Kotlin之Channel实战

  • 通道

    • 认识Channel
    • 容量与迭代
    • produce与actor
    • Channel的关闭
    • BroadcastChannel
  • 多路复用

    • 什么是多路复用
    • 复用多个await
    • 复用多个Channel
    • SelectClause
    • Flow实现多路复用
  • 并发安全

    • 协程的并发工具
    • Mutex
    • Semaphore

    认识Channel

    Channel实际上是一个并发安全的队列,它可以用来连接协程,实现不同协程的通信。
    Kotlin之Channel实战_第1张图片
    看个生产者消费者的例子:

      @Test
      fun testChannel() = runBlocking {
          val channel = Channel()
          // 生产者
          val producer = GlobalScope.launch {
              var i = 1
              while (true) {
                  delay(1000)
                  println("sending $i")
                  channel.send(i++)
              }
          }
          // 消费者
          val consumer = GlobalScope.launch {
              while (true) {
                  val element = channel.receive()
                  println("receive: $element")
              }
          }
          joinAll(producer, consumer)
      }

    生产者每隔一秒生产一个元素,然后立刻被消费者消费掉。

Channel的容量

Channel实际上就是一个队列,队列中一定存在缓冲区,那么一旦这个缓冲区满了,并且也一直没有人调用receive并取走元素,send就需要挂起。若故意让接收端的节奏放慢,发现send总是会挂起,知道receive之后才会继续往下执行。

public fun  Channel(
    capacity: Int = RENDEZVOUS,
    onBufferOverflow: BufferOverflow = BufferOverflow.SUSPEND,
    onUndeliveredElement: ((E) -> Unit)? = null
): Channel

Channel 默认有一个容量大小RENDEZVOUS,值为0。上面的例子如果调慢消费者的节奏,那么就会依照消费者的节奏,每当消费者消费一个元素,生产者才会生产一个,send总是会挂起,等待消费者消费。

    @Test
    fun testChannel() = runBlocking {
        val channel = Channel()
        val start = System.currentTimeMillis()
        // 生产者
        val producer = GlobalScope.launch {
            var i = 1
            while (true) {
                delay(1000)
                println("sending $i, ${System.currentTimeMillis() - start}")
                channel.send(i++)
            }
        }
        // 消费者
        val consumer = GlobalScope.launch {
            while (true) {
                delay(5000)
                val element = channel.receive()
                println("receive: $element, ${System.currentTimeMillis() - start}")
            }
        }
        joinAll(producer, consumer)
    }
sending 1, 1018
receive: 1, 5017
sending 2, 6022
receive: 2, 10021
sending 3, 11024
receive: 3, 15026
...

由于缓冲区默认为0,所以生产者每次不得不等待消费者消费掉元素后再生产。

迭代Channel

Channel本身像序列,在读取的时候,可以直接获取一个Channel的iterator。

    @Test
    fun testChannelIterator() = runBlocking {
//        val channel = Channel()
        val channel = Channel(Channel.UNLIMITED)
        val start = System.currentTimeMillis()
        // 生产者
        val producer = GlobalScope.launch {
            for (i in 1..5) {
                println("sending $i, ${System.currentTimeMillis() - start}")
                channel.send(i)
            }
        }
        // 消费者
        val consumer = GlobalScope.launch {
            val it = channel.iterator()
            while (it.hasNext()) {
                val element = it.next()
                println("receive: $element, ${System.currentTimeMillis() - start}")
                delay(2000)
            }
        }
        joinAll(producer, consumer)
    }
sending 1, 8
sending 2, 12
sending 3, 12
sending 4, 12
sending 5, 12
receive: 1, 15
receive: 2, 2023
receive: 3, 4026
receive: 4, 6031
receive: 5, 8037

上面就是迭代的方法,把缓冲区设置成UNLIMITED,看到生产者一下子把5个元素生产完发送出来,消费者一个一个按照自己的节奏消费。如果缓冲区还是默认,那么和上一个例子一样,还是消费一个后再生产一个。

produce与actor

  • 构造生产者与消费者的便捷方法
  • 可以通过produce方法启动一个生产者协程,并返回一个ReceiveChannel,其他协程就可以用这个Channel来接收数据了。反过来,可以用actor启动一个消费者协程。
    看个例子,使用produce创建一个receiveChannel,然后启动一个协程消费receiveChannel中的元素。

      @Test
      fun testProducer() = runBlocking {
          val receiveChannel = GlobalScope.produce(capacity = 50) {
              repeat(5) {
                  delay(1000)
                  println("produce $it")
                  send(it)
              }
          }
          val consumer = GlobalScope.launch {
              for (i in receiveChannel) {
                  delay(3000)
                  println("consume: $i")
              }
          }
          consumer.join()
      }
    produce 0
    produce 1
    produce 2
    consume: 0
    produce 3
    produce 4
    consume: 1
    consume: 2
    consume: 3
    consume: 4
    
