std::atomic 是模板类,一个模板类型为 T 的原子对象中封装了一个类型为 T 的值。
template <class T> struct atomic;
原子类型对象的主要特点就是从不同线程访问不会导致数据竞争(data race)。因此从不同线程访问某个原子对象是良性 (well-defined) 行为,而通常对于非原子类型而言,并发访问某个对象(如果不做任何同步操作)会导致未定义 (undifined) 行为发生。
C++11 标准中的基本 std::atomic 模板定义如下:
template < class T > struct atomic { bool is_lock_free() const volatile; bool is_lock_free() const; void store(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile; void store(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst); T load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile; T load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const; operator T() const volatile; operator T() const; T exchange(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile; T exchange(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst); bool compare_exchange_weak(T &, T, memory_order, memory_order) volatile; bool compare_exchange_weak(T &, T, memory_order, memory_order); bool compare_exchange_strong(T &, T, memory_order, memory_order) volatile; bool compare_exchange_strong(T &, T, memory_order, memory_order); bool compare_exchange_weak(T &, T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile; bool compare_exchange_weak(T &, T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst); bool compare_exchange_strong(T &, T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile; bool compare_exchange_strong(T &, T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst); atomic() = default; constexpr atomic(T); atomic(const atomic &) = delete; atomic & operator=(const atomic &) = delete; atomic & operator=(const atomic &) volatile = delete; T operator=(T) volatile; T operator=(T); };
另外,C++11 标准库 std::atomic 提供了针对整形(integral)和指针类型的特化实现,分别定义如下:
针对整形(integal)的特化,其中 integal 代表了如下类型char, signed char, unsigned char, short, unsigned short, int, unsigned int, long, unsigned long, long long, unsigned long long, char16_t, char32_t, wchar_t:
template <> struct atomic
bool is_lock_free() const volatile ;
bool is_lock_free() const ;
void store(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
void store(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
integral load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile ;
integral load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const ;
operator integral() const volatile ;
operator integral() const ;
integral exchange(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
integral exchange(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
bool compare_exchange_weak(integral&, integral, memory_order, memory_order) volatile ;
bool compare_exchange_weak(integral&, integral, memory_order, memory_order);
bool compare_exchange_strong(integral&, integral, memory_order, memory_order) volatile ;
bool compare_exchange_strong(integral&, integral, memory_order, memory_order);
bool compare_exchange_weak(integral&, integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
bool compare_exchange_weak(integral&, integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
bool compare_exchange_strong(integral&, integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
bool compare_exchange_strong(integral&, integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
integral fetch_add(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
integral fetch_add(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
integral fetch_sub(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
integral fetch_sub(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
integral fetch_and(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
integral fetch_and(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
integral fetch_or(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
integral fetch_or(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
integral fetch_xor(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
integral fetch_xor(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
atomic() = default ;
constexpr atomic(integral);
atomic( const atomic&) = delete ;
atomic& operator=( const atomic&) = delete ;
atomic& operator=( const atomic&) volatile = delete ;
integral operator=(integral) volatile ;
integral operator=(integral);
integral operator++( int ) volatile ;
integral operator++( int );
integral operator--( int ) volatile ;
integral operator--( int );
integral operator++() volatile ;
integral operator++();
integral operator--() volatile ;
integral operator--();
integral operator+=(integral) volatile ;
integral operator+=(integral);
integral operator-=(integral) volatile ;
integral operator-=(integral);
integral operator&=(integral) volatile ;
integral operator&=(integral);
integral operator|=(integral) volatile ;
integral operator|=(integral);
integral operator^=(integral) volatile ;
integral operator^=(integral);
};
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针对指针的特化:
template < class T> struct atomic
bool is_lock_free() const volatile ;
bool is_lock_free() const ;
void store(T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
void store(T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
T* load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile ;
T* load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const ;
operator T*() const volatile ;
operator T*() const ;
T* exchange(T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
T* exchange(T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*, memory_order, memory_order) volatile ;
bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*, memory_order, memory_order);
bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*, memory_order, memory_order) volatile ;
bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*, memory_order, memory_order);
bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
T* fetch_add( ptrdiff_t , memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
T* fetch_add( ptrdiff_t , memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
T* fetch_sub( ptrdiff_t , memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile ;
T* fetch_sub( ptrdiff_t , memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
atomic() = default ;
constexpr atomic(T*);
atomic( const atomic&) = delete ;
atomic& operator=( const atomic&) = delete ;
atomic& operator=( const atomic&) volatile = delete ;
T* operator=(T*) volatile ;
T* operator=(T*);
T* operator++( int ) volatile ;
T* operator++( int );
T* operator--( int ) volatile ;
T* operator--( int );
T* operator++() volatile ;
T* operator++();
T* operator--() volatile ;
T* operator--();
T* operator+=( ptrdiff_t ) volatile ;
T* operator+=( ptrdiff_t );
T* operator-=( ptrdiff_t ) volatile ;
T* operator-=( ptrdiff_t );
};
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好了,对 std::atomic 有了一个最基本认识之后我们来看 std::atomic 的成员函数吧。
std::atomic 的构造函数如下:
default (1) | atomic() noexcept = default; |
---|---|
initialization (2) | constexpr atomic (T val) noexcept; |
copy [deleted] (3) | atomic (const atomic&) = delete; |
请看下例:
#include
#include
#include
#include
// 由 false 初始化一个 std::atomic
std::atomic< bool > ready( false );
std::atomic_flag winner = ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT;
void do_count1m( int id)
{
while (!ready) { std::this_thread::yield(); } // 等待 ready 变为 true.
