date_added')
content = {
'topics': topics}
return render(request,'learning_logs/topics.html',content)
def topic(request, topic_id):
'''显示单个主题及其所有的条目'''
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
context = {
'topic': topic, 'entries': entries}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html', context)
def new_topic(request):
"""添加新主题"""
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = TopicForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = TopicForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topics')
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_topic.html', context)
def new_entry(request, topic_id):
"""在特定的主题上添加新条目"""
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = EntryForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
new_entry = form.save(commit=False)
new_entry.topic = topic
new_entry.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic_id)
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_entry.html', context)
def edit_entry(request, entry_id):
"""编辑既有条目"""
entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id)
topic = entry.topic
if request.method != 'POST':
# 初次请求，使用当前条目填充表单
form = EntryForm(instance=entry)
else:
# POST提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(instance=entry, data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic.id)
context = {
'entry': entry, 'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/edit_entry.html', context)
更改设置settings.py
进入settings.py文件
"""
Django settings for learning_log project.
Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 2.2.
For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/topics/settings/
For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/ref/settings/
"""
import os
# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/howto/deployment/checklist/
# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = 'k)m(tgw3!xy%umq1am8!5lowyrp1lr_v35lw)t3#zj&hgu(3l3'
# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True
ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
# 我的设置
LOGIN_URL = 'users:login'
# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = [
# My apps
'learning_logs',
'users',
# Default django apps
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
ROOT_URLCONF = 'learning_log.urls'
TEMPLATES = [
{
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
'DIRS': [],
'APP_DIRS': True,
'OPTIONS': {
'context_processors': [
'django.template.context_processors.debug',
'django.template.context_processors.request',
'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
],
},
},
]
WSGI_APPLICATION = 'learning_log.wsgi.application'
# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/ref/settings/#databases
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
}
}
# Password validation
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators
AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
},
]
# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/topics/i18n/
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = True
# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/howto/static-files/
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
对‘学习笔记’进行全方面的限制
对learning_logs/views.py中的视图函数（除了index()函数），用装饰器进行限制。
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect
from .models import Topic, Entry
from .forms import TopicForm, EntryForm
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
# Create your views here. 在这创建你的视图
def index(request):
'''学习笔记的主页面'''
return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')
@login_required
def topics(request):
"""显示所有主题"""
topics = Topic.objects.order_by('date_added')
content = {
'topics': topics}
return render(request,'learning_logs/topics.html',content)
@login_required
def topic(request, topic_id):
'''显示单个主题及其所有的条目'''
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
context = {
'topic': topic, 'entries': entries}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html', context)
@login_required
def new_topic(request):
"""添加新主题"""
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = TopicForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = TopicForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topics')
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_topic.html', context)
@login_required
def new_entry(request, topic_id):
"""在特定的主题上添加新条目"""
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = EntryForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
new_entry = form.save(commit=False)
new_entry.topic = topic
new_entry.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic_id)
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_entry.html', context)
@login_required
def edit_entry(request, entry_id):
"""编辑既有条目"""
entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id)
topic = entry.topic
if request.method != 'POST':
# 初次请求，使用当前条目填充表单
form = EntryForm(instance=entry)
else:
# POST提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(instance=entry, data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic.id)
context = {
'entry': entry, 'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/edit_entry.html', context)
将数据关联到用户
修改Topic模型
进入models.py文件。
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
# Create your models here.在这里创建模型
class Topic(models.Model): # 继承Django的models包的Midel模块
"""
用户学习的主题
模型会在数据库中映射出一个数据库表。
模型实际上是操作数据库的。
文档链接 https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/2.2/topics/db/models/#fields
"""
text = models.CharField(max_length=200) # Topic的每一个属性都是数据库的一个字段
date_added = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) # 使用函数自动获取时间戳
owner = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
def __str__(self):
"""返回模型的字符串表示"""
return self.text
class Entry(models.Model):
"""学到的有关某个主题的具体知识"""
topic = models.ForeignKey(Topic, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
text = models.TextField()
date_added = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
class Meta:
verbose_name_plural = 'entries'
def __str__(self):
"""返回模型的字符串表示"""
return self.text[:50] + '...'
