【原创】Altera系列工具（QuartusII、SOPC Builder、NiosII IDE）工作过程分析
1. NiosII SBTE Build Project过程分析
NiosII GNU C编译工具：
（1）nios2-elf-gcc
（2）nios2-elf-ar
（3）nios2-elf-g++
（4）nios2-elf-insert
（5）nios2-elf-objdump
Prj_Name：Prj_***
Prj_BSP_Name：Prj_***_bsp
点击“Build Project”，出现如下编译提示信息：
make all //all：两个工程Prj_***和Prj_***_bsp
//开始编译Prj_***_bsp工程
Info：Building ../Prj_***_bsp
make –no-print-directory –C ../Prj_***_bsp
//调用nios2-elf-gcc编译
//以下编译的这些文件位于Prj_***_bsp/HAL/src目录下
Compiling alt_alarm_start.c
Compiling alt_busy_sleep.c
Compiling alt_close.c
Compiling alt_dcache_flush.c
Compiling alt_dcache_flush_all.c
Compiling alt_dcache_flush_no_writeback.c
Compiling alt_dev.c
Compiling alt_llist_insert.c
Compiling alt_dma_rxchan_open.c
Compiling alt_dma_txchan_open.c
Compiling alt_do_ctors.c
Compiling alt_do_dtors.c
Compiling alt_env_lock.c
Compiling alt_environ.c
Compiling alt_errno.c
Compiling alt_exception_entry.S
Compiling alt_exception_muldiv.S
Compiling alt_exception_trap.S
Compiling alt_execve.c
Compiling alt_exit.c
Compiling alt_fcntl.c
Compiling alt_fd_lock.c
Compiling alt_fd_unlock.c
Compiling alt_find_dev.c
Compiling alt_find_file.c
Compiling alt_flash_dev.c
Compiling alt_fork.c
Compiling alt_fs_reg.c
Compiling alt_stat.c
Compiling alt_get_fd.c
Compiling alt_getchar.c
Compiling alt_getpid.c
Compiling alt_gettod.c
Compiling alt_gmon.c
Compiling alt_icache_flush.c
Compiling alt_icache_flush_all.c
Compiling alt_iic.c
Compiling alt_iic_isr_register.c
Compiling alt_instruction_exception_entry.c
Compiling alt_instruction_exception_register.c
Compiling alt_io_redirect.c
Compiling alt_ioctl.c
Compiling alt_irq_entry.S
Compiling alt_irq_handler.c
Compiling alt_irq_register.c
Compiling alt_irq_vars.c
Compiling alt_isatty.c
Compiling alt_kill.c
Compiling alt_link.c
Compiling alt_load.c
Compiling alt_log_macro.S
Compiling alt_log_printf.c
Compiling alt_lseek.c
Compiling alt_main.c
Compiling alt_malloc_lock.c
Compiling alt_mount.S
Compiling alt_open.c
Compiling alt_printf.c
Compiling alt_putchar.c
Compiling alt_putstr.c
Compiling alt_read.c
Compiling alt_release_fd.c
Compiling alt_remap_cached.c
Compiling alt_remap_uncached.c
Compiling alt_rename.c
Compiling alt_sbrk.c
Compiling alt_settod.c
Compiling alt_software_exception.S
Compiling alt_stat.c
Compiling alt_tick.c
Compiling alt_times.c
Compiling alt_uncached_free.c
Compiling alt_uncached_malloc.c
Compiling alt_unlink.c
Compiling alt_usleep.c
Compiling alt_wait.c
Compiling alt_write.c
Compiling altera_nios2_irq.c
Compiling crt0.S
//以上编译的这些文件位于Prj_***_bsp/HAL/src目录下
//以下编译的这些文件位于Prj_***_bsp/目录下
Compiling alt_sys_init.c
//以上编译的这些文件位于Prj_***_bsp/目录下
//以下编译的这些文件位于Prj_***_bsp/drivers/src目录下
Compiling altera_avalon_jtag_uart_fd.c
......//接着编译各个IP核对应的驱动源文件
//以上编译的这些文件位于Prj_***_bsp/drivers/src目录下
//调用nios2-elf-ar汇编
Creating libhal_bsp.a //将前面编译生成的所有*.o文件汇编为libhal_bsp.a
//至此，BSP build complete，即Prj_***_bsp工程编译完毕
//开始编译Applications
Info：Compiling app_***.c to obj/app_src.o //调用nios2-elf-gcc编译
Info：Linking ***.elf //调用nios2-elf-g++/nios2-elf-insert链接、更改模式
Info：Creating ***.objdump //调用nios2-elf-objdump
//至此，Prj_*** build complete，NiosII App编译完毕。
2. SOPC Builder Generate过程分析
SOPC Builder中建立的NiosII系统记为：Directory/NiosII_***
系统构建完成后，点击“Generate”，出现下列提示信息：
Info：Wrote Directory/NiosII_***.sopcinfo
Info：NiosII_***：Wrote Directory/NiosII_***.html
//------
Info：NiosII_***：Generating QIP file //产生QIP文件
Info：Info：Running QuartusII Shell
Info：Info：Command：quartus_sh –t sopc_add_qip_file.tcl
Info：Info：Evaluation of Tcl script sopc_add_qip_file.tcl was successful
Info：Info：QuartusII Shell was successful
//------
Info：Starting PTF file elaboration //PTF文件
…..