for ( volatile int i=0; i<1000000; ++i) {} // 计数
if (!winner.test_and_set()) {
std::cout << "thread #" << id << " won!\n" ;
}
}
int main ()
{
std::vector std::cout << "spawning 10 threads that count to 1 million...\n" ;
for ( int i=1; i<=10; ++i) threads.push_back(std:: thread (count1m,i));
ready = true ;
for ( auto & th : threads) th.join();
return 0;
}
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std::atomic 的赋值操作函数定义如下:
set value (1) | T operator= (T val) noexcept; T operator= (T val) volatile noexcept; |
---|---|
copy [deleted] (2) | atomic& operator= (const atomic&) = delete; atomic& operator= (const atomic&) volatile = delete; |
可以看出,普通的赋值拷贝操作已经被禁用。但是一个类型为 T 的变量可以赋值给相应的原子类型变量(相当与隐式转换),该操作是原子的,内存序(Memory Order) 默认为顺序一致性(std::memory_order_seq_cst),如果需要指定其他的内存序,需使用 std::atomic::store()。
#include
#include
#include
std::atomic < int > foo = 0;
void set_foo( int x)
{
foo = x; // 调用 std::atomic::operator=().
}
void print_foo()
{
while (foo == 0) { // wait while foo == 0
std::this_thread::yield();
}
std::cout << "foo: " << foo << '\n' ;
}
int main()
{
std:: thread first(print_foo);
std:: thread second(set_foo, 10);
first.join();
second.join();
return 0;
}
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本节主要介绍基本 std::atomic 类型所具备的操作(即成员函数)。我们知道 std::atomic 是模板类,一个模板类型为 T 的原子对象中封装了一个类型为 T 的值。本文<std::atomic 基本介绍>一节中也提到了 std::atomic 类模板除了基本类型以外,还针对整形和指针类型做了特化。 特化的 std::atomic 类型支持更多的操作,如 fetch_add, fetch_sub, fetch_and 等。本小节介绍基本 std::atomic 类型所具备的操作:
bool is_lock_free() const volatile noexcept ;
bool is_lock_free() const noexcept ;
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void store (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept ;
void store (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept ;
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Memory Order 值 | Memory Order 类型 |
---|---|
memory_order_relaxed | Relaxed |
memory_order_release | Release |
memory_order_seq_cst | Sequentially consistent |
#include
#include
#include
std::atomic< int > foo(0); // 全局的原子对象 foo
void set_foo( int x)
{
foo.store(x, std::memory_order_relaxed); // 设置(store) 原子对象 foo 的值
}
void print_foo()
{
int x;
do {
x = foo.load(std::memory_order_relaxed); // 读取(load) 原子对象 foo 的值
} while (x == 0);
std::cout << "foo: " << x << '\n' ;
}
int main ()
{
std:: thread first(print_foo); // 线程 first 打印 foo 的值
std:: thread second(set_foo, 10); // 线程 second 设置 foo 的值
first.join();
second.join();
return 0;
}
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T load (memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile noexcept ;
T load (memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept ;
|
Memory Order 值 | Memory Order 类型 |
---|---|
memory_order_relaxed | Relaxed |
memory_order_consume | Consume |
memory_order_acquire | Acquire |
memory_order_seq_cst | Sequentially consistent |
#include
#include
#include
std::atomic< int > foo(0); // 全局的原子对象 foo
void set_foo( int x)
{
foo.store(x, std::memory_order_relaxed); // 设置(store) 原子对象 foo 的值
}
void print_foo()
{
int x;
do {
x = foo.load(std::memory_order_relaxed); // 读取(load) 原子对象 foo 的值
} while (x == 0);
std::cout << "foo: " << x << '\n' ;
}
int main ()
{
std:: thread first(print_foo); // 线程 first 打印 foo 的值
std:: thread second(set_foo, 10); // 线程 second 设置 foo 的值
first.join();
second.join();
return 0;
}
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operator T() const volatile noexcept ;
operator T() const noexcept ;
|
#include
#include
#include
std::atomic< int > foo = 0;
std::atomic< int > bar = 0;
void set_foo( int x)
{
foo = x;
}
void copy_foo_to_bar()
{
// 如果 foo == 0,则该线程 yield,
// 在 foo == 0 时, 实际也是隐含了类型转换操作,
// 因此也包含了 operator T() const 的调用.
