用python实现学生管理系统

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学生管理系统

相信大家学各种语言的时候，练习总是会写各种管理系统吧，管理系统主要有对数据的增删查改操作，原理不难，适合作为练手的小程序

数据的结构

要保存数据就需要数据结构，比如c里面的结构体啊，python里面的列表，字典，还有类都是常用的数据类型
在这里，我使用了链表来作为学生数据的数据结构,
即 Node类 和 Student_LinkList类，来实现链表

数据的持久化

我们在程序中产生的数据是保存在内存中的，程序一旦退出，下次就不能恢复此次的数据了，因此需要把内存种的数据，保存到文件或数据库中，存储起来，这个过程就叫数据的持久化

本程序使用了python标准库pickle提供的序列化方法dump()和load()来实现数据的持久化

配置文件

使用配置文件，可以方便程序中使用不同的子类实现，

本程序使用configparser来对配置文件解析
本程序配置文件名为 Student.ini

#Student.ini文件
[Student]
student = Student_LinkList

[Persistence]
persistence = Persistence_Pickle
file = student.pik

类之间的关系

Student #和学生数据有关的抽象类
±- Student_LinkList
Persistence #和持久化有关的抽象类
±- Persistence_Pickle
MyConfigure #和配置文件读取有关的类
UI #和交互有关的父类
±- Cmd_UI

界面预览

源码

'''
使用单链表实现的学生管理系统
'''
import pickle
import abc
import configparser

class Student(abc.ABC):
‘’’
抽象学生类
‘’’
@abc.abstractmethod
def add(self):
‘’’
增加学生结点
‘’’
pass

@abc.abstractmethod
def ladd(self):
‘’’
从左侧增加学生结点
‘’’
pass

@abc.abstractmethod
def delete(self,id_):
‘’’
根据id值来删除一个结点
‘’’
pass

@abc.abstractmethod
def delete_name(self,name):
‘’’
根据姓名来删除一个结点
‘’’
pass

@abc.abstractmethod
def insert(self,idx,val):
‘’’
插入到指定的位置
‘’’
pass

@abc.abstractmethod
def show(self):
‘’’
显示所有的学生结点
‘’’
pass

@abc.abstractmethod
def search_id(self):
‘’’
根据id查询节点
‘’’
pass

@abc.abstractmethod
def search_name(self):
‘’’
根据name查询节点
‘’’

@abc.abstractmethod
def modity_id(self):
‘’’
根据id找到节点，然后修改
‘’’
pass

class Node(object):
‘’’
学生链表结点
‘’’
def init(self,id_: int,name: str,sex: str,age: int,score: int):
self.id = id_
self.name = name
self.sex = sex
self.age = age
self.score = score

self.next = None

def modity(self,id_,name,sex,age,score):
‘’’
修改
‘’’
self.id = id_
self.name = name
self.sex = sex
self.age = age
self.score = score

def str(self):
‘’’
用于显示输出
‘’’
return f"[学生:{self.id:^{2}]–>name:{self.name:}10}sex:{self.sex:^{10}age:{self.age:}10}score:{self.score:^10}"

class Student_LinkList(Student):
‘’’
学生链表
‘’’
def init(self):
self.head = Node(-1,‘head’,’-1’,-1,-1)
self.length = 0
self.tail = self.head #尾部结点用于尾插

def add(self,id_,name,sex,age,score):
‘’’
添加一个学生结点,尾插
‘’’
#print(‘当前tail的值’,self.tail)
temp = Node(id_,name,sex,age,score)
self.tail.next = temp
self.tail = self.tail.next

self.length += 1
print(’[info]:添加成功’)

def ladd(self,id_,name,sex,age,score):
‘’’
添加一个学生，头插
‘’’
temp = Node(id_,name,sex,age,score)
temp.next = self.head.next
self.head.next = temp

if self.tail == self.head:
self.tail = temp

self.length += 1
print(’[info]:添加成功’)

def delete(self,id_):
‘’’
根据id值来删除一个结点,用迭代实现
‘’’
p = self.head
while p.next != None and p.next.id != id_:
p = p.next

if p.next == None:
print(’[error]:找不到id’)
return -1
else:
temp = p.next
p.next = temp.next
#如果删除的是尾结点，还要移动tail
if temp.next == None:
self.tail = p
del temp
print(’[info]:删除成功’)