    Process finished with exit code 0

    produce的源码如下,容量默认为0。所以在上面例子中创建receiveChannel的时候不设置容量,那么就会变成:生产一个元素,消费一个元素,交替进行。设置了50个容量后,可以一下子产生多个元素。当然,该例子的消费者消费元素的时间是delay 3秒钟,所以每次delay3秒的期间,生产者(模拟每秒钟生产1个元素)生产了3个元素。

    public fun  CoroutineScope.produce(
      context: CoroutineContext = EmptyCoroutineContext,
      capacity: Int = 0,
      @BuilderInference block: suspend ProducerScope.() -> Unit
    ): ReceiveChannel

    再来看看actor:

    public fun  CoroutineScope.actor(
      context: CoroutineContext = EmptyCoroutineContext,
      capacity: Int = 0, // todo: Maybe Channel.DEFAULT here?
      start: CoroutineStart = CoroutineStart.DEFAULT,
      onCompletion: CompletionHandler? = null,
      block: suspend ActorScope.() -> Unit
    ): SendChannel 

    用actor可以创建一个sendChannel,然后启动协程使用sendChannel发送元素。例子:

      @Test
      fun testActor() = runBlocking {
          val sendChannel = GlobalScope.actor {
              while (true) {
                  val element = receive()
                  println("receive: $element")
              }
          }
    
          val producer = GlobalScope.launch {
              for (i in 1..3) {
                  println("send: $i")
                  sendChannel.send(i)
              }
          }
    
          producer.join()
      }

    Channel的关闭

  • produce和actor返回的channel都会随着对应的协程执行完毕而关闭,也正是如此,Channel才被称为热数据流
  • 对于一个Channel,如果调用了它的close方法,会立即停止接收新元素,也就是说,这时它的isClosedForSend会立即返回true。而由于Channel缓冲区的存在,这时候可能还有一些元素没有被处理完,因此要等缓冲区中所有的元素被读取之后isClosedForReceive才会返回true。
  • Channel的生命周期最好由主导方来维护,建议由主导的一方实现关闭

      @Test
      fun testClose() = runBlocking {
          val channel = Channel(3)
          val producer = GlobalScope.launch {
              List(3) {
                  channel.send(it)
                  println("send $it")
              }
              channel.close()
              println("close channel. closeForSend: ${channel.isClosedForSend}, closeFoReceive: ${channel.isClosedForReceive}")
          }
          val consumer = GlobalScope.launch {
              for (e in channel) {
                  println("receive: $e")
                  delay(1000)
              }
              println("after consuming. closeForSend: ${channel.isClosedForSend}, closeFoReceive: ${channel.isClosedForReceive}")
          }
          joinAll(producer, consumer)
      }
    send 0
    send 1
    send 2
    receive: 0
    close channel. closeForSend: true, closeFoReceive: false
    receive: 1
    receive: 2
    after consuming. closeForSend: true, closeFoReceive: true
    
    Process finished with exit code 0

    从上面的例子看到,消费者每秒钟消费一个元素,有1秒的处理时间,这期间生产者把3个元素都send出来然后关闭Channel,这时候刚刚消费了一个元素,所以closeForSend是true,closeForReceive是false,等到消费完毕所有元素后,值都为true。

    广播BroadcastChannel

    前面提到,发送端和接收端在Channel中存在一对多的情形,从数据处理本身来讲,虽然有多个接收端,但是同一个元素只会被一个接收端读到。广播则不然,多个接收端不存在互斥行为。

      @Test
      fun testBroadcast() = runBlocking {
          val broadcastChannel = BroadcastChannel(Channel.BUFFERED)
          val producer = GlobalScope.launch {
              List(3) {
                  delay(100)
                  broadcastChannel.send(it)
              }
              broadcastChannel.close()
          }
          List(3) { index ->
              GlobalScope.launch {
                  val receiveChannel = broadcastChannel.openSubscription()
                  for (i in receiveChannel) {
                      println("#$index received $i")
                  }
              }
          }.joinAll()
      }
    #2 received 0
    #0 received 0
    #1 received 0
    #1 received 1
    #0 received 1
    #2 received 1
    #1 received 2
    #0 received 2
    #2 received 2
    
    Process finished with exit code 0

    创建一个BroadcastChannel,广播数据,开启多个协程订阅广播,每个协程都能接收到广播数据。
    Channel可以转换成BroadcastChannel,如下效果一样:

      @Test
      fun testBroadcast2() = runBlocking {
          //val broadcastChannel = BroadcastChannel(Channel.BUFFERED)
          val channel = Channel()
          val broadcastChannel = channel.broadcast(Channel.BUFFERED)
          val producer = GlobalScope.launch {
              List(3) {
                  delay(100)
                  broadcastChannel.send(it)
              }
              broadcastChannel.close()
          }
          List(3) { index ->
              GlobalScope.launch {
                  val receiveChannel = broadcastChannel.openSubscription()
                  for (i in receiveChannel) {
                      println("#$index received $i")
                  }
              }
          }.joinAll()
      }