Info：Finished elaborating PTF file
//------
Executing：sopc_builder –classic –generate Directory/NiosII_***.ptf
Info：Starting generation
……
No .sopc_builder configuration file (!) //缺少文件
### mk_custom_sdk starting
### Reading project Directory/NiosII_***.ptf
### Finding all CPUs
### Finding all available components
### Reading Directory/.sopc_builder/install.ptf
### Found No.* components
### Finding all peripherals
### Finding software components
### ……
### mk_custom_sdk finishing
### Starting generation for system：NiosII_***
……
### Running Generator Program for cpu //提示产生NiosII，之后是详细过程
### Running Generator Program for sysid //提示产生sysid模块
### … //依次提示产生各个IP组件
### Generating Quartus symbol for top level：NiosII_*** //产生QuartusII符号
### Creating system-generation script：Directory/NiosII_***_generation_script
### Running setup for HDL simulator：modelsim
### The following system items have been generated：
（1）SOPC Builder database：Directory/NiosII_***.ptf
（2）System HDL Model：Directory/NiosII_***.v
（3）System Generation Script：Directory/NiosII_***_generation_script
Info：System generation was successful //NiosII_***系统生成
3. QuartusII Compiling过程分析
QuartusII编译工具：
（1）quartus_map
（2）quartus_fit
（3）quartus_asm
（4）quartus_sta
QuartusII硬件工程记为：Prj_***
点击“Starting Compilation”后，出现如下提示信息：
Info：Running QuartusII Analysis & Synthesis //分析、综合 开始
Info：Command：quartus_map –read_settings_files=on –write_settings_files=off Prj_*** -c Prj_***
Info：Parallel compilation is enabled and will use 2 of the 2 processors detected
……
Info：QuartusII Analysis & Synthesis was successful //分析、综合 完成
……
Info：Running QuartusII Fitter //适配 开始
Info：Command：quartus_fit –read_settings_files=off –write_settings_file=off Prj_*** -c Prj_***
Info：Parallel compilation is enabled and will use 2 of the 2 processors detected
Info：Selected device EP3C55F484C8 for design “Prj_***”
……
Info：Fitter preparation operations ending
Info：Fitter placement preparation operations beginning
Info：Fitter placement preparation operations ending
Info：Fitter placement operations beginning
Info：Fitter placement was successful
Info：Fitter routing operations beginning
Info：Fitter routing operations ending
……
Info：Started post-fitting delay annotation
Info：Delay annotation completed successfully
……
Info：QuartusII Fitter was successful //适配 完成
……
Info：Running QuartusII Assembler //实现 开始
Info：Command：quartus_asm –read_settings_files=off –write_settings_file=off Prj_*** -c Prj_***
……
Info：Running QuartusII TimeQuest Timing Analyzer //时序分析 开始
Info：Command：quartus_sta Prj_*** -c Prj_***
Info：Parallel compilation is enabled and will use 2 of the 2 processors detected
……
Info：Assembler is generating device programming files
……
Info：QuartusII Assembler was successful //实现 完成
……
Info：QuartusII TimeQuest Timing Analyzer was successful //时序分析 结束
……
Info：QuartusII Full Compilation was successful //QuartusII编译完成