while (foo == 0) std::this_thread::yield();
// 实际调用了 operator T() const, 将foo 强制转换成 int 类型,
// 然后调用 operator=().
bar = static_cast < int >(foo);
}
void print_bar()
{
// 如果 bar == 0,则该线程 yield,
// 在 bar == 0 时, 实际也是隐含了类型转换操作,
// 因此也包含了 operator T() const 的调用.
while (bar == 0) std::this_thread::yield();
std::cout << "bar: " << bar << '\n' ;
}
int main ()
{
std:: thread first(print_bar);
std:: thread second(set_foo, 10);
std:: thread third(copy_foo_to_bar);
first.join();
second.join();
third.join();
return 0;
}
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T exchange (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept; T exchange (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
Memory Order 值 | Memory Order 类型 |
---|---|
memory_order_relaxed | Relaxed |
memory_order_consume | Consume |
memory_order_acquire | Acquire |
memory_order_release | Release |
memory_order_acq_rel | Acquire/Release |
memory_order_seq_cst | Sequentially consistent |
请看下面例子,各个线程计数至 1M,首先完成计数任务的线程打印自己的 ID,
#include
#include
#include
#include
std::atomic< bool > ready( false );
std::atomic< bool > winner( false );
void count1m ( int id)
{
while (!ready) {} // wait for the ready signal
for ( int i = 0; i < 1000000; ++i) {} // go!, count to 1 million
if (!winner.exchange( true )) { std::cout << "thread #" << id << " won!\n" ; }
};
int main ()
{
std::vector std::cout << "spawning 10 threads that count to 1 million...\n" ;
for ( int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) threads.push_back(std:: thread (count1m,i));
ready = true ;
for ( auto & th : threads) th.join();
return 0;
}
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(1) | bool compare_exchange_weak (T& expected, T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept; bool compare_exchange_weak (T& expected, T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept; |
---|---|
(2) | bool compare_exchange_weak (T& expected, T val, memory_order success, memory_order failure) volatile noexcept; bool compare_exchange_weak (T& expected, T val, memory_order success, memory_order failure) noexcept; |
expected 的值不会改变。
Memory Order 值 | Memory Order 类型 |
---|---|
memory_order_relaxed | Relaxed |
memory_order_consume | Consume |
memory_order_acquire | Acquire |
memory_order_release | Release |
memory_order_acq_rel | Acquire/Release |
memory_order_seq_cst | Sequentially consistent |
#include
#include
#include
#include
// a simple global linked list:
struct Node { int value; Node* next; };
std::atomic nullptr );
void append( int val)
{
// append an element to the list
Node* newNode = new Node{val, list_head};
// next is the same as: list_head = newNode, but in a thread-safe way:
while (!list_head.compare_exchange_weak(newNode->next,newNode)) {}
// (with newNode->next updated accordingly if some other thread just appended another node)
}
int main ()
{
// spawn 10 threads to fill the linked list:
std::vector for ( int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) threads.push_back(std:: thread (append, i));
for ( auto & th : threads) th.join();
// print contents:
for (Node* it = list_head; it!= nullptr ; it=it->next)
std::cout << ' ' << it->value;
std::cout << '\n' ;
// cleanup:
Node* it; while (it=list_head) {list_head=it->next; delete it;}
return 0;
}
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9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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(1) | bool compare_exchange_strong (T& expected, T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept; bool compare_exchange_strong (T& expected, T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept; |
---|---|
(2) | bool compare_exchange_strong (T& expected, T val, memory_order success, memory_order failure) volatile noexcept; bool compare_exchange_strong (T& expected, T val, memory_order success, memory_order failure) noexcept; |
Memory Order 值 | Memory Order 类型 |
---|---|
memory_order_relaxed | Relaxed |
memory_order_consume | Consume |
memory_order_acquire | Acquire |
memory_order_release | Release |
memory_order_acq_rel | Acquire/Release |
memory_order_seq_cst | Sequentially consistent |
#include
#include
#include
#include
// a simple global linked list:
struct Node { int value; Node* next; };
std::atomic nullptr );
void append( int val)
{
// append an element to the list
Node* newNode = new Node{val, list_head};
// next is the same as: list_head = newNode, but in a thread-safe way:
while (!(list_head.compare_exchange_strong(newNode->next, newNode)));
// (with newNode->next updated accordingly if some other thread just appended another node)
}
int main ()
{
// spawn 10 threads to fill the linked list:
std::vector for ( int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) threads.push_back(std:: thread (append, i));
for ( auto & th : threads) th.join();
// print contents:
for (Node* it = list_head; it!= nullptr ; it=it->next)
std::cout << ' ' << it->value;
std::cout << '\n' ;
// cleanup:
Node* it; while (it=list_head) {list_head=it->next; delete it;}
return 0;
}
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好了,本文花了大量的篇幅介绍 std::atomic 基本类型,下一篇博客我会给大家介绍 C++11 的标准库中std::atomic 针对整形(integral)和指针类型的特化版本做了哪些改进。