    什么事多路复用

    数据通信系统或者计算机网络系统中,传输媒体的带宽或容量往往大于传输单一信号的需求,为了有效地利用通信线路,希望一个信道同时传输多路信号,这就是多路复用技术(Multiplexing)。

    复用多个await

    两个API分别从网络和本地缓存获取数据,期望哪个先返回就先用哪个做展示。
    Kotlin之Channel实战_第2张图片
    看例子:

      private suspend fun CoroutineScope.getUserFromLocal(name: String) = async {
          delay(1000)
          "local $name"
      }
    
      private suspend fun CoroutineScope.getUserFromRemote(name: String) = async {
          delay(2000)
          "remote $name"
      }
    
      data class Response(val value: T, val isLocal: Boolean = false)
    
      @Test
      fun testSelectAwait() = runBlocking {
          GlobalScope.launch {
              val localUser = getUserFromLocal("Jack")
              val remoteUser = getUserFromRemote("Mike")
              val userResponse = select> {
                  localUser.onAwait { Response(it, true) }
                  remoteUser.onAwait { Response(it, false) }
              }
              println("render on UI: ${userResponse.value}")
          }.join()
      }
    render on UI: local Jack
    
    Process finished with exit code 0

    local方法延迟时间短,先返回了,所以select选取的是local数据。若把remote时间缩短,那么select就会选择remote返回的数据。

    复用多个Channel

    跟await类似,会接收到最快的那个Channel消息。看下面的例子:

      @Test
      fun testSelectChannel() = runBlocking {
          val channels = listOf(Channel(), Channel())
          GlobalScope.launch {
              delay(100)
              channels[0].send(100)
          }
          GlobalScope.launch {
              delay(50)
              channels[1].send(50)
          }
          val result = select {
              channels.forEach { channel -> channel.onReceive { it } }
          }
          println("result $result")
          delay(1000)
      }
    result 50
    
    Process finished with exit code 0

    两个Channel发送数据元素,第一个延迟100毫秒发送,第二个延迟50毫秒发送,用select接收的时候,收到延迟50毫秒发送的那个。

    SelectClause

  • 怎么知道哪些事件可以被select呢?其实所有能被select的事件都是SelectClauseN类型,包括:

    • SelectClause0: 对应事件没有返回值,例如join没有返回值,那么onJoin就是SelectClauseN类型,使用时,onJoin的参数是一个无参函数。
    • SelectClause1: 对应事件有返回值,前面的onAwait和onReceive都是类似情况。
    • SelectClause2: 对应事件有返回值,此外还需要一个额外的参数,例如Channel.onSend有两个参数,第一个是Channel数据类型的值,表示即将发送的值第二个是发送成功的回调参数
  • 如果想要确认挂起函数时否支持select,只需要查看其是否存在对应的SelectClauseN类型可回调即可。
    看一个无参函数的例子:

      @Test
      fun testSelectClause0() = runBlocking {
          val job1 = GlobalScope.launch {
              delay(100)
              println("job 1")
          }
    
          val job2 = GlobalScope.launch {
              delay(10)
              println("job 2")
          }
          select {
              job1.onJoin { println("job 1 onJoin") }
              job2.onJoin { println("job 2 onJoin") }
          }
          delay(1000)
      }
    job 2
    job 2 onJoin
    job 1
    
    Process finished with exit code 0

    启动两个协程job1和job2,job2延迟少,先打印,所以select中选择了job2 (打印了job 2 onJoin),因为两个协程没有返回值,或者说返回值是Unit,所以在select后面声明。

下面看一个两个参数的例子,第一个是值,第二个是回调参数。

    @Test
    fun testSelectClause2() = runBlocking {
        val channels = listOf(Channel(), Channel())
        println(channels)
        launch(Dispatchers.IO) {
            select {
                launch {
                    delay(10)
                    channels[1].onSend(10) { sendChannel ->
                        println("sent on $sendChannel")
                    }
                }
                launch {
                    delay(100)
                    channels[0].onSend(100) { sendChannel ->
                        println("sent on $sendChannel")
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        GlobalScope.launch {
            println(channels[0].receive())
        }
        GlobalScope.launch {
            println(channels[1].receive())
        }
        delay(1000)
    }
[RendezvousChannel@78aab498{EmptyQueue}, RendezvousChannel@7ee955a8{EmptyQueue}]
10
sent on RendezvousChannel@7ee955a8{EmptyQueue}

Process finished with exit code 0

两个Channel对象78aab498和7ee955a8,启动两个协程,分别延迟10毫秒和100毫秒,分别使用onSend发送数据10和100,第二个参数是回调;
然后启动两个协程分别接收两个Channel对象发送的数据,可以看到结果选择了较少延迟的那个协程。

再来看上面"是否存在对应的SelectClauseN类型"的意思:

public val onSend: SelectClause2>
public val onJoin: SelectClause0

可以看到源码中,onSend和onJoin都有SelectClauseN接口,所以都支持select。

使用Flow实现多路复用

多数情况下,可以通过构造合适的Flow来实现多路复用的效果。

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