10分钟go crawler colly从入门到精通

Introduction

本文对colly如何使用,整个代码架构设计,以及一些使用实例的收集。

Colly是Go语言开发的Crawler Framework,并不是一个完整的产品,Colly提供了类似于Python的同类产品(BeautifulSoupScrapy)相似的表现力和灵活性。

Colly这个名称源自 Collector 的简写,而Collector 也是 Colly的核心。

Colly Official Docs,内容不是很多,最新的消息也很就远了,仅仅是活跃在Github

Concepts

Architecture

从理解上来说,Colly的设计分为两层,核心层和解析层,

  • Collector :是Colly实现,该组件负责网络通信,并负责在Collector 作业运行时执行对应事件的回调。
  • Parser :这个其实是抽象的,官网并未对此说明,goquery和一些htmlquery,通过这些就可以将访问的结果解析成类Jquery对象,使html拥有了,XPath选择器和CSS选择器

通常情况下Crawler的工作流生命周期大致为

  • 构建客户端
  • 发送请求
  • 获取响应的数据
  • 将相应的数据解析
  • 对所需数据处理
  • 持久化

而Colly则是将这些概念进行封装,通过将事件注册到每个步骤中,通过事件的方式对数据进行清理,抽象来说,Colly面向的是过程而不是对象。大概的工作架构如图

10分钟go crawler colly从入门到精通_第1张图片

event

通过上述的概念,可以大概了解到 Colly 是一个基于事件的Crawler,通过开发者自行注册事件函数来触发整个流水线的工作

Colly 具有以下事件处理程序:

  • OnRequest:在请求之前调用
  • OnError :在请求期间发生错误时调用
  • OnResponseHeaders :在收到响应头后调用
  • OnResponse: 在收到响应后调用
  • OnHTML:如果接收到的内容是 HTML,则在 OnResponse 之后立即调用
  • OnXML :如果接收到的内容是 HTML 或 XML,则在 OnHTML 之后立即调用
  • OnScraped:在 OnXML 回调之后调用
  • OnHTMLDetach:取消注册一个OnHTML事件函数,取消后,如未执行过得事件将不会再被执行
  • OnXMLDetach:取消注册一个OnXML事件函数,取消后,如未执行过得事件将不会再被执行

Reference

goquery

htmlquery

Utilities

简单使用

package main

import (
	"fmt"

	"github.com/gocolly/colly"
)

func main() {
	// Instantiate default collector
	c := colly.NewCollector(
		// Visit only domains: hackerspaces.org, wiki.hackerspaces.org
		colly.AllowedDomains("hackerspaces.org", "wiki.hackerspaces.org"),
	)

	// On every a element which has href attribute call callback
	c.OnHTML("a[href]", func(e *colly.HTMLElement) {
		link := e.Attr("href")
		// Print link
		fmt.Printf("Link found: %q -> %s\n", e.Text, link)
		// Visit link found on page
		// Only those links are visited which are in AllowedDomains
		c.Visit(e.Request.AbsoluteURL(link))
	})

	// Before making a request print "Visiting ..."
	c.OnRequest(func(r *colly.Request) {
		fmt.Println("Visiting", r.URL.String())
	})

	// Start scraping on https://hackerspaces.org
	c.Visit("https://hackerspaces.org/")
}

错误处理

package main

import (
	"fmt"

	"github.com/gocolly/colly"
)

func main() {
	// Create a collector
	c := colly.NewCollector()

	// Set HTML callback
	// Won't be called if error occurs
	c.OnHTML("*", func(e *colly.HTMLElement) {
		fmt.Println(e)
	})

	// Set error handler
	c.OnError(func(r *colly.Response, err error) {
		fmt.Println("Request URL:", r.Request.URL, "failed with response:", r, "\nError:", err)
	})

	// Start scraping
	c.Visit("https://definitely-not-a.website/")
}

处理本地文件

word.html




    
    Document title


List of words

  • dark
  • smart
  • war
  • cloud
  • park
  • cup
  • worm
  • water
  • rock
  • warm
footer for words
package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "net/http"

    "github.com/gocolly/colly/v2"
)

func main() {

    t := &http.Transport{}
    t.RegisterProtocol("file", http.NewFileTransport(http.Dir(".")))

    c := colly.NewCollector()
    c.WithTransport(t)

    words := []string{}

    c.OnHTML("li", func(e *colly.HTMLElement) {
        words = append(words, e.Text)
    })

    c.Visit("file://./words.html")

    for _, p := range words {
        fmt.Printf("%s\n", p)
    }
}

使用代理交换器

通过 ProxySwitcher , 可以直接使用一批代理IP池进行访问了,然而这里只有RR,如果需要其他的均衡算法,需要有自己实现了

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"log"