迁移数据库
按截图输入命令
只允许用户自己访问自己的主题
对learning_logs的views.py文件进行修改。
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect
from .models import Topic, Entry
from .forms import TopicForm, EntryForm
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
# Create your views here. 在这创建你的视图
def index(request):
'''学习笔记的主页面'''
return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')
@login_required
def topics(request):
"""显示所有主题"""
topics = Topic.objects.filter(owner=request.user).order_by('date_added')
#topics = Topic.objects.order_by('date_added')
content = {
'topics': topics}
return render(request,'learning_logs/topics.html',content)
@login_required
def topic(request, topic_id):
'''显示单个主题及其所有的条目'''
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
context = {
'topic': topic, 'entries': entries}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html', context)
@login_required
def new_topic(request):
"""添加新主题"""
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = TopicForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = TopicForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topics')
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_topic.html', context)
@login_required
def new_entry(request, topic_id):
"""在特定的主题上添加新条目"""
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = EntryForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
new_entry = form.save(commit=False)
new_entry.topic = topic
new_entry.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic_id)
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_entry.html', context)
@login_required
def edit_entry(request, entry_id):
"""编辑既有条目"""
entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id)
topic = entry.topic
if request.method != 'POST':
# 初次请求，使用当前条目填充表单
form = EntryForm(instance=entry)
else:
# POST提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(instance=entry, data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic.id)
context = {
'entry': entry, 'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/edit_entry.html', context)
保护用户的主题
再次对learning_logs的views.py文件进行修改。
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect
from .models import Topic, Entry
from .forms import TopicForm, EntryForm
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from django.http import Http404
# Create your views here. 在这创建你的视图
def index(request):
'''学习笔记的主页面'''
return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')
@login_required
def topics(request):
"""显示所有主题"""
topics = Topic.objects.filter(owner=request.user).order_by('date_added')
#topics = Topic.objects.order_by('date_added')
content = {
'topics': topics}
return render(request,'learning_logs/topics.html',content)
@login_required
def topic(request, topic_id):
'''显示单个主题及其所有的条目'''
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
# 确认请求的主题属于当前用户
if topic.owner != request.user:
raise Http404
entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
context = {
'topic': topic, 'entries': entries}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html', context)
@login_required
def new_topic(request):
"""添加新主题"""
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = TopicForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = TopicForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topics')
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_topic.html', context)
@login_required
def new_entry(request, topic_id):
"""在特定的主题上添加新条目"""
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = EntryForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
new_entry = form.save(commit=False)
new_entry.topic = topic
new_entry.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic_id)
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_entry.html', context)
@login_required
def edit_entry(request, entry_id):
"""编辑既有条目"""
entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id)
topic = entry.topic
if request.method != 'POST':
# 初次请求，使用当前条目填充表单
form = EntryForm(instance=entry)
else:
# POST提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(instance=entry, data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic.id)
context = {
'entry': entry, 'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/edit_entry.html', context)
保护edit_entry页面
再次对learning_logs的views.py文件进行修改。
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect
from .models import Topic, Entry
from .forms import TopicForm, EntryForm
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from django.http import Http404
# Create your views here. 在这创建你的视图
def index(request):
'''学习笔记的主页面'''
return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')
@login_required
def topics(request):
"""显示所有主题"""
topics = Topic.objects.filter(owner=request.user).order_by('date_added')
#topics = Topic.objects.order_by('date_added')
content = {
'topics': topics}
return render(request,'learning_logs/topics.html',content)
@login_required
def topic(request, topic_id):
'''显示单个主题及其所有的条目'''
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
# 确认请求的主题属于当前用户
if topic.owner != request.user:
raise Http404
entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
context = {
'topic': topic, 'entries': entries}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html', context)
@login_required
def new_topic(request):
"""添加新主题"""
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = TopicForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = TopicForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topics')
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_topic.html', context)
@login_required
def new_entry(request, topic_id):
"""在特定的主题上添加新条目"""
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = EntryForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
new_entry = form.save(commit=False)
new_entry.topic = topic
new_entry.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic_id)
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_entry.html', context)
@login_required
def edit_entry(request, entry_id):
"""编辑既有条目"""
entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id)
topic = entry.topic
if topic.owner != request.user:
raise Http404
if request.method != 'POST':
# 初次请求，使用当前条目填充表单
form = EntryForm(instance=entry)
else:
# POST提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(instance=entry, data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic.id)
context = {
'entry': entry, 'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/edit_entry.html', context)
将新主题关联到当前用户
再次对learning_logs的views.py文件进行修改。
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect
from .models import Topic, Entry
from .forms import TopicForm, EntryForm
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from django.http import Http404
# Create your views here. 在这创建你的视图
def index(request):
'''学习笔记的主页面'''
return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')
@login_required
def topics(request):
"""显示所有主题"""
topics = Topic.objects.filter(owner=request.user).order_by('date_added')
#topics = Topic.objects.order_by('date_added')
content = {
'topics': topics}
return render(request,'learning_logs/topics.html',content)
@login_required
def topic(request, topic_id):
'''显示单个主题及其所有的条目'''
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
# 确认请求的主题属于当前用户
if topic.owner != request.user:
raise Http404
entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
context = {
'topic': topic, 'entries': entries}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html', context)
@login_required
def new_topic(request):
"""添加新主题"""
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = TopicForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = TopicForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
new_topic = form.save(commit=False)
new_topic.owner = request.user
new_topic.save()
#form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topics')
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_topic.html', context)
@login_required
def new_entry(request, topic_id):
"""在特定的主题上添加新条目"""
topic = Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
if request.method != 'POST':
# 未提交数据：创建一个新表单
form = EntryForm()
else:
# post提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
new_entry = form.save(commit=False)
new_entry.topic = topic
new_entry.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic_id)
# 显示空白或无效表单。
context = {
'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_entry.html', context)
@login_required
def edit_entry(request, entry_id):
"""编辑既有条目"""
entry = Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id)
topic = entry.topic
if topic.owner != request.user:
raise Http404
if request.method != 'POST':
# 初次请求，使用当前条目填充表单
form = EntryForm(instance=entry)
else:
# POST提交的数据，对数据进行处理
form = EntryForm(instance=entry, data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
return redirect('learning_logs:topic', topic_id=topic.id)
context = {
'entry': entry, 'topic': topic, 'form': form}
return render(request, 'learning_logs/edit_entry.html', context)
运行服务
python manage.py runserver
网站截图：