def delete_name(self,name):
‘’’
根据姓名来删除一个结点，用递归实现
‘’’
def _func(node: Node,name: str):
‘’’
递归函数
‘’’
#到了尾巴节点了，还没有找到
if node.next == None:
print(’[info]:找不到name’)
return False
elif node.next.name == name:
temp = node.next
node.next = temp.next
#如果删除的是尾结点，还要移动tail
if temp.next == None:
self.tail = node
del temp
print(’[info]:删除成功’)
return True
else:
return _func(node.next,name)

t = self.head
return _func(t,name)

def insert(self,idx,id_,name,sex,age,score):
‘’’
在指定位置插入数据
‘’’
if idx > self.length or idx == 0:
print(f’[error]:你输入的索引非法(1-{self.length})’)
return 0
p,cur = self.head,0
while p != None and cur < idx-1:
p = p.next

if cur < idx-1:
return -1
else:
temp = Node(id_,name,sex,age,score)
temp.next = p.next
p.next = temp
return True
print(’[info]:插入成功’)

def search_id(self,id_):
‘’’
根据id查询节点
‘’’
p = self.head
while p != None and p.id != id_:
p = p.next
if p == None:
return -1
else:
return p

def search_name(self,name):
‘’’
根据name查询节点
‘’’
p = self.head

def _func(node: Node,name: str):
‘’’
递归函数
‘’’
if node == None:
return -1
elif node.name == name:
return node
return _func(node.next,name)

return _func(p,name)

def modity_id(self,id0,id_,name,sex,age,score):
‘’’
根据id找到节点，然后修改
‘’’
node = self.search_id(id0)
if node == -1:
print(’[error]:找不到该id’)
return -1
else:
node.modity(id_,name,sex,age,score)

def show(self):
‘’’
显示所有的学生结点,迭代
‘’’
print(f’\n{"-"*25}以下是系统内数据{"-"*25}’)
temp = []
p = self.head
while p != None:
temp.append§
p = p.next
return temp

class Student_Array():
‘’’
用数组实现学生数据存储
‘’’
pass

class Student_Queue():
‘’’
用队列实现
‘’’
pass

class Student_Dict():
‘’’
用队列实现
‘’’
pass

class Persistence(abc.ABC):
‘’’
链表数据的持久化
‘’’
@abc.abstractmethod
def save(self):
‘’’
把对象保存
‘’’
pass

@abc.abstractmethod
def load(self):
‘’’
加载对象
‘’’
pass

class Persistence_Pickle(Persistence):
‘’’
使用pickle来序列化
‘’’
def init(self,cls: Student,file_):
self.filename = file_
self.obj = None
self.cls = cls

def save(self):
with open(self.filename,‘wb’) as f:
pickle.dump(self.obj,f)

def load(self):
try:
with open(self.filename,‘rb’) as f:
temp = pickle.load(f)
except:
temp = globals()self.cls
print(‘返回temp:’,type(temp))
self.obj = temp
return temp

class Persistence_File(Persistence):
‘’’
使用文件来持久化
‘’’
pass

class Persistence_Mysql(Persistence):
‘’’
使用Mysql数据库来持久化
‘’’
pass

class Persistence_Socket(Persistence):
‘’’
使用远程套接字持久化
‘’’
pass

class MyConfigure(object):
‘’’
用来读取配置文件的类
‘’’
def init(self):
self.config = configparser.ConfigParser()

def save(self):
‘’’
保存配置文件
‘’’
with open(‘Student.ini’,‘w’) as f:
self.config.write(f)

def load(self):
‘’’
加载配置文件
‘’’
self.config.read(‘Student.ini’)

def get_student_class(self):
‘’’
获得Student该使用哪个子类
‘’’
return self.config[‘Student’][‘student’]

def get_persistence_class(self):
‘’’
获得持久化，该使用那个类，
如果是Pickle或文件，还有file作为保存的文件名
‘’’
temp = {}
temp[‘persistence’] = self.config[‘Persistence’][‘persistence’]
if ‘Persistence_Pickle’ in temp[‘persistence’]:
temp[‘file’] = self.config[‘Persistence’][‘file’]
return temp

class UI(object):
‘’’
界面交互
‘’’
def init(self):
self.config = MyConfigure()
self.config.load()
s_class = self.config.get_student_class()
p_class = self.config.get_persistence_class()