	"github.com/gocolly/colly"
	"github.com/gocolly/colly/proxy"
)

func main() {
	// Instantiate default collector
	c := colly.NewCollector(colly.AllowURLRevisit())

	// Rotate two socks5 proxies
	rp, err := proxy.RoundRobinProxySwitcher("socks5://127.0.0.1:1337", "socks5://127.0.0.1:1338")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	c.SetProxyFunc(rp)

	// Print the response
	c.OnResponse(func(r *colly.Response) {
		log.Printf("Proxy Address: %s\n", r.Request.ProxyURL)
		log.Printf("%s\n", bytes.Replace(r.Body, []byte("\n"), nil, -1))
	})

	// Fetch httpbin.org/ip five times
	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
		c.Visit("https://httpbin.org/ip")
	}
}

随机延迟

该功能可以对行为设置一种特征,以免被反扒机器人检测,并禁止我们,如速率限制和延迟

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"time"

	"github.com/gocolly/colly"
	"github.com/gocolly/colly/debug"
)

func main() {
	url := "https://httpbin.org/delay/2"

	// Instantiate default collector
	c := colly.NewCollector(
		// Attach a debugger to the collector
		colly.Debugger(&debug.LogDebugger{}),
		colly.Async(true),
	)

	// Limit the number of threads started by colly to two
	// when visiting links which domains' matches "*httpbin.*" glob
	c.Limit(&colly.LimitRule{
		DomainGlob:  "*httpbin.*",
		Parallelism: 2,
		RandomDelay: 5 * time.Second,
	})

	// Start scraping in four threads on https://httpbin.org/delay/2
	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
		c.Visit(fmt.Sprintf("%s?n=%d", url, i))
	}
	// Start scraping on https://httpbin.org/delay/2
	c.Visit(url)
	// Wait until threads are finished
	c.Wait()
}

多线程请求队列

package main

import (
	"fmt"

	"github.com/gocolly/colly"
	"github.com/gocolly/colly/queue"
)

func main() {
	url := "https://httpbin.org/delay/1"

	// Instantiate default collector
	c := colly.NewCollector(colly.AllowURLRevisit())

	// create a request queue with 2 consumer threads
	q, _ := queue.New(
		2, // Number of consumer threads
		&queue.InMemoryQueueStorage{MaxSize: 10000}, // Use default queue storage
	)

	c.OnRequest(func(r *colly.Request) {
		fmt.Println("visiting", r.URL)
		if r.ID < 15 {
			r2, err := r.New("GET", fmt.Sprintf("%s?x=%v", url, r.ID), nil)
			if err == nil {
				q.AddRequest(r2)
			}
		}
	})

	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
		// Add URLs to the queue
		q.AddURL(fmt.Sprintf("%s?n=%d", url, i))
	}
	// Consume URLs
	q.Run(c)

}

异步

默认情况下,Colly的工作模式是同步的。可以使用 Async 函数启用异步模式。在异步模式下,我们需要调用Wait 等待Collector 工作完成。

package main

import (
    "fmt"

    "github.com/gocolly/colly/v2"
)

func main() {

    urls := []string{
        "http://webcode.me",
        "https://example.com",
        "http://httpbin.org",
        "https://www.perl.org",
        "https://www.php.net",
        "https://www.python.org",
        "https://code.visualstudio.com",
        "https://clojure.org",
    }

    c := colly.NewCollector(
        colly.Async(),
    )

    c.OnHTML("title", func(e *colly.HTMLElement) {
        fmt.Println(e.Text)
    })

    for _, url := range urls {

        c.Visit(url)
    }

    c.Wait()

}

最大深度

深度是在访问这个页面时,其页面还有link,此时需要采集到入口link几层的link?默认1

package main

import (
   "fmt"

   "github.com/gocolly/colly"
)

func main() {
   // Instantiate default collector
   c := colly.NewCollector(
      // MaxDepth is 1, so only the links on the scraped page
      // is visited, and no further links are followed
      colly.MaxDepth(1),
   )

   // On every a element which has href attribute call callback
   c.OnHTML("a[href]", func(e *colly.HTMLElement) {
      link := e.Attr("href")
      // Print link
      fmt.Println(link)
      // Visit link found on page
      e.Request.Visit(link)
   })

   // Start scraping on https://en.wikipedia.org
   c.Visit("https://en.wikipedia.org/")
}

Reference

gocolly

colly

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