self.persistence = globals()p_class[‘persistence’]
self.student = self.persistence.load()
print(‘实例化成功:’,self.student,self.persistence)

def save(self):
‘’’
把数据保存
‘’’
self.persistence.save()

def quit(self):
‘’’
退出:先保存配置，然后退出
‘’’
self.config.save()
self.save()

def _show(self):
‘’’
显示所有学生节点
‘’’
return self.student.show()

def _add(self,direction,*temp):
‘’’
增加学生结点,
direction 1左添加，2右添加
‘’’
if direction == 1:
self.student.ladd(*temp)
elif direction == 2:
self.student.add(*temp)

def _delete(self,attribute: int,val: str):
‘’’
删除学生节点
attribute: 需要根据哪个属性删除，1.id 或 2.name
‘’’
if attribute == 1:
self.student.delete(val)
elif attribute == 2:
self.student.delete_name(val)

def _insert(self,idx,*temp):
‘’’
把学生节点插入到指定的位置
‘’’
self.student.insert(idx,*temp)

def _search(self,attribute,val):
‘’’
查询
‘’’
if attribute == 1:
return self.student.search_id(val)
elif attribute == 2:
return self.student.search_name(val)

def modity(self,attribute,id,*temp):
‘’’
修改
‘’’
if attribute == 1:
self.student.modity_id(id_,*temp)
elif attribute == 2:
print(’[info]:因为没实现，所以什么也不做’)
pass #根据name修改没有写

class Cmd_UI(UI):
‘’’
命令行的交互界面
‘’’
def init(self):
super(Cmd_UI,self).init()

def get_input_1_2(self,info: str):
‘’’
获得输入，返回1或者2
info: 描述输入的信息
‘’’
x = None
while x == None:
temp = input(info)
if temp == ‘1’:
x = 1
elif temp == ‘2’:
x = 2
else:
print(‘你只能输入1或者2’)
return x

def get_input_arg(self):
‘’’
获得用户的输入构造学生节点
‘’’
id_ = input(‘请输入id’)
name = input(‘请输入姓名’)
sex = input(‘请输入性别’)
age = input(‘请输入年龄’)
score = input(‘请输入成绩’)
return (id_,name,sex,age,score)

def delete(self):
‘’’
删除节点
‘’’
info = ‘你想要根据哪个属性删除节点:1.id 2.name’
attribute = self.get_input_1_2(info)
val = input(‘输入你想要删除的值:’)
self._delete(attribute,val)

def show(self):
‘’’
显示
‘’’
rel = self._show()
for i in rel:
print(i)

def add(self):
‘’’
增加学生结点
‘’’
info = ‘你想要插入的位置:1.左边 2.右边’
direction = self.get_input_1_2(info)
arg = self.get_input_arg()
self._add(direction,*arg)

def insert(self):
‘’’
新学生，插入到指定的位置
‘’’
idx = int(input(‘输入要插入的位置’))
temp = self.get_input_arg()
self._insert(idx,*temp)

def search(self):
‘’’
查询学生
‘’’
info = ‘你想要根据哪个属性搜索节点:1.id 2.name’
attribute = self.get_input_1_2(info)
val = input(‘输入你想要查询的值:’)

print(self._search(attribute,val))

def modity(self):
‘’’
修改学生信息
‘’’
info = ‘你想要根据哪个属性搜索节点:1.id 2.name’
attribute = self.get_input_1_2(info)
val_ = input(‘输入要查询的值:’)
temp = self.get_input_arg()
self.modity(attribute,val,*temp)

def main(self):
‘’’
主流程
‘’’
info = ‘’’

---

kalpa学生管理系统

• 0.显示数据 *
• 1.增加数据 *
• 2.删除数据 *
• 3.查询数据 *
• 4.修改数据 *
• 5.保存并退出 *

---

‘’’
print(info)
a = ‘0’
while a in [‘0’,‘1’,‘2’,‘3’,‘4’,‘5’]:
if a == ‘0’:
self.show()
elif a == ‘1’:
self.add()
elif a == ‘2’:
self.delete()
elif a == ‘3’:
self.search()
elif a == ‘4’:
self.modity()
elif a == ‘5’:
self.quit()
return
a = input(’>>’)

if name == “main”:
ui = Cmd_UI()
ui.main()

关于管理系统的更多内容请点击《管理系统专题》进行学